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![Page 1: John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004 Heavy Ions - Phenomenology and Status LHC Introduction to Rel. Heavy Ion Physics The Relativistic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b1b7f8b9ab059993936/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Heavy Ions - Phenomenology and Status
LHC
• Introduction to Rel. Heavy Ion Physics• The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)• Creating Hot Bulk QCD Matter• Using Hard Scattering to Probe the Matter• Conclusions & Expectations
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Early Universe
National Geographic(1994)
&Michael Turner
quark-hadronphase transition2 x 1012 Kelvin
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Lattice QCD at Finite Temperature
F. Karsch, et al.Nucl. Phys. B605 (2001) 579
mu,d= ms
mu = md
ms mu,d
Action density in 3 quark system in full QCDH. Ichie et al., hep-lat/0212036
G. Schierholz et al., Confinement 2003
Heavy quarks suppressed exp(-mc,b,t/T)TC ~ 175 8 MeV C ~ 0.3 - 1 GeV/fm3
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Hot Bulk QCD Matter (QGP)• Standard Model Lattice Gauge Calculations predict
Deconfinement phase transition at high T in QCD
• Cosmology Quark-hadron phase transition in early Universe• Astrophysics Cores of dense stars
• Establish bulk properties of QCD at high T and density
• Can we make it in the lab?
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
STARPHENIX
PHOBOS BRAHMS
RHIC
Design Performance Au + Au p + pMax snn 200 GeV 500 GeVL [cm-2 s -1 ] 2 x 1026 1.4 x 1031
Interaction rates 1.4 x 103 s -1 3 x 105 s -1
Two Concentric Superconducting Rings
Ions: A = 1 ~ 200, pp, pA, AA, AB
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and Experiments
STARSTAR
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Space-time Evolution of RHIC Collisions
e
space
time jet
Hard Scattering + Thermalization (< 1 fm/c)
AuAu
Exp
ansio
n
Hadronization
p K
Freeze-out(~ 10 fm/c)
QGP (~ few fm/c)
e
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
What Can We Learn from Hadrons at RHIC?• Can we learn about Hot Nuclear Matter?
– Equilibration? Thermodynamic properties?– Equation of State?– How to determine its properties?
• Hadron Spectrum
Soft Physics reflect bulk properties (pT < 2 GeV/c( )99% o f
hadrons)
Hard Scattering & Heavy Quarks probe the medium
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
What Have We Learned at RHIC So Far?
Large energy densities dn/ddET/d GeV/fm3
x nuclear densityCollective phenomena: Large elliptic flow Extreme early pressure gradients & energy densities
Hydrodynamic & requires quark-gluon equation of state!
Global observations: Large produced particle multiplicities dnch/d |=0 = 670, Ntotal ~ 7500 15,000 q +q in final state, > 92% are produced quarks
Quark coalescence / recombination & flow constituent quark degrees of freedom
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Elliptic Flow Early Pressure in System
x
z
y
Initial Ellipticity(coord. space)
ReactionPlane (xz)
Sufficient interactions early (~ 1 fm/c) in system to respond to early pressure? before self-quench (insufficient interactions)?
System able to convert original spatial ellipticity into momentum anisotropy?
Sensitive to early dynamics of initial system
p
p
Azimuthal anisotropy(momentum space)
?
) FlowElliptic
2cos2 FlowDirected
cos2 Isotropic
1 ( 21
21
2
3
3
RPRPtt
vvdydpp
dpd
dE
x
y
pp
atan
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Large Elliptic Flow Observed• Azimuthal asymmetry of charged
particles: dn/d ~ 1 + 2 v2(pT) cos (2) + ...
x
z
y
Particle mass dependence of v2
requires
• Early thermalization
• Ideal hydrodynamics • Quark-gluon Equation of State
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Quark Recombination and Elliptic FlowComplicated v2(pT) flow pattern is observed for identified hadrons
d2n/dpTd ~ 1 + 2 v2(pT) cos (2 )If the flow is established at the quark level, it is predicted to be simple when pT → pT / n , v2 → v2 / n , n = (2, 3 quarks) for (meson, baryon)
15000 quarks flow collectively
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
More Data on v2 and Quark Recombination
• e.g. take strange particle v2• v2 of all hadrons obey quark recombination systematics!
Au+Au sNN=200 GeVSTAR Preliminary
MinBias 0-80%
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
What Have We Learned at RHIC So Far?
Large energy densities dn/ddET/d GeV/fm3
x nuclear densityCollective phenomena: Large elliptic flow Extreme early pressure gradients & gluon densities
quark-gluon equation of state!
Global observations: Large produced particle multiplicities dnch/d |=0 = 670, Ntotal ~ 7500 15,000 quarks in final state, > 92% are produced quarks
“Chemical” equilibration (particle yields & ratios): Particles yields represent equilibrium abundances
universal hadronization temperature
Quark coalescence / recombination & flow constituent quark degrees of freedom
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
• Chemically and thermally equilibrated fireball at one temperature T and one ( baryon) chemical potential : – One ratio (e.g., p / p ) determines / T :– Second ratio (e.g., K / ) provides T
• Then all hadronic yields and ratios determined:
Particle Ratios Chemical Equilibrium Temperature
pdedn E 3/)(~ Tμ
TμTμ
Tμ/2
/)(
/)(
eee
pp
E
E
Ratios equilibrium values
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Soft Sector (Bulk Dynamics) -What We Have Learned at RHIC!
Large energy densities dn/ddET/d GeV/fm3
x nuclear densityCollective phenomena: Large elliptic flow Extreme early pressure gradients & gluon densities
quark-gluon equation of state!
Global observations: Large produced particle multiplicities dnch/d |=0 = 670, Ntotal ~ 7500 15,000 quarks in final state, > 92% are produced quarks
“Chemical” equilibration (particle yields & ratios): Particles yields represent equilibrium abundances
universal hadronization temperature
Quark coalescence / recombination & flow constituent quark degrees of freedom
Small net baryon density K+/K-,B/B ratios) B ~ 25 - 40 MeV Chemical Freezeout Conditions T = 177 MeV, B = 29 MeV T ~ Tcritical (QCD)
“Thermal” equilibration (particle spectra) : Thermal freezeout + large transverse flowTFO = 100-110 MeV, T = 0.5 – 0.6c
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Hard Scattering to Probe the Hot Bulk QCD Medium
hadrons
leading particle
hadronsleading particle
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Inclusive Hadron pt-spectra: s = 200 GeV AuAu
power law: pp = d2N/dpt
2 = A (p0+pt)-n
Preliminary
STAR
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Hadron Spectra: Comparison of AA to NN
Nuclear Modification Factor RAA:AA = Nucleus-NucleusNN = Nucleon-Nucleon
ddpdT
ddpNdpRT
NNAA
TAA
TAA //)( 2
2
Nuclear overlap integral:# binary NN collisions / inelastic NN cross section
NN cross section
AA cross section
AA
(pQCD)
Parton energy loss R < 1 at large Pt
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Suppression of High Transverse Momentum Hadrons at RHIC• Large transverse momentum hadrons are suppressed in central
collisions at RHIC
√snn = 17.3 GeV
√snn = 63 GeV
√snn = 130 GeV
by factor ~ 4 - 5 in central collisionsat RHIC
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Centrality Dependence of Suppression at RHICAu+Au130 GeV
Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 202301 (2002)STAR
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Is Origin of Suppression Initial or Final State?
Final stateparton energy
loss?
A + A collisions in medium:
gluon saturation?
nuclear effects in initial state
Initial state
no partonenergy loss
nuclear effects in initial state
gluon saturation?p,d + A collisions -
no medium
Distinguish effects -initial statefinal state
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Final State Suppression / Initial State Enhancement!• The hadron spectra at RHIC from p-p, Au-Au
and d-Au collisions establish existence of a new final-state effect - early parton energy loss – from strongly interacting, dense matter in central Au-Au collisions
Au + Au Experiment d + Au Control Experiment
Preliminary DataFinal Data
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Extreme Energy Densities! – Au-Au suppression
(I. Vitev and M. Gyulassy, hep-ph/0208108)– d-Au enhancement (I. Vitev, nucl-th/0302002 )
understood in an approach that combines multiple scattering with absorption in a dense partonic medium
high pT probesrequire
dNg/dy ~ 1100
> 100 0 Au-Au
d-Au
Au + Au
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Hard Scattering (Jets & Leading Particles)as a Probe of Dense Matter
Jet event in eecollision STAR p + p jet event
Can we see jets in high energy Au+Au?
STAR Au+Au (jet?) event
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Au+Au Leading Particle (Jet) Azimuthal Correlations
Assume:Au+Au event with high pT particle is a superposition of
p+p event w. high pT particle + AuAu event w. elliptic flow
– v2 from reaction plane analysis
– A from fit in non-jet region (0.75 < || < 2.24)
C2(Au Au) C2(p p) A * (1 2v22 cos(2))
Peripheral Au + Au
Away-side jet
STAR 200 GeV/cperipheral & central Au+Au
p+p minimum bias4<pT(trig)<6 GeV/c
2<pT(assoc.)<pT(trig)Central Au + Au
disappears
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Path Length Dependence of “Di-jet” Topologies
y
x
pTtrigger=4-6 GeV/c, 2<pT
associated<pTtrigger, ||<1
in-plane
Out-of-plane
Back-to-back suppression out-of-plane stronger than in-plane
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Hammering the Nail in the Coffin
Pedestal&flow subtracted
no jet quenching!
d + Au “di-jet” correlations similar to p + p
Au + Au away-side correlation quenched!
Quenching of Away-side “jet” is final state effect
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Hard Scattering Comments
High Pt hadrons suppressed in central Au + Au enhanced in d + AuBack-to-back Jets Di-jets in p + p, d + Au
(all centralities) Away-side jets quenched
in central Au + Auemission from surfacestrongly interacting medium
x
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Summary - What Have We Learned at RHIC So Far?
Quark coalescence /flow constituent quark degrees
of freedom
Extreme initial densities – 5 GeV/fm3
~ 30 - 100 x nuclear density
> 15,000 q +q in final state
Equilibrium abundances – Universal hadronization T ~ Tcrit
Rapid u, d, s equilibration near Tcrit
parton E loss – large gluon densities opaque!
Ideal hydro - Early thermalization & quark-gluon EOS
Pedestal&flow subtracted
parton E loss – large gluon densities opaque!
Indicates strongly interacting, bulk QCD-matter formed in RHIC collisions
PRL 91 072305 (2003)Initial state gluon saturation (color glass condensate?) - forward rapidities low-x d+Au is suppressed
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John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004
Still to do!
RAA d 2N AA dydpT
d 2N pp dydpT NcollAA
Deconfined QGP?cc, bb suppression & melting sequence Strangeness enhancement?
Thermalized? Open charm, beauty, multiply-strange baryon production & flow
Establish properties of the QCD mediumProbe parton E-loss with higher pT triggers, jets, -jetFlavor dependence of suppression & propagationLight vector mesons (mass and width modifications)
Direct Photon Radiation?New phenomena…….LHC! RHIC II!
“the adventure continues!”
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John Harris (Yale) Hadron Collider Conference, East Lansing MI, 6/14/04
Still the beginning