Heavy Ion Physics from RHIC to LHC
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Transcript of Heavy Ion Physics from RHIC to LHC
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Heavy Ion Physics from RHIC to LHC
Joe Kapusta
University of Minnesota
University of Seoul 19 April 2008
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Bevatron + SuperHILAC = Bevalac
Purpose: Create dense nuclear matter in the laboratory for a brief moment.
• 1974-75: Beams of carbon and oxygen accelerated to 2.1 GeV/nucleon.
• 1981-82: Upgraded to accelerate beams up to uranium at 1 GeV/nucleon.
• 1993: Turned off for the last time, being eclipsed by the higher energies available at the AGS at BNL and at the SPS at CERN.
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Lattice Gauge Theory w/o Dynamical Quarks
Equation of state exhibitsfirst order phase transition
Heavy quarks are deconfinedbeyond the transition temperature
Calculations by Bielefeld group.
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The phase transition is 2nd
order for 2 massless flavorsand 1st order for 3, otherwisea rapid crossover.
Karsch, Laermann, Peikert
For realistic quark massesthere may be a line of 1st
order transition terminatingat a critical point.
de Forcrand, Philipsen
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Colliding beams of
100 GeV/nucleon gold nuclei to
create quark-gluon
plasma.
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What has RHIC told us about the equation of state?
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How does RHIC connect to other fields like cosmology and
condensed matter physics?
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Pictorial of a Heavy Ion Collision
PCM & clust. hadronization
NFD
NFD & hadronic TM
PCM & hadronic TM
CYM & LGT
string & hadronic TM
Time< 1fm/c ~ 10 fm/c
Hard partonscattering &jets
Strong classicalfields
Quark-GluonPlasma
Hydrodynamicflow
Hadronization Hadronicrescattering
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Au+Au Collisions
Thousands of particles created!
RIKEN/BNL Research Center
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Are collisions at RHICjust superpositionsof nucleon-nucleoncollsions?
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Are collisions at RHICjust superpositionsof nucleon-nucleoncollsions?
Absolutely not!
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Temperature
• Hadron ratios:2
( ) /20
( , )2 1i i s ii
ii E B S TT
g p dpn
e
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Compilation of freezeout conditionsfrom the SIS, AGS, SPS and RHIC.
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Hard Probes• Use hard processes as plasma probes
– hard processes jet production, photons, etc.– Calibration under control
• perturbative calculations• p+p baseline experiment
• Strong final state interactions for jets– Energy loss of fast quarks/gluons traveling
through the plasma jet quenching
q
q
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Jet Quenching• Away-side jets vanish
– Trigger on a high pT hadron and look for associated hadron as a function of relative azimuthal angle and rapidity
The away side jet is absorbed in the medium
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Elliptic Flow
• Finite impact parameter b > 0:– Spatial anisotropy in the initial state– Momentum anisotropy in the final state
• coordinate space momentum space x
yz
Force P
Infer equation of stateof the system?
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Elliptic Flow
• Nonzero impact parameter b > 0:– Spatial anisotropy in the initial state– Momentum anisotropy in the final state
• coordinate space momentum space • Fourier analysis
=> v2 = elliptic flow
n
TnTTTT
nPvdPP
dN
ddPP
dN
cos212
x
yz
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How special is this matter? How special is this matter?
PHENIX preliminaryPHENIX preliminary
17.2,62.4, 130 & 200 GeVNNs 17.2,62.4, 130 & 200 GeVNNs
Results are strikingly similar for 62.4, 130 & 200 GeVNNs 62.4, 130 & 200 GeVNNs
VV22 decreases by ~ 50% from RHIC to SPS decreases by ~ 50% from RHIC to SPS
Significantly larger pressure (gradients) developed at RHICSignificantly larger pressure (gradients) developed at RHIC
CERES
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Anisotropic expansion of a Bose-Einstein condensate
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Assume thermalization between 0.15 and 1 fm/c.
Agreement provides strong indication for early thermalization and collective flow.
Numerical Hydrodynamics(Huovinen, Kolb, Heinz, Hirano, Teaney, Shuryak, Hama, Morita, Nonaka, Bass)
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Numerical Hydrodynamics
Kolb) and (Heinz sprediction
arerest the,0at and
by fixed parameters Model
bp
40UniverseRHIC 102/ HH
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Big Theoretical Motivation!
Viscosity in Strongly Interacting Quantum Field Theories from Black Hole Physics
Kovtun, Son, Starinets PRL 94, 111601 (2005)
Using the Kubo formula )0(),(1
lim20
1tracelesstraceless
4
0
ijijti TxTexd
the low energy absorption cross section for gravitons on blackholes, and the black hole entropy formula they found that
4/1/ s and conjectured that this is a universal lower bound.
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Atomic and Molecular Systems
vTls free~
nl
1~freeIn classical transport theory and
so that as the density and/or cross section is reduced(dilute gas limit) the ratio gets larger.
In a liquid the particles are strongly correlated. Momentumtransport can be thought of as being carried by voids insteadof by particles (Enskog) and the ratio gets larger.
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Helium
NIST data
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OH2
NIST data
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2D Yukawa Systemsin the Liquid State
radius Seitz-Wigner1
17parameter coupling Coulomb
at located Minimum
2
2
na
aT
Q
Applications to dusty-plasmas andmany other 2D condensed mattersystems.
Liu & Goree
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QCD• Chiral perturbation theory at low T
(Prakash et al.): grows with decreasing T.
• Quark-gluon plasma at high T (Arnold, Moore, Yaffe): grows with increasing T.
4
4
16
15
T
f
s
)/42.2ln(
12.54 ggs
TT
TT
Tgln2ln
9
4ln
8
9
)(
1222
MeV 30T
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QCDLow T (Prakash et al.)using experimentaldata for 2-bodyinteractions.
High T (Yaffe et al.)using perturbativeQCD.
η/s≈1/2 just above Tc
from lattice (Nakamura, Sakai)and classical quasiparticle model (Gelman, Shuryak, Zahed)
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BBB JunJ
TuuwPgT
uHuuT 32
uTuTQuuguuH ,,
BBBB
B JT
susTw
TnJ
,
2
2
2
22
32
2 kkk
kk
kiji
jj
i uTTT
uT
uuuT
s
Relativistic Dissipative Fluid Dynamics
In the Landau-Lifshitz approach u is the velocity of energy transport.
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Extracting η/s from RHIC/LHC data
• Elliptic flow
• Hanbury Brown & Twiss interferometry
• Momentum spectra
• Momentum fluctuations
• Photon & dilepton spectra
• Jet quenching
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Dependence of v2 on viscosity.
Romatschke & Romatschke 2007/2008
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3-particle correlations - is there a Mach cone?
Is QGP physics at RHIC and SPS the same or different?
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The Mach cone generated by a high energy parton in the plasma
(z -
ut)
Energy density
Momentum density
gT gL
Asakaw, Mueller, Neufeld, Nonaka, Ruppert
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An approach to modelthe collisions from firstimpact until the lasthadronic scattering.
Duke (Bass, Muller) Nagoya (Nonaka)Texas A&M (Fries) Iowa (Li) Minnesota (Kapusta)
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Theory Outline1. Hard parton scattering and jet production.2. Generation of classical gluon field by large
momentum partons that have not scattered (color glass condensate).
3. Decay of classical gluon fields via particle production.
4. Matching to relativistic viscous fluid dynamics in 3+1 dimensions.
5. Phase transition or crossover from quarks and gluons to hadrons.
6. Rescattering of hadrons followed by freestreaming to the detectors.
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Color Glass• Start from a large nucleus.
– How does it look in the limit p+
and Bjorken-x << 1?
• Gluon density reaches saturation
– Gluon density sets a scale
– High density limit of QCD (Mueller & Qiu, McLerran & Venugopalan,
Weigert, McLerran & Kovner, …)
• Large number of gluons in the wave function: classical description of the gluon field
3/12
22 ~
,A
R
QxGQ
A
sss
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Color Glass: Two Nuclei
• Gauge potential: – In sectors 1 and 2 single nucleus solutions are valid– In sector 3 (forward light cone):
• YM in forward direction:– Set of non-linear differential
equations– Boundary conditions given
by the fields in the single nuclei
xA
xxAii ,
,
3
0,,,1
0,,1
0,,1
23
3
33
jijii
ii
ii
FDDig
igD
DD
Coarse-graincolor chargesin 2d sheets
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Initial Energy Density at RHIC
σ = quarks+antiquarks+(CA/CF)gluons per unit area Q0 = cutoff between IR and UV Qs
2 =αsσ = saturation scale
)( etsjets/minij fromenergy 42.01ln 02
202
21
3
Q
N sc
sME
From IR only
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Why LHC?SPS: 8.6 GeV/nucleon Pb-Pb in cm RHIC: 100 GeV/nucleon Au-Au in cmLHC: 2700 GeV/nucleon Pb-Pb in cm
•Jets played no role at SPS, an important role at RHIC, and will dominate at LHC.
•The Z0 will provide a standard candle as reference for all other hard perturbative processes at LHC.
•The much greater volumes, energy densities, temperatures and lifetimes of produced matter at LHC will provide the lever arm to infer the equation of state and transport coefficients which is necessary due to the space-time expansion of the system.
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Conclusion
• RHIC/LHC are thermometers (hadron ratios, photon and lepton pair production)
• RHIC/LHC are barometers (elliptic flow, transverse flow)
• RHIC/LHC are viscometers (deviations from ideal fluid flow)
• There is plenty of work for theorists (and experimentalists)!
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Finite-Temperature Field TheoryPrinciples and ApplicationsJoseph Kapusta and Charles Gale
1. Review of quantum statistical mechanics
2. Functional integral representation of the partition function
3. Interactions and diagrammatic techniques
4. Renormalization
5. Quantum electrodynamics
6. Linear response theory
7. Spontaneous symmetry breaking and restoration
8. Quantum chromodynamics
9. Resummation and hard thermal loops
10. Lattice gauge theory
11. Dense nuclear matter
12. Hot hadronic matter
13. Nucleation theory
14. Heavy ion collisions
15. Weak interactions
16. Astrophysics and cosmology
Conclusion
Appendix