skillsfor

forjobs

forgrowth

forwomen

WHO ARE JOBA TRAINEES?SUMMARY OF ENROLMENT (2018)

THIS PULSE SUMMARIZES THE KEY DETERMINANTS AND CHARACTERISTICS THAT HELP US UNDERSTAND THE ENABLERS AND BARRIERS TO ACCESS TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL TRAINING IN MOZAMBIQUE.

Young Africa

1,146

1,125

344

516

200

288

152

128

570

486

Enroled in 2018 across all JOBA grantees

Target Enrolment

Mission Educate

FUNDE*

Nacuxa/Mezope

Beluluane Industrial Park

ENROLMENT SUMMARY

1284

MISSION EDUCATE

FUNDE TETE

Construction/Engineering

Hospitality Agriculture Farming Admin/ICT

FUNDE NAMPULA

NACUXA

YOUNG AFRICA

SECTORS COMPETENCY LEVEL

MEZOPE

BIP

1&2

3&5

3,4,5

3,4,5

3,4,5

5

1&2

TRAINEE TARGETS +

1

* FUNDE Tete & FUNDE Nampula

This report/pulse summarizes JOBA-supported trainees enrolled in 2018 and early 2019. We summarize the cohort of trainees by the key determinants and characteristics that help us understand both the enablers and barriers to access for technical and vocational training in Mozambique.

Trainees supported by the JOBA- programme span across five grantees on seven institutional campuses throughout Mozambique (four of ten provinces; and in the city of Maputo).

During 2018, 1284 JOBA-supported trainees enrolled across five sectors to study in 30+ diverse courses (Figure 1). One grantee (Nacuxa/Mezope) reached 50% of their total grant enrolment target in 2018, followed by Young Africa (46%), and the remaining grantees (FUNDE and Mission Educate) having achieved <40% of their target enrolment (Page 01).

TRAINING SECTOR

SECTOR

A more balanced distribution of women and men out of their traditional sectors of agriculture and construction respectively

+

Construction/Engineering

Farming

Agriculture

Hospitality

Administration

Females Males

ICT

40%

21%

26%

10%

1% 1%

1%2%

5%

47%

25%

20%

2

* Females sum to 99% due to calculation rounding. Only those percentages that are >0.51 are rounded up.

FIGURE 1. TRAINEE TRAINING SECTORS, BY GENDER

FIGURE 2. HOW MANY TRAINEES DID EACH GRANTEE ENROL IN 2018 AND WHAT WERE THEY STUDYING?

Grantee programs vary considerably in design and length-of-courses and as a result, so do the targets for, and number of, trainees enrolled in annual cohorts. FUNDE, split between two campuses have the least number of trainees (N=76, for both sites), compared to Young Africa (N=516). Courses are highly diversified due to the specialization of many courses to fit the local market demand or specialization of the institution. However, institutions with highly diversified course offerings also experienced unusually small class sizes for some courses. For instance, a total four to six trainees per cohort at Young Africa in Rural Construction, Piggery, and Farm Management. Similarly, a total of six trainees at Nacuxa enrolled in Water & Drainage.

56Funde Nampula

Funde Tete

Young Africa

Mezope

Mission EducateNacuxa

BIP

Industrial Electric

ity

Master Builder

Mechanics

Mechanical Constructio

n

Roads and Bridges

Crop Yields

Livestock

Horticultura

Rural Construction

Suinocultura

Agricultural Mechanics

Farm Management

Civil Construction

Agro-processing

Rural Electri�cationAvicultura

Tractor Operator

Special Agriculture

Horticulture

Agro-processing

Civil Construction

Gardening and ornamental plants

Food processing & preservation

Rural extensionAnimal breeding

Seed Production & Soil

Agricultural Mechanics

Horticulture

Rule & water/drainage

63

76

76

141

516

200

1284Trainees

147

Internships*

Agriculture

Hospitality

Human Resources

ICT

Construction/Mechanics

Bakery and confectionary

128

GRANTEE ENROLEMENT

3

* BIP only have internships. The topics of study/sub-sectors listed refer to internships only.

FIGURE 3. COURSE ENROLMENT BY GENDER

Construction and engineering courses constitute nearly one-half of the enrolled male trainees compared to less than a quarter of female trainees enrolled in construction and engineering courses. Female trainees show greater distribution across courses, although two-thirds are enrolled in agriculture and farming courses.

WOMEN

2%

8%

1%

5%

2%

0%

1%

-

16%

13%

7%

1%

2%

3%

2%

-

8%

3%

5%

1%

1%

2%

1%

3%

-

2%

8%

0%

1%

1%

Course Enrolment

-

Industrial Electricity

Construction

Master Builder

Mechanical Engineering

Civil Construction (Road, Bridge)

Rural Construction

Rural Electrification

-

Argo-livestock

Special Agriculture

Argo-processing

Agricultural Mechanics

Gardening & ornamental plants

Soil improvement

Agriculture (Conservation)

-

Poultry Farming

Farm Management (Association)

Horticultural

Tractor Operator

Pigery

Rural extension

Livestock

Small animal (Care)

-

Bakery and confectionery

Food processing and preservation

Hospitality (Assorted)

Human Resources

ICT

MEN

CONSTRUCTION

3%

16%

2%

9%

4%

2%

14%

AGRICULTURE

9%

8%

1%

8%

3%

1%

4%

FARMING

2%

1%

3%

9%

1%

2%

0%

2%

HOSPITALITY

1%

1%

2%

1%

1%

ADMIN/ICT

MORE WOMEN ARE ENROLED IN NON-TRADITIONAL COURSES, LIKE ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION, COMPARED TO BEFORE THE JOBA PROGRAM.

KEY

Less females than males (difference greater than 5%)

More females than males (difference greater than 5%)

+

GENDER DIFFERENCES

4

FIGURE 4. HOW OLD ARE JOBA TRAINEES?

MEZOPE

Age, by Gender *

47 98

32 44

91 109

206 310

XX

141

28 48

Total Students

71%

10%

18%

60%

17%

23%

76%

5%

19%

81%

7%

12%

83%

9%

7%1% <1%

10%

59%

3%

28%

74%

9%

9%

71%

15%

14%

60%

33%

6%

85%

15%

84%

16%

Women

Women

Men

53 75

47%

50%

3%

56%

2%

2%

40%

Women Men

Men

Women

Women

Women

Women Men

Men

Men

MISSION EDUCATE

YOUNG AFRICA

FUNDE NAMPULA

NACUXA

BELULUANE INDUSTRIAL PARK

FUNDE TETE

In general, the cohorts across grantees are young (between 18-24 years, for both women and men). There are a few notable exceptions. Mezope is an all-female program targeted at an older demographic (28% aged 44-59 years). FUNDE Tete and Nampula have the highest percentage of students who are 18 or younger, which aligns with their course offerings and geography. BIP has a slightly older cohort (50% of females and 40% of males aged 25-44), which is likely a result of the pre-qualification (high-level of technical education), prior experience, and matching process to ensure ‘fit’ between intern and company.

Total Enrolled

WOMEN MEN

598 684

<18 years

19-24 years

25-44 years

44-59 years

60+ years

9%

61%

6%

25%

7%1% 1%

72%

17%

AGE CATEGORIES

5

AGE, OVERALL

Note: * Age categories are the same as the key for ‘Age, Overall’ diagram. Nacuxa is located in Nampula province, and Mezope is a sub-program of Nacuxa.

57

33

2

80

MAPUTO

MAPUTO (CITY)

INHAMBANE

3 CABO DELGADO

2 NIASSA

60ZAMBEZIA

MANICA

2GAZA

70 TETE

611

315

SOFALA

NAMPULA

FIGURE 5. WHERE ARE JOBA TRAINEES FROM?

Trainees typically originate from the province where the training provider is located. Two training providers are located near one another (Young Africa in Dondo and Mission Education in Beira) and have enrolled the majority of their 716 trainees from Sofala province. Nacuxa, Mezope and FUNDE Nampula have similarly driven the density of trainees from Nampula. All but 7 trainees from Maputo province are enrolled by BIP (cohort I).

MAP NOTES Note: This map does not include cohort II of BIP, N=46. Not all students responded to the survey response on district of origin (N=3 non-response)

GEOGRAPHY

6

FIGURE 6. WHICH DISTRICTS ARE JOBA TRAINEES FROM?

Over 70% of JOBA students are from rural districts of the country, originating from many of the poorest districts in Mozambique (Tete, Sofala, and Nampula, see Figure 6)

Poverty map show comparatively that most of the trainees are from districts with >50% poverty (Source: World Bank 2010)

Rural

Urban/Peri-Urban

KEY

KEY

<37%

37%-62%

63%-68%

69%-73%

74%-89%

Poverty Headcount

FIGURE NOTES

MAPPING POVERTY

GEOGRAPHY (DISTRICTS)

7

FIGURE 7. HOW EDUCATED ARE JOBA TRAINEES?

Males overall are more educated than their female counterparts, and 75% of trainees are less than 24 years of age. The majority of the females without any previous education are enrolled in the Mezope program which focuses on second chances for women to become smallholder agriprenuers and farmers. Significantly more males hold higher-level certificates; however, 2% of women compared to 1% of men hold university degrees (previous university degrees are only observed in BIP interns). The trend from trainees who are 18 or younger and those who are 19-24 years show a clear upwards trend in Secondary I and II completion. Conversely, when jumping from 19-24 to 45-59 years, the trend shows the divide in access to primary education of the past generation, with more trainees on the far ends (meaning either no school or advanced certificates/degrees depending on socio-economic status).

PREV

IOU

S ED

UCA

TIO

N

5%

67% 87% 85% 96%

50%

82% 82% 93% 96%

Young Africa NacuxaMission EducateFUNDE Nampula

None

High School

Primary Education

Professional/University

FUNDE Tete BIPMezope

1%

6% 4%

2%

43% 60%

55% 40%

18%

79%90%

1%

1%

17% 18%

3%

9% 13%

6%

2% 4%

9%

Males (left side)

KEY

Females(right side)

A majority of trainees have achieved secondary education, with men achieving higher levels of education before initiating a JOBA-supported course.

+

EDUCATION LEVEL

8

Nearly half of all trainees made nothing (0 MZN) in the month before their initiation of a JOBA-supported training course. 89% of trainees made less than £17.79 (500-1500MZN is equivalent to £5.83-£17.79) in the month leading up to their TVET course. Only 5% of trainees reported incomes at or above the minimum wage (approximately 4500MZN per month).

FIGURE 8. WHAT EXISTING INCOME DO JOBA TRAINEES HAVE ONE MONTH PRIOR TO ENROLMENT?

25%

47%

Male Female

1%

6%

6%

15%

18%

47%

<1%

<1%

<1%

4%

Nothing

500-1500MZN

0-500MZN

1501-3000MZN

3001-4500MZN

4500+MZN

INCOME & GENDER Nearly half of trainees earned no money in the month prior to course initiation. This trend is true for females and males.

+

9

Note: 28% of female trainees did not respond to the question on ‘previous income’.

Beluluane Industrial Park (BIP) has the highest number of trainees both males and females that report >4501MZN. 75% of the trainees who report >4501MZN are male, demonstrating the pay gap and gender skew of opportunities for formal employment writ large in Mozambique.

FIGURE 9. WHAT EXISTING INCOME DO JOBA TRAINEES HAVE ONE MONTH PRIOR TO ENROLMENT?

5%

68% 91%

71%

82%

47%

31%

YoungAfrica NacuxaMission

EducateFUNDE Nampula

Nothing

500-1500MZN

0-500MZN

1501-3000MZN

3001-4500MZN

4500+MZN

FUNDETete BIPMezope

5%

44%

34%

90%

1%

1% 8%

1% 1% 1%

2%1%

1%

1%

1%

10%

4% 4%

4%

4%

5%7%

9%

15% 15%

16%

14%

16%

9%

4%

14% missing 10% missing 1% missing 2% missing 1% missing 11% missing

4%

25%

41% 41%

The majority of trainees have achieved secondary education, with men achieving higher levels of education before initiating a JOBA-supported course.

+

INCOME BY GRANTEE

10

SCH

OLA

RSH

IPS

Given the findings on the previous income of trainees in Figure 8 & 9, scholarships have been included by JOBA grantees as a crucial strategy to help trainees from poorer homes access training, finish training, and develop the skills needed in the labor market. Overall, more JOBA scholarships were awarded to women. 74% of women received some kind of scholarship (compared to 55% of male trainees). 26% more women received full scholarships (meaning their tuition is fully paid). BIP is the one exception to this as all interns (both men and women) receive stipends of 7000MZN per month so we classify that as ‘full scholarships’. Of those trainees receiving partial scholarships, a majority of women received 50-75% coverage of tuition, compared to men which are split between 25-50% and 50-75%. Women who received partial scholarships also reported help from their families and other NGO’s supporting the remaining tuition costs (not shown). More trainees from rural districts reported receiving full or higher percentage partial scholarships.

Scholarship eligibility, selection, and award amount all differ by the grantee; however, overall more rural trainees receive more scholarships with higher percentage coverage for tuition costs. The exception is urban and educated trainees from Maputo city & province, which is due to the living stipend they are paid during their 3-6 month internships at BIP. Tete has the highest percentage of trainees receiving scholarships compared to all trainees enrolled, followed by Manica, Nampula, and Sofala. While the last two provinces have large urban centers, many of the trainees originate from rural districts within the province.

FIGURE 7. WHICH TRAINEES RECEIVED SCHOLARSHIPS AT ENROLMENT?

MISSION EDUCATE

FUNDE TETEFUNDE NAMPULA

NACUXA

YOUNG AFRICA

MEZOPE

BELULULANE

Total Enrolled:

WOMEN MEN

580

74% 55%

649

Complete: 54%

Partial: 46%

% received scholarships:

Type of scholarship

Who covered the remaining costs?

Of those who received scholarships

0%-25% 27% 23%

47%

30%

25%-50%

50%-75%

Complete: 28%

Partial: 72%

Family

NGO

Other

26 93%

Women Men

63%

98% 98%

22

46 Women Men

96

55 60%

Women Men

61% 66

108

51%

Women Men

26%

83

53 100%

Women Men

100% 78

141 100%

Women

2589%

Women Men

98% 47

Total Enrolled

Gender

KEY

% received scholarships

12%

61%

75% 88%

9%24%1% 3%

11

In 2018 JOBA trainees exemplified a diverse trainee population pool throughout Mozambique. Trainees in JOBA-supported courses are training in five priority sectors of critical importance to current labor market demands, and gaining specialized skills in these sectors through 30+ courses. Traditional careers and trainings for men, such as construction and engineering, and women in agriculture, remain the trend in JOBA-supported courses, however, significantly more women are enrolled in non-traditional sectors than have been in the past.

A notable majority of trainees are from rural districts in all 11 provinces of Mozambique where poverty levels are over 50%. This findings is validated in the reported previous income of trainees leading up to their TVET course. Nearly half of trainees (46%) reported no income at all, while the remaining majority (43%) reported less than 1500MZN, which remains significantly below minimum wage in the formal sector (4500MZN). One strategy to lower the financial access barrier is scholarships. Scholarships were preferentially awarded to women across grantees, with more women receiving complete (100% tuition subsidy) and higher partial (>50% tuition subsidy) scholarships, although selection, award amounts and coverage varies considerably across grantees.

CONCLUSION

THE END

12

Data Analysis & Design by

Contact us!

Follow-us on social media!

company/jobamoz

/JOBAMOZ

@JobaMoz

info@jobamoz.org

+(258) 84 053 5185 +(258) 82 563 5573

Ave. Francisco Orlando Magumbwe N 993, 1st Floor — Maputo, Mozambique

JOBA is the Skills For Employment program funded by the UK government. We contribute to a more robust labor market in Mozambique through a better prepared workforce, ready for Mozambique’s evolving economy. We do this by 1) delivering relevant and high quality skills development opportunities; 2) building voice, accountability and capacity; and 3) supporting capacity to drive quality improvements in the sector.

Want to know more? jobamoz.org