Job Safety Analysis Made Simple

8/10/2019 Job Safety Analysis Made Simple

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Job

Safety nalysis Made Simple

|L

Human Resources

and

Skills

Development Canada

Labour

Program

LT 115 11 2E

O S

J v Canada sNational

LSI Occupational Health

Safety Centre


2/35

Job

Safety nalysis

Made

Simple

I S B N0 660 18606 3

DSS Catalogue Nu mber CC273-2/01-4E

Canada

LT-115-11-02E

CCOHS

2008

This publicat ionis ajoint productiono f

the Canadian C entre for Occup ational

Health and Safety and

H um an

Resources and Sk ills Developmen t

HRSDC) Canada,

Labour Program.


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ummary

In every Canadian jur isdiction, health and

safety

legislation holds employers accountable

fo r

ensuring the health and

safety

of their

employees. They

are

responsible

for

assessing

the health and safety risk (chance that

somebody willb e harmed) o f a job. Based on

this assessment, they must implem ent

safety

measures

to

eliminate

o r

m itigate

any

r isks

to

their employees.

Jo b

safety analysis (JSA)

is a

proactive approach

to

ensu r ing health

and

safety

in the w orkplace. The JSA process

provides a way of identifying job-related

hazards

and

determining preventive m easures .

This involves

carefully

analy zing each task of a

job, identifying potential health and safety

hazards

at

each step,

and

determining practical

ways of preventing or mitigating such hazards.

Thesepreventive m easures

can

then

b e

integrated into a n em ployer s work practices

and procedures for the job.

Both workers and supervisors must collaborate

in

the job hazard identif ication process.

It should include a review of information

provided by the m anufacturers , an analysis of

work processes and a consideration of accident

and injury data. In certain hig hly expertise

situations, workplaces m ay seek advice from a

qualified consultants orothersafetyspecialists.

The necessity o f job safety analysis h as been

often included in the Canadian occupational

health and safety regulations. Following are

someexamples

of

such references;

1. Canada Labour Code Part II : Laboratory

Biosafety Guidelines:3

rd

Edition2004

Section 2.3 Risk Assessment

2. Canada Occupational Health and Safety

Regulations, PART X IX

Hazard Prevention P rogram Regulation,

Section 19.1 Hazard Prevention Program

3. AlbertaCodePart 2

HAZ ARD ASSESSM ENT, ELIM I NATI ON

A N D

CONTROL, Section 7

Hazard assessment

Similar assessments can be

found

in other

occupational health

and

safety regulations,

audits and guidelines applicable in Canada.

This publication outlines

th e

basic concept

of

JSA and provides a s tep-by-step procedure fo r

performing

a JSA according to two s imple

techniques: change analy sis and the energy-

barrier approach (see th e flow chart on the next

page). Exam ples

of job

safety analysis

fo r

some

common jobs are presented. These examples

are

intended

t o

illustrate

t he

application

of

JSA

and

do not

necessarily include

a

comprehensive

list of all potential haza rds and related

preventive measures. In addition, compliance

with app licable occupational health and safety

regulations m ustbe considered as a part of the

overall JSA.

efinitions

In this publication, hazard and risk are

defined

as follows:

azard means anything that

c an

cause harm.

Examples of hazards include toxic chemicals,

moving m achinery par ts , high-voltage

electr ic ity, wo rking at h eights , temp erature

extremes, slippery work-surfaces.

isk means th e chance that someone will be

harmed

by the

hazard.

H R S D C- Labour Program

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Job

Safety

Analysis

Flow-Chart

The

following

flow-chart illustrates steps involve din J ob Safety Analysis JSA)

Select

Job to be

nalyzed

i

Divide the Jobinto

Sequenceo f

Tasks

Contact with

UncontrolledEnergy

dentify Hazards

for

Each Task

Energy Barriers

i

Change nalysis

Recommend Controls

toMitigateHazards

i

Hazard

Control

Strategies

Communication

of JS results to

employees

Periodic Review

and Continuous

mprovement

HRSDC

Labou r Program

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Tableof Contents

Summary 2

Jo b

Safety Analysis Flow C hart

3

Introduction

7

1.

Whatis a JobSafety Analysis 9

2 How toPerforma JobSafety Analysis 10

Step

1:

What important factors shouldbe

considered

in selecting a job forJSA? 10

Step 2: How are the basic tasks of a job established? 10

Step 3: How are the potential hazard s identified? 12

Step 4: How are preven tive measures determine d? 19

Step5: How shouldIcommunicate the JSA informationtoeveryone else? 24

3. How andWhento Use JobSafety Analysis 25

4.

Follow up

and

Review

of a Job

Safety Analysis

26

5.

References

27

6.

Examples

of Job

Safety Analysis

29

1.

T ransportation

o f

dang erous goods TDG)

30

2. Climb ing trucks to inspect levels of substance in snow and rain 31

3. Han dling of hea vy objects in ports and storage 32

4. Machine maintenance 33

5. Working at heights on comm unication towers 34

6.

Improvisation

of

tasks

35

Appendix A:Sample Formfor JobSafety Analysis 36

Appendix B:Step by stepInstructionsfor JobSafety Analysis 37

Appendix

C:

Practical Tips

for

Performing

Job

Safety A nalysis

and its

Implementation 38

HRSDC

Labour Program

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ntroduction

ackground

Employers are responsible for ensuring the

health

and safety of their employees. This

includes informing employees of workplace

hazards, providing the equipment necessary to

safeguard health and safety, and establishing

proper

health an dsafetyproceduresand

practices. Therefore, they have an obligation

toassess healthandsafety risksand to develop

safetyprocedures that will eliminate or

mitigate these risks before anemployee is

requiredtocarryoutwork.

For

example, section 19 1

(1) of the

Hazard

Prevention Program regulations (Par t

X IX

ofthe

Canada Occupational Health

and

Safety Regulations requires employer to

implement andmonitor a

program

for the

recognition and prevention of hazards in the

work place.

This publication outlinesjo b safety analysis

(ISA)

as amethodof

identifying

potential

hazards and developing safe work practices

to prevent injuries, illnesses, property

damages and other losses.

Examples ofanalysisa re included to

illustrate

t he

process.

The

presentation level

is

narrative anddoesn ot

require

solving

mathematical formulas .T he levelof

presentation issuited fo rpersons who are

familiar

with the workplace but are not

necessarily health and safety experts.

Scope

This publication introduces th econceptof

jo b

safety analysis

and

outlines

tw o

practical

methods of identifying potential hazards and

applicable preventive measures. It stimulates

th ethin king process andempowers th e

reader toperformjo b safety analysis.

Target Audience

This publication is intended for workers,

managers and supervisors, members of

health and

safety committees,

and

health

a nd

safety

representatives. Health and safety

professionals willfind this publication a

practical tool for workplace training sessions

on health and safety programs and policies.

HRSDC

Labour Program CCOHS


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1

What

is a Job

Safety

Analysis

Jo b safety analy sis JSA) is the system at ic

examinat iono f a job intended to

identify

potent ial hazards, assess th e level of risk,

and evaluate pract ical measures to control

th e

risk.

I t must be kept in m ind that JSA is not a

workplace inspection

or an

audit

procedure.

Workplace inspect ion is a systemat ic

examinat ion ofworkplace condit ions and

practices

to

determine their conformity w ith

company procedures and compliance with

prescribed health and

safety

regulat ions. An

audit

process is a sys t emat ic exam inat ionof

th e safety management sys t em to determine

ifw ork act ivities

a nd

related res ults comply

with planne d prevent ion policies and

established programs. A s well , anaudi t

evaluates whether th eprogram iseffective in

achieving the goals and objectives set out in

th e

policy.

A JSA should beproactive although i t may

be used inresponse to arising rateo f

injuries and il lnesses. Hazards should be

recognized

and

prevent ive measures

implemented at the planning and organizing

stages of the work. It should be emphasized

that

th e focus ofJ SAis toexamine the job

and

not the

person

who is

doing

th e

job.

Jo b

safety

analys isis an important element

of

a

r isk mana geme nt sys t em.

It

involves

analysing

eachbasic

task

of a job to

identify

potent ial hazardsand todetermine th esafes t

w ay

of

doing

th e

job. This procedure

is

somet imes referred to as jobhazard analys is .

Exper ienced workers and supervisors m ay

perform a

JSA

by an aly sing jobs through

discussion

and

observation. This approach

has two dist inct advantages. First ly, i t

involves more people which allowsfor a

wider base of exper ience. Secondly, th e

participation of many stakeholders promotes

faster acceptanceof the resulting work

procedure.

Heal th and

safety

commit t ee members and

representat ives play an important role in the

JSA andhavealegal obligat ion to

participate in the JSA process. They also

provide pract ical work exper ience related to

the r isk eva luat ion and the feas ibil i ty of

appropriate controls. H ealth

and safety

specialist s m ay participate in the JSA to

eliminate anyoversight in accounting fo r

potent ial hazards and related preve nt ive

measures .

Some individuals prefer toexpand th e

analys is into all aspects of the job, not jus t

safety. This approach

is

k n o wn

as

total

jo b

analysis

or

task analysis

The

total

jo b

analysis is

based

on the concept th at safety

is an integral part of every task performance

and not a separate e nt i ty. In this docume nt ,

only hea lth and safety aspects will be

considered; however , it is recognized that

this material could be used toconduct atotal

jo b analys is .

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2 How toPerform a Job Safety Analysis

Ajobsafety

analysis

involves five

steps:

1.Selecting the job to be an alysed.

2.Break ingthe job dow n intoa sequence

of tasks.

3. Identifying

potential hazards.

4.

Determining preventive measures

to

control these haz ards.

5.

Comm unicat ing

the

information

to

others.

What

important

factorsshouldbe

consideredin

selecting

a job for JSA

Ideally aJSA shouldbe performed for all

jobs. However there

are

practical

constraints on time and resources. An other

consideration is that each JSA may require

revision when changes occur

in

equipment

raw materials processes or the

environment .

For these reasons it is usu ally

necessary

to set

priorities. Factors

to be

considered in assignin g priorities include:

I

Accident injury

and

illness statistics:

jobswhere accidents occur frequently

or where the y result in disabling

injuries

orillnesses.

I Absenteeism : jobs where employees

take freque nt sick leaves

or

other leaves

of absence.

I Signs and symptoms of harmful

exposures:

th e

nature

of the job

poses

a

danger of harmful exposure.

I

Potential

fo r

severe

injuries or

illnesses:

the

consequences

of an

accident

hazardous con dit ion orexposure to a

harmful

substance are poten tially

severe.

Modif ied jobs: new hazards m ay be

associated

with

changes in job

procedures/processes.

Infrequently

performed jobs: employees

may be at greater r isk when undertaking

non-routine jobs.

Jobs

with

frequent

work interruptions

due to

technical

difficulties.

Jobs with excessive waste generation

and production losses.

Jobs where employees ar e required to

work alone in isolated workplaces.

Jobs

with

the po tential for violence in

workplace.

How

are

basic tasks

of a job

established?

A task is a segm ent of an overall job.

Com pletion of each operational task in

proper sequence leads

to the

com pletion

of

th e

job.

It is

important

to

keep

th e

tasks

in

theircorrect sequence.

Any

task which

is

placed out of sequence may cause potential

hazardsto be missed orintroduce hazards

which would not otherwise exist.

When conducting

a JSA

each task

is

recorded

in its

proper sequence. Notes

should

be

made

of

wha t

is to be

done rather

than how it is done. Each item is started

with

an

action verb.

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App endix A illustrates a format that can be

used as a worksheet for

ISA.

Dividing

a job in to tasks requires a thoroug h

know ledge of the job. If the tasks are m ade

too general specific operations and related

hazards

m ay be

m issed.

On the

other hand

too man y tasks may make the JSA

impractical.A ruleoft humbisthat most

jobscan be

described

in

less tha n

ten

tasks.

If

more operation al steps are required it is

advisable

to

break

the job

into

two

segments each with a separate JSA. As an

example Table 1 presents the tasks involved

in

changing

a

flat

tire.

Table 1 An example of JSA applied to changing a flat tire

This partof the analysisisus ually prepared

by

w atching

the

employee

do the

job.

The

employee being observed should

be

experienced and capable of performing all

parts

of the

job.

The

observation team

m ay

include the immediate supervisor ahealth

an d

safety professional

and a

member

of the

health

and

safety comm ittee

or the

health

and

safety representative.

K ey

points

are

less likely to be missed in this wa y.

JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS WO RKSH EET

JOB:Changing tire on avehicle

Analysed by:

John

Su pervisorand TomWorker Date 29 May 2002

Reviewedby: Joe

Expert

Date 1June2002

Approved

by:

Co-Chairs

Healthand

Safety

Committee

Date

5June

2002

Sequence

ofTasks PotentialHazards PreventiveMeasures

1.

Park vehicle.

2.

Getspare

tire

and

tool kit.

3.

Pry off hubcap.

4.

Loosen

lug

bolts nuts).

5.And so on

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Helpful

T ips for Performing a JSA

EXPLAI N th e

purpose

of the JSA to

ensure

full

co-operation and participation of the

employee.

ASSU R E

th e

employee that

th e

purpose

of the

JSA

is to make the job safer by

identifying

hazards and making changes to eliminate or

reduce accidents, injuries, and illnesses.

CLARIFY that

the JSA is

neither

a

time

and

motion study in disguise nor an attempt to

uncover individua l unsa fe acts.

E N S U R E

the

em ployee und erstands that

the

JSA

is an evaluation of the job, not the

individual.

RESPEC T

th e

employee's experience

and use

itas an important inputinmaking

improvements .

OBSERVEjobsduring normal wo rking hours

and situations.

For

example,

if a job is

routinely

carried

out at

nig ht, perform

JSA at

night.

S imilarly, only regular tools

an d

equipmentshould be used. The only difference

from

normal operations should

be the

fact

that

the job pe rformance is being observed.

DISCUSS

with the employee:

I tasksof the

regular

process;

I any incidents;

I

comm unication problems;

I difficulties inperforming th e tasks;

I training providedin the use of

equipment

andsafety

procedures;

and

I

need

fo r improvements.

DISCUSS

the breakdown of tasks with al l the

participants (including the em ployee).

ENSU R E

that

allbasic

taskshavebeen

notedand

are in the

correct

order.

How are

potential

hazards

identified?

Twocom monly used techniquesf oridentifying

potential hazards are:

A )

Kepner andTregoemethod based on change

analysis;

B)

Gibson

and Haddon

approach based

on

unwanted energy flow

and

energy

barrier.

A )

Change

analysis

Kepnerand Tregoe

Chang e an alysis helps establ ish

t he

significance

of changes

in

causin g accidents

an d

losses.

A s

wel l , it

helps determine counter-changes

to

prevent these accidents and losses. Ch ange is

needed

for

improvement,

but the

change

m ay

have un wa nted side effects. Ch anges can be

planned

or

u nplann ed. Sometimes, preventive

changes

can

cause problems

if not

introduced

properly.

In

planned changes potential problems can be

identified and

control led. Ch ange analysis

offers

a

powerful safety analysis methodology

for the

unplanned

and

anticipated changes

in the

operation

of

equipm ent, material ,

orprocess.

A ny

unplanned changes

m ay

result

in

accidents

and

losses unle ss preventive measures (counter-

changes) are implemented.

First introduced by C.H. Ke pner and B.B .

Tregoein 1965as a

manageria l

toolto

solve

production problems, the chang e analysis

technique was eventual ly adapted to

occupational health

and

safety issues.

In the

1970s the Wh at if procedure was developed

to

identify

possible accident event sequences.

Once these sequences

are

established

it is

easier

to pinpoint the hazards, consequences, and

potential m ethods

fo r

risk reduction.

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The W hat if analysis involves conducting

a thorough and systematic exam ination of

each task by asking questions that begin

with W hati f . . .? T he

formulation

of the

exact questions is

left

up to those co nducting

th e

examination

Helpful Tips

fo r

ChangeAnalysis

For a

specific task ,

identify th e

task

or

process parameters to be investigated fo r

changes (normally

one

parameter).

Apply th eguide words tothis parameter in

order to

qualify

or

quantify

the changes.

Identify

and assess the consequences of the

changes in terms of risk.

Task parameters

are

easy

tofind.

Look

at

the task

and

find parameters

to be

controlled

in

order for the task to be performed

normally.

Such parameters

can be:

I a

sensorysignal: e.g., colour, shape

o f

object, emitted sound, odour, light

level, position of handle, height of

pedal.

I

a

process

specification: e.g., pressure,

temperature, concentrat ion,

flow

rate.

I

adynamic component: e.g., motion,

sequence, pace, speed change,

friction.

I

aforce ormass:e.g., electrical p ower,

chemical energy, torque, impulse, impact.

I

ageometricvalue andtime: e.g.,

location, dimensions, rate.

I

apiece ofequipment:

e.g.,

protective

devices, position of a part, part in motion.

I an

environmental

or

external

condition: e.g., weathe r , snow , rain,

nuisances

from

neighbourhood.

I Orother

Table

2.

Guide words

for

What

if

questions

GuideWord Meaning Examples: Whatif

No

or not

More

Less

Aswella s

Part

of

Reverse

Other

than

-

Negation

of the

operation

-

Quantitative

increase

-

Sooner

(time)

- Higher

(height, ,P

- Quantitative

decrease

-

Later (time)

- Lower (height,T, P

- Qualitative increase

- Somewhere e lse

- At the

same

timeas

-

Qualitative

decrease

- Lack of

-

Logical

opposite of the

operation

-

Completesubstitution

of

one

operation

by another

-

The

operation

is

stopped

an d

nothing

else isproduced

-

Temperature

is

higher

than normal

- Exposure time

i s greaterthan regular

- Temperature

and/or

p ressure is increased

- Quantityproduced is

less

than

usual

-

Shutdown

timeisg reater thannormal

-

Temperature and/or pressure

is

decreased

- An

unwanted product

is produced at the

sametimeas the

wanted

product

(contamination)

- Aproductis

transferred

from onetank to

anotherwithenvironmental

release

- Aproductisboilingduring

transfer

with

sp lashes

- A

product

is not addedduring

production

- An

operation

isunachieve d orinterrupted

-Tank is

being emptied

instead o f

beingfilled

-

Aproduct is

heated instead

o fbeing

evacuated

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W he n th eparameter hasbeen identified,

apply th e

W ha t

i f

quest ions

to it by

us ing

the guide words described inTable2. All

quest ions have the fol low ing format :

W hat if the (param eter) is not, more, less, as

well

as,

part

of,

reverse, other than

the one

described in the task?

As an examp le, change analysis can be

applied to the changing a

flat

tire scenario.

The first task park vehicle insists on the

location of thevehicle as aspecific

parameter . Normally,thevehicle mustb e

parked off the road on a stable groun d

before remo ving

any

wheel .

Table3

presents examplesofapplying What if

quest ions tothis situation.

If

the job is

well defined,

th eem ployee 's

workstat ion

is

geographical ly l imited,

or his

activities

are

repetitive

in

nature,

the

energy-

barrier approach is an alternative.

Table

3.

A pplying What

if

questions

f or

changing

a

flat tire.

Guide W ord Example o f

W h a t

if Question

N o or not

More

s s

A swel l

as

Partof

Reverse

Other

than

W h a t

can

happen

if

e m ployee lost

the

contro l

o f

his/her vehicle

and

ca nnot park?

W hat can happen if the v ehicle is parked on the road (on a bridge,

obstruction

by

snowd rif t)?

What can happen if employee cannot stop the vehicle rapidly?

W h a t

can

happen

if

em ployee cannot find

a

location

in the

dark?

W h a t canhappen if the v eh ic leis on asoft should er?

Not applicable.

What canhappeniftowing isma ndatoryon aroad?

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B Unwantedenergyflow and

energy-barrier

approach

Gibson and Haddon)

Theenergy-barrier approach was developed

by

J.J. Gibson

in

1961

and

structured

b y

W.C. Haddon in 1966. This approach of

accident prevention is very popular because

it

is simple to apply and easy to und erstand.

W e all useenergy to perform work. Power is

the rate of energy use. In classic industrial

processes,high power sources p roduce large

amounts ofenergy in a

short

time and are

key to high produc tion rates. Controlled

energy is essential to accom plish wo rk.

Uncontrolled energy flow has the potential

to

cause accident injury, equipment

damage, or property losses.

Fo r example, controlled flow of electrical

energy will run

motors, power

l ighting and

heating systems, and energize many other

desirable op erations. Un controlled electrical

flow

can cau se electrocution

or

electric

shocks to people, destroy m achines,a nd

pollute

our

environment .

I f a

person comes

in

contact witha live electrical wire, the

electrical current

wil l flow

through his/her

body ca using electrocution,

or in a

less

severe case, electric shock. In the same way,

amo ving belt drive

possesses

kinetic

motion) energy. If the belt breaks while

mo ving , it can hit a person and cause

physical injury,o r damage a piece of

equipmentand causephysical

loss.

In

the energy-barrier approach, hazard is

defineda s unco ntrolled energy flow and the

possible contact between the energy and a

person or equipm ent, resulting in:

I

injury

to

persons;

I

damage

to

equipment

and

property;

I reduction in the ability of persons to

perform work;

and

I harmto theenvironment .

The procedure for the energy-barrier

approach is to look at each task and:

I

identify

th eenergy sources producinga

risk Table 4);

I describe the way theenergycan come

in

contac t with em ploy ee s) i.e., the

energy flow) Table 5);

I findad equate barriers toel iminateo r

reduce the chanc es of this contac t i.e.,

controlling the energy flow).

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Table

4

Types

of

energy

Type

of energy Examplesof

cont ct

Gravitational

Kinetic

Thermal

Biological

Chemical

Hydraulic

Electrical

Radiation

Animal

Storedpotentialenergy

Noise

Multiple kinds

of

energy

a l l sfrom

same

level, falls from d ifferent level, falling ob jects.

Human

energy: repetitive motion,overexertion,awkward posture.

Machine energy: struck by moving object, projectiles, airborne

particulate, motor vehicle, caught between, caught in, cut by.

Burns hotand cold), hypothermia, heatstress,

s o l a r

heat.

Contact

w i th infections resulting in d is e a s e s of the lungs, blood,

skin, etc.).

Contact

w i thpathogens.

Corrosion:degradationof materials.

Reactions:

exothermic, endothermic, explosive, toxic, corrosive.

Fumes,gases, dusts.

Asph yxiation drowning), motive force resulting incrushing,

caught between, etc.).

Electricshock, electrical burns, electrocu tion.

Ionizingradiationexposure

from:

radioactive material,cosmic rays,

natural radioactive mate rials in the earth,x-raymachines.

Electromagneticradiation exposure from: microw ave ovens, radio

and TV antennas.

Ultraviolet radiation from:

the

sun,

U V

lamps.

Infrared

radiation from: the

sun,

heat

sources.

Electromagnetic

field from: electrical power lines, power

transformers,

electrical equipment.

Attacks, bites, stings.

Motive force from: coil springs, flexed objects.

Pressure:steam, compressedgases.

Machine noise, human noise, environmental noise

wind,animals, etc.).

The

interaction of tw o or more kinds of energy frequently

c a u s e s

accidents.

This

complexitycan bebest describedorclassifiedby the

sequential listing

of

energies:

for

example, electrical shock

resulting

infall from heights, beesting resulting inmotor vehicle accident

HRSDC

Labour Program

6

CCOHS


15/35

Table 5 Examplesofcontact with uncontrolled energy sources

Types

ofcont ct xampleso cont ctwithuncontrolled energy

Con t ac t

be tween o b jec ts

and equ ipmen t

Struck a ga ins t ob jec t.

Struck by ob ject .

Caugh t in o r

c o m p r e s s e d

by

equ ipmen t

o r

ob jects .

Caught i n o r

c r u s h e d

in

co l laps ing mater ia ls .

Rubbed or

a b r a d e d

by

fr iction

o r

pressure.

Rubbed,ab raded ,o rj a r r e db y v ibrat ion.

ll

ll

to lower leve l .

J u m p to

lower level.

ll on same level.

Bodi ly

rea c t i on and exe r t i on

Bodi ly

reac t i on .

Overexer t ion .

Repet i t ive m o t ion .

Sus ta ined v iewing .

Stat ic posture

withoutthe ap pl icat ion of

force

to an object .

Stat ic

pos tu re

with

th ea pp l ica t i on o f fo rcet o a nob ject .

Bodi ly

condi t ions.

Exposure to caust ic , nox ious,

or a l le rgenic substances

Exposure

to

noise.

Exposure t o radiat ion.

Exposure t o

t r a u m a t ic

o r

s tressfu l event.

Oxygen

def ic iency .

Exposure

to ha rm fu l subs tances o r env i ronments .

C o n ta c t

with

e lec tr ic current.

Con tac t

with

temperature ex tremes.

Exposure

to a i r p ressu re changes .

Transpor ta t ion acc iden t

H ighway acc iden t.

Non-h ighwa y acc iden t excep t ra i l,

air

water) .

Pedestr ian, no n-passeng er s truck by vehic le, m obi le equipment.

Rai lway

acc iden t .

Wa te r

veh i c le acc iden t .

A i r c r a f tacc iden t .

T ranspor ta t ion acc iden t.

ir e and

explos ion

Fire:un in tended o r unco n t ro l led .

Exp los ion .

Assau l t

and v io lent ac t Assau l t sand v io lent ac tsbyperson s) .

Sel f - in f l i c ted

injury.

Assaul ts by

an imals .

Source:

CSA

Standard

Z795-96

oding

of

Work Injury

or Disease

nformation

HRS

abour Program

17

OHS


16/35

Gravitational energy

a)

from

the

employee's vehicle: sliding

of the

car

into ditch,

fallof the

vehicle caused

by

soft

shoulder, rolling down

a

hill.

Potential hazards iden tified using

the

energy-

barrier approach are listed in the middle

column

of the

worksheet (Table

6 ),

numbered

to

match

th e

corresponding

job

task.

For

each task,

the

observers

use

Table

4 to

determine all the possible types of energy

presentin theprocess,and Table 5 as a

checklistto cover all the possible ways in

which

a

person

may

come

in

contact with

these energies. For example, for the task

park

vehicle ,

th e

energy types

and

corresponding w ays of contact are:

Kineticenergy

a)

from the

employee s

veh icle: struck

against

objects

in the

environment (tree,

snowdrift),

caught

in

motor vehicle.

b) from passing

traffic:

struckby the

oncoming vehicle, caught between

oncoming vehicleandemployee 's car.

Table 6 Identifying potential hazards for changing a flat tire

JOB SAFETY

ANALYSIS

WORKSHEET

JOB:

Changing

tireon a vehicle

Analysed by: John Supervisorand Tom Worker Date:29 May2002

Reviewed by: JoeExpert Date:1June2002

Approved

by: Co-Chairs

Health

a nd

SafetyCom mittee Date:

5

June

2002

Sequenceof

Tasks

PotentialHazards PreventiveMeasures

(Energytype

contacts)

(Barriers)

1.

Park

vehicle.

2.

Getspare

tire

and

tool

kit.

3.

Pry off hub

cap.

4.

Loosen

lugbolts (nuts).

5.

And so on

a Can be hit by pa ssingtraffic.

b

Can be hit byvehicleon

uneven,

softground.

c Vehiclemay rollon thedriver.

a Lifting sparemay

cause

strain.

a Hub cap may pop off and

hit the driver.

a

Lu g wrench ma yslip and hurt

the

driver.

a ..

HRSDC - Labour Program

18

CCOHS


17/35

How arepreventiveme sures

determined?

The fou rth step in a JSA is determining

ways to eliminate or mitigate the hazards

identified.There

are two approaches for

doing this:

A) Hazard control strategies.

B) Energy-barrier approach involving

controls:

I at the source;

I alongth epath ;an d

I at the

person.

The ob jective of both approac hes is the

same:

th e

prevention

of

in juries, illnesses,

and other losses. Preventive measures

dependon the

f indings

of theJSAand not

the me thod to perform it i .e., the change -

analysis

tech nique or theenergy-barrier

approach).

A

Hazard control strategies

The

fol lowing

ar e

common hazard control

strategies, inorderof preference:

1.

Eliminate

the

hazard.

2. Substitute the hazard w ith less haz ardous

or

non-hazardous options.

3.

Min imize

th e

risk

due to the

hazard:

Reduce

the

exposure.

Isolate

the

hazard.

Provide personal protective

equipmen t and clothing.

Implement administrative controls.

4.Haveanemergency planinplace.

5. Adopt measures to reduce dam age

following

an accident or emergency.

1. Eliminate the hazard

This

is the

most

effective

measure because

the risk is eliminated. Examples of options

in

this category are:

I

choose

a

different

process;

I

modify

an existing process by changing

th e

energy type;

I modify or

change equ ipment

o r

tools;

I lockout energy sources.

2.Substitute thehazard with

less

or

non hazardous options

This measure

is

very

effective,

especially

fo r

hazardous substances, and its application in

th e safety field is practicable. Here are some

examples:

I replace solven tsbywater solutions;

I subst i tute vapou r heat ingbyelectric

devices;

I use

electronic controls instead

of

pneumaticones

I

crush explosive dusts

in

inert

g as

atmosphere instead

o f

air;

I use anon-spark ing hammer in a

flamm able a tmosp here in lieu of steel

hammer .

3.

Minimize

the

risk

due to

the

hazard

If

the hazard ca nnot be el iminated or

substituted,efforts

should be made to

minimize

th e

risk

to the

employee

du e to the

injurious

contact with the hazard.

This

i s

achieved by using one or a combination of

the following methods of control:


19

CCOHS


18/35

Reduce the exposure:

I Chan ge the design of the wo rkstation.

I Improve environ me nt (e.g. ven tilation).

I

Implem ent emission controls.

I Add

safety

and alert devices.

I Develop safety procedures.

I

Train

the

workers

to

perform

the

task

safely.

I Provide health and

safety

education.

Isolate the

hazard:

I Bu ild enclosures to contain the hazard.

I

Group noisy machinery

i n a

room.

I

Isolate

th e

worker operations

in a

control

room.

I Put a cabin on a

lift

t ruck.

Provideperson lprotective

equipment a nd clothing:

I Use

respirators

in

hazardous

atmosphere.

I

Select appropriate gloves

corresponding

to the type of solvent.

I Protect

fingers

with wire mesh to

prevent cuts by knife.

I Wear a wide brim cap to prevent

exposure

to

sunlight.

I Use fall

protection wh en working

at

height.

Implement administrative controls:

I

Imp lemen t job rotation schedule.

I

Reduce time

or frequency of

exposure

to a

hazardous substance.

I

Evaluate employ ee s phy sical, men tal

and em otional capacity before a job

placement.

I

Ensure that

th e

employees

can

perform

work w ithout endangering their own

health an d safety or

that

of

others.

I Institu te me dical controls and

examinations.

4 Have an emergency plan in place

Fires

and emergencies m ay and do happ en.

Workplaces must have an emergency plan in

place

to

protect people, property,

a nd

business incaseof such emergencies.

5 Adopt measures to reduce dam age

following an

accident

or

emergency

W orkplaces m ust have plans in place to deal

with

th e

after effects

of

accidents

and

emergencies. These includ e plans for:

I rescue of the victims;

I

emergency medical assistance

for the

injured;

I repair an d restoration of the damage;

an d

I compensation and insurance.

B

Energy-barrier approach

The basic concept in this approach is that

accidents occur because of the lack of

barriers to control unw anted energy flow .

Wh ether or not a

form

of

energy produces

an

injury

or loss in a given situation depends

on the:

I

magnitude

o f

energy

an d

rate

of

release;

I duration and frequ ency of contact; and

I concentration of forces: force per un it

area

The h arm ful effects o f unc ontrolled energy

transfer

can be preven ted or reduced by a

succession of cou ntermeasures or energy

barriers

(see Table

7 and

Figures

1 and 2).

HRSDC

Labour Program

20

CCOHS


19/35

Energy Barrier and Unw anted Energy Flow

H e a r i n g L o s s

a rp r o t e c t i o n

Figure 1. Barriers for unwanted energy flow from an energy source to a person.

Adaptedfrom

the CSA Z796-98 Standard)

W o r k e r d r o p s

t o o l f r o m h e i g h t

o n c u s s i o n a n d

b r o k e n b o n e s

Figure2 Illustrationof energy barrier approach to describe control measures.

Adapted

from the CSAZ796 98Standard)

HRSDC

Labour Program

21 CCOHS


20/35

Table

7.

xamples

of

energybarriers

in

order

of

efficiency).

Barrier

Type Examples

1. Limit energy

2. Substitute safer energy

form

3.

Prevent build up

4.

Prevent

the

release

5.

Provide

slow

re lease

6.

Channel

the

re lease

separate

intimeand

space)

7.

Apply

energy

barrieron the

source

8. Apply

energy

barrier between

source

and

target

9. Apply

energy

barrier on

person

or object

10.

Raise

theinjuryor

damage

threshold

11.

Limit

injury

or

damage

from

worsening

12.Rehabilitate

Lower speed,

lowe r voltage,

limit

quantity

Safer

chemicals

Fuses,

floor loading

Containment,

insulation

Safetyvalves,seatbelts

Electrical grounding,

lockouts,

interlocks

Acoustic

enclosures, sprinklers

Firedoors, welding curtains

Personal protective equipment, machine

guards

Select ion,

acclimatization

Emergency medical

aid,

emergency showers

Persons regain health, equipment

repaired,

special insurance,

victim compensation

Theenergy barriers ca nthenb eused todescribethe preventive measures thatcan be

implemented

to

reduce and, hopefully, eliminate

th e

potential hazard associated with

th e

task see Table 8) .

H R S D C Labour Program

22

CCOHS


21/35

Table 8

Suggested preventative measures

for

changing

a flat

tire using

t energy barrier approach.

JOB

SAFETYANALYSISWORKSHEET

J O B :C hang i ng tireon a vehic le

Ana lysed by : John S uperv isor and Tom Worker Date :2 9 May 2 002

Reviewed by: Joe Expert Date: 1

J u n e

2 002

A p p r o v e d by: Co-Chairs Heal th and Safety Com mit tee Date :5

June

2 002

Sequence

of

Tasks PotentialHazards PreventiveMeasures

(Energy

type

contacts) (Barriers)

1. Park

vehicle.

2.

G etsparetire

a nd

tool

kit.

3. Pry off hub cap.

4. Loosen lu g

bo l ts nuts).

5.

A nd so on

a Can be hit by

passing traffic.

b

Can be hi t by vehic le on u neven,

sof t ground.

c Vehicle m ay roll on driver.

a

Lifting s p a r e m ayc ause strain.

a Hub cap may pop of f and

hit the driver.

a

Lug wrench may sl ip and hurt

th e driver.

a

.

a

Drive

to

area well clear

o f traffic.

Turnon

emergency flashers.

b

Choo se a f i rm ,level area.

c Apply

th e

parking brake,

leave tran sm ission in gear or

in P A R K ,place b locks infront

and

back

of the

wheel

diagona lly o pposite

to the

flat.

a Turn sp are into upright position

in

th e

wheel

well.

U sing your

legsan d standing as c l o s e a s

possible,liftspareout o f

truck

a nd

roll

to

f la t tire.

a

Pry off hub cap

using

steady

pressure.

a Use

proper

lug

wrench; apply

steady p ressure slowly.

a

.,

HRSD

Labour

Program

OHS


22/35

How shouldIcommunicatethe JSA

information toeveryone else?

Once th epreventive measures are selected,

th e

results must

b e

communicated

to all

employees

who

are,

or

wil l

be,

performing

that

job. T he side-by-side form at used in

JSA worksheets is not an ideal one for

instructional

purposes. B etter results

can be

achieved

by

us ing

the

results

of

J S A

to

develop a

work procedure

in a

narrative-

style format.

For

example,

th e

work

procedure for changing a

flat

tire mig ht start

out like this:

1. Park vehicle

a)

Drive vehicle off the road to an area clear

of traffic,

even

if it

requires rolling

on a

flat tire. Turn on the emergency flashers

to alert passing drivers so that they will

not hit

you.

b)

Park

on a

firm,

level

area

so

that

the

vehicle does

not

roll when

you

jack

it up.

c)

Apply

th e

parkin g brake, leave

th e

t ransmission in gear or PA RK , and turn

off th e

engine.

d) Place blocks in

front

and back of the

wheel diagonally opposite

th eflat

tire

to

prevent

th e

vehicle from rolling.

2 Get asparetireandtoolkit

Turn the spare tire up into an uprig ht

position

in its

well. Stand

a s

close

to the

t runk

as

possible

and

slide

th e

spare close

to

your body. L if t out and roll to flat tire.

3. Pry off

hub-cap

Pry off hub-cap slowly with steady pressure

to prevent it from p opp ing off and striking

you.

4 Loosenlugbolts

nuts)

Using the proper lug wren ch, apply steady

pressure slowly

to

loosen

the lug

bolts

nuts) ,

so that the wrench w ill not slip and

hur t

your knuckles.

5. And so on...

If

a

written work procedure already exists,

it

should

be

revised

to

includ e health

and

safety

items identified by the job safety

analysis process.

H R S D C

Labour Program 24

C C O H S


23/35

3

How and

When

to Use a Job Safety

Analysis

AcompletedJSAservesas atooltoensure

workplace

healthandsafety.

Particularly

JSA

serves

as an

excellent tool for:

Compliance with healthandsafety

legislation

Employee training

Workplace inspection

Safetyobservation

Accident investigation

Table

9

Examples

ofusesof

JSA

Table9summarizestheusefulnessof JSA in

ensuring

workplace health

and safety

e lthand safety

ctivity

Compliancewith

health

and

safety leg islation

How does JS help

Employee

training

Workplace inspection

Safety observation

cc ident investigation

E m p l o y e r s a re r equ i r ed to i n f o r m emp l oyees

ab o u t

th e po ten t ia l

hazards

in the wo r kp l ace an d sa fe

w o r k

pract ices t o prevent these

hazards .J S A

se r ves

as an

exce l len t source

o f

such

i n fo rmat i on .

Superv i so rs c a n u s e

J S A s

to

p r ov ide

jo b

spec i f i c

t ra in ing .

This

w i ll

ensu re

t ha t

em p l oyees l ea rn

th e

sa fe

w a y o f

pe r fo rm ing each task

an d th e

potent ia l dangers

o f no t f o l low i ng t he

co r r ec t p rocedure .

Emp l oyee ma y

p o s t

a copy o f a JSA nea r h i s o r her works ta t ion fo r

qu ick r e fe rence .

F o r

non - rou t ine

jobs,

J S A s

shou ld be v iew ed as a qu ick r eminder

of the

po ten t ia l

hazards, sa fe

w o r k

pract ices, a n d p e r sona l

protect ion requi red.

J S A s

can be used

toge the r

w i th an inspect ion checkl is t to e nsu r e

that r e c o m m e n d e d s a fe

w o r k

p rac t i ces a re being

f o l l o we d .

E m p l o y e e s can use

J S A s

as a

t o o l

fo r o bserv ing each o ther s wo rk

pract ices

an d

p r ov id ing pos i t ive fee dback

to

p r omote sa fe

w o r k

pract ices, an d u l timate ly , deve lop a sa fety

cu l tu re .

J S A he l ps

in

acc ident invest igat ion

in

t h ree ways :

1.

P rov ides

ins ight into ho w

acc ident

m i gh t

have occur red .

2. Identifies ne w hazards,

which

were o ver looked in the previous

J S A

3 . Upda tes JSA and improves sa fe

w o r k

pract ices.

HRSDC

Labour Program

2 5

CCOHS


24/35

4.Follow upandReviewof a Job Safety Analysis

It isessential toestablishafol low-upand

review process for mo nitoring the

effectiveness

of the preventive measures

implemented followingISA.This isdone to :

I

ensure

new

hazards have

not

been

created;

I seek feedba ck

from

employees

performing

the job;

I

ensure employees

are

following

the

procedures a nd practices required by

the JSA;

I assess needfor arepeat JSA ;and

I

implement continuous improvement.

Periodicreview e.g., ann ually ) isuseful to

ensure components of theJS Aremain

current andfunctionaland that employees

are follow ing the procedures and practices

as recommended by theJSA.

A

need

for a

repeat

JSA may

arise when:

I a new job iscreated;

I anexistingjob ischanged; or,

I equipmentor

process

ischanged.

The

economic benefi ts

of JSA

include:

I

reduced direct/indirect costs

of

accidents;

I improved qualitya ndproductivity; and,

I bettermentof employee moraleand

pride.

The

time

and

effort involved

in JSA is an

investment tocontrol injury, property

damage,

and

loss

of

production.

HRSDC Labour Program 26

CCOHS


25/35

CSA Z795-96Standard,Coding

of Work

Injury

orDisease Inform ation Rexdale,

Ontario:

CSA

Internationa l, 1996.

CSA Z796-98

Standard,

Accident

Information

Rexdale, Ontario: CSA

International, 1998.

Haddon Jr. ,W . Energy Damageand the

Ten

Counter-Measure Strategies

in

Human

Factors Journal Vol. 15, no. 4 (1973),

pp .355-366.

Johnso n, W.G. Chan ge is the M other of

Trouble inM ORT

Safety

Assurance System

New York: Dekker, 1980, Chapter5.

Johnson, W.G. Energy:

For

Work

or

Harm

in M ORT Safety Assurance System New

York: Dekker, 1980, Chapter

3.

Kepner, C.H., andTregoe B.B.T he

Rational Manager N ew York : McGraw-

Hill, 1965.

Wuorinen ,

V .

Job

Hazard Analysis

(CCOHS

Publication 87-IE) . Hamilton, Ontario:

Canadian Centre for Occupational Health

and Safety, 1987.

HRSDC - Labour Program

CCOHS


26/35

6 Examplesof Job Safety Analysis

1.

Transportation of dangerous

goo s

TDG).

2. Climbing trucksto inspect levelof

substance in snow and rain.

3.

Handl ing

of hea vy objects in ports and

storage.

4.Machine maintenance.

5.

W ork ing

at

heights

o n

communicat ion

towers.

6. Improvisation of tasks.

H R S D C

Labour Program

29

CCOHS


27/35

ransportation

ofdangerous goods TDG )

(Us ing change ana lys i s )

JOB

SAFETYANALYSISWORKSHEET

J O

Transpor ta ti on o f dangerous goods (TDG)

A na l y s e d b y John Superv iso r

an d

Mary Worker Date

5 M a y

2 0 0 2

R e v i e w e d b y Joe Exper t

Date

1 June 2002

A ppr ov e d b y

Co-Cha i rs Hea lth a nd Sa fe ty Commi t tee

Date

5 June 2002

Sequence

of

Tasks

1. Inspect package

2.

Load packages

3. Transpor t packages

4. Del iver packages

5. And so on

PotentialHazards

Possiblechanges)

a) Improper packag ing .

b) T oxic chem icals.

c

Leak ing packages ,

dangerous spi l ls .

a) Package s too heavy.

b) Toxic spil ls.

c

Sl ippery or c lut tered surface.

d) Presence o f source o f f l ame

or hea t .

a) Traf f ic acciden ts.

b)

Spi l ls of tox ic mater ials.

c

Ex t reme weather

condit ions.

d)

Vehic le break d o w n .

a) Package s too heavy.

b) Damaged packag ing .

c) S igns o f sp i l l.

a

Preventive

Measures

Controls)

a) Ensure t h a t

t he UN

recommendat ions

o n

packag ing have been

imp lemented as desc r i bed i n

Na t iona l

S tandard o f Canada

C A N / C G S B - 4 3 . 1 5 0 - 9 7 .

b ) Ensure t ha t packages have d iamond shaped sa fe ty marks to

indicate type o f dangerous goods .

Ensure t h a t packages comply w i t h

T D G

regulat ions.

Ensure

t h a t

t h e

c o m p a n y

has a

WH MIS compl ian t M S D S .

c

Inform person responsib le

fo r

packag ing .

D o

no t

c l ean-up un less

you are

t ra ined

to d o so.

D o

no t accep t l eak ing packages fo r t ransport .

a)

Fol low proper l i f t ing

techniques,

e.g., seek assistance,

u se lift ing

devices.

b) Ensure spi l l i s c leaned up by a

qual i f ied

person.

c

Ensure h a t

th e

walking

an d work ing

surfaces

are not

slippery

or

cluttered.

d)

Fol low safety rules

fo r

f l ammab le

an d

comb ust ib le ma ter ials.

a)

I n fo rm your company im med ia te ly.

Ensure t ha t t he sh ipp ing document shows :

- quan t i ty an d type of dangerous goods ;

-

pr imary

an d

subsidiary product c lassi f icat ion;

-

packag ing

g roup ;

a nd

-

sh ipper s 24 -hour em ergency te lephone number .

Ensure t h a t there ar e

fou r

ident ical placards (i f requi red)

visible

f r om

a ny

d irection.

b) Ensure t h a t spi ll is c leaned up by a qual i f ied person.

c) Wear adequate c lo th ing t o p ro tec t f rom cold an d ra in.

Drink p lenty of

w a te r

in summer months .

Carry

emergency w i n t e r

ki t

(c lothing, blanket, etc).

d ) Ca l l

9 11

for assistance.

Fo l low your com pany s emergency p rocedures .

a) Fol low proper

l i f t ing

techniques: e.g. , seek assistance,

us e

l i f t ing devices.

b)

If

package shows s igns

o f

l eakage,

do not

un load.

Ca l l

emergency number

fo r

ass i s tance

an d fu r ther

instructions.

c Inform person responsib le for packaging.

Do no t c l ean u p unless you are t ra ined to do so.

HRSD LabourProgram

OHS


28/35

limbing trucks to inspect levelof

subst nces

in snow and rain

(Using

th e

energy-barr ier approach)

JOB

SAFETY

ANALYSIS

WORKSHEET

JOB:Climbing trucks to inspect level of substances n snow an d rain

Analysed by :

Jane

Supervisor and Tom Worker Date:5 May 2002

Reviewed by: Joe Expert Date:

1

0 May 2002

Approvedb y:

Jane

Supervisor and HS representative Date:5 June 2002

Potential

Hazards

Preventive

Measures

SequenceofTasks (Energytype contact) (Barriers)

1. Park the

truck

2.

Climb up the truck

3. Inspect the contents

4.Climb downthe

truck

a)

Being

hit by

passing traffic.

b) Being

hit by

moving

or tilting

of vehicle parked on uneven

and soft

ground.

c)

Truck moving and rolling over

bodypart.

a) Fall from slippery surface

caused by snow or rain.

b) Exposure to cold/rain.

a) Contents may be under

pressure

and may

explode.

b) Contents may react

with

water

and produce heat, toxic vapours.

c) Exposure to toxic dusts, gases,

vapours.

d)

Skin contact with toxic or

irritant

materials.

a) Fall from slippery ladder.

b) Contaminated clothing

a nd

personal protective equipment.

a)

Park

in area clear of traffic.

Turn

on emergency flashers.

Wear

high visibilityvest

a t

night.

b)

Park

on a

firm

and level area.

c)

Apply parking brakes.

Leave

transmission in g ear or park.

Place blocks in frontand back of the wheels

a) Use fallarrest / fall protection.

Use

proper ladder.

b) Wear adequate clothing to protect from cold a nd rain.

a-c) ReadTDG documentation an d

MSDS

of the contents.

Use proper personal protective equipment such

as

gloves,

footwear, respiratory

protection.

Follow recommended cleaning and m aintenance procedures.

d) Wear protective clothingand gloves.

a)

Follow ladder safety procedures.

b)

Keep contam inated gloves, aprons, etc., sepa rate from you r

normal

clothing.

HR SD Labour Program 3 1

OHS


29/35

andling ofheavyobjectsinports ndstor ge

Using

a combinat ion of the energy-barr ier approach and change analysis)

JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS

WORKSHEET

JOB: Handling of heavy objects in portsand storage

Analysed by:Jane Expert and Katie Employee Date:5 May 2002

Reviewed by:Joe Expert Date:1 June 2002

Approved by:Co-Chairs Health and Safety Committee Date:5 June 2002

Sequence

of

Tasks

1.Inspect before

unloading

2. Unload

3.

Transport objects

by

lift

truck

4. Store the objects

PotentialHazards

Energy

type

contact)

a) H azardous working conditions.

b)

Exposure o hazardous substances.

c)

Exposure o dangerous

environment.

Preventive Measures

(Controls

Barriers)

a) Being hit by hoisted load.

b) Being

hit by or

coming under

shifting load.

a) Being

hit by

rollover

or tip

over

of

equipment

or

vehicle.

b) E xposure to hazardous

substances.

c)

Exposure to dangerous

environment.

d) Hit

persons passing

b y

close

to

the

lift

truck.

a) Coming

in

contactwith moving

parts such

as

conveyors.

b) Overexertion.

a)

Inspect and be familiar with the loadweight

size

and shape capacity

of the

hoisting

equipment.

Select

properequipment for the job.

Installguards

to

prevent access

to

areaswith moving overhead objects.

b) Check the TDG symbols on packages andfollow safe work procedures

as

set out in the

MSDS

of the

product.

Identify isolate and remove hazardous packages.

c) Make sure there is nodanger of hazardous exposure.

Us e

adequate personal protectiveequipment.

a)

Follow audio and visual signals.

b) Use guards, warning signs, to mark areasunder load.

a) Separate pedestrian and vehicular traffic.

Follow safeoperatingprocedures.

b) Check the TDG symbols on packages and

follow

safe work

procedures as set out in the MSDSof the

product.

Identify isolate and remove hazardous packages.

c)

Use adequate p ersonalprotection.

d) Ensure goodvisibility.

Us ewarning

sounds,

lights

and signs.

a) Wear properclothing.

Ensurethatguarding equipment

is in

place.

b) Establish acceptable

limits

for manual ma terials

handling.

Us em echanical liftingaids.

HRSDC Labour Program 3

CCOHS


30/35

chine

m inten nce

(Us ing the energy -ba r r i e r app roach)

JOB

SAFETY

ANALYSIS

WORKSHEET

J O Mach ine ma in tenance

A n a l y s e d

by Exper t Company L td

Date

5 May 2002

R e v i e w e d b y Co-Cha i rs Hea l th and Sa fe ty Commi t tee D a t e 10 May 2002

A p p r o v e d b y

C o - C h a i r s

Heal th

a n d

Safety Commit tee Date

5

J une 2002

Sequence of Tasks

PotentialHazards

(Energy

type

contact)

PreventiveM e a s u re s

(Barriers)

1. Know p roper

ma in tenance

proce dure s

a) Acc idents , in jur ies , l o s s e s

du e

to contact w i th h igh energy

moving parts or s tored energy.

a Fo l low p rocedures recommended by the m anu fac tu re r/ you r emp loye r .

U s e

on ly recommended tools and replacement parts .

2. Turn of f power to

stop th e machine

a) Objects f ly ing of f the s lowing

machine.

b) Electr ica l spark .

c

Malfunct ion of other e quipment

at tached t o the machine.

a

Loca te and turn o ff power f rom a s a f e location.

U s e appropr iate persona l protect ive equipment.

b)

U se

appropr iate

ey e

protect ion. Groun d metal hous ing

of the

swi tch.

c E n s u r e

t ha t

aux i l iary equipment dr iven by the m achine are iso lated

or set in a safe posi t ion.

3.

De-energize

th e

parts

by re leas ing s tored

energy such as

pressures, tens ions,

raised parts

a Contac t

w i t h

parts

set in

mot ion inadvertent ly .

b) Being crushed under equipment

parts ra ised under hydraul ic .

c Electr ic shock f rom

ch arge d

condensers .

a S e c u r e a l l a t tachments and parts against inadvertent m o t ion .

b) Lower ra ised parts to zero energy pos i t ion ( f loor) to p revent fa l l ing

under gravity.

R e l e a s e

the h ydraul ic pressu re used to ra ise the part abo ve ground.

c Discharge electr ica l ly charged components us ing

a

g rounded meta l rod .

4. Iso late energy source

to p revent acc identa l

mot ion

a) Mach ine

is set in

mot ion

unintentional ly.

b) Machine

is set in

mo t ion

b y

a

co-worker.

a-b)

Lock out energy sources such as electr ic sw i tch , hydraul ic pressure,

s team valves,

fo l lowing

your company s lockout procedures.

Com binat ion locks are not recomm ended for lockout .

Inter locks are not a subst itu te for lockout .

5.

C lean up debr is,

wastes,

a nd

tox ic

mater ia ls and purge

an y

tox ic gases, fumes

or

vapours

a) Tr ips and fa l ls on s l ippery and

cluttered floors.

b) Contact w i th contaminated

equ ipment .

c

Cuts f rom sha rp edges .

d) Exposu re to tox ic substances.

a)

Clean up debr is and spi l ls .

b-c) U se g loves, aprons and other personal protect ive equipment.

Fol low recommended c leaning and maintenance procedures.

d)

Mon i to r

wo rk env i ronmen t

to

ensure

tha t it is

safe

t o go

ahead

wi th

t h e

w o r k .

6. Perform t he

maintenance work and

reassemble th e

machine

an d

equ ipmen t

a) Cuts, bruises, strains, sprains.

b) Ha rmfu l expo su res o chemica l s ,

noise, etc.

a) Fo l low procedures recomm ended by manufacturer .

b)

U se

on ly qua l i fied persons

to do the wo r k .

7.

Turn

on the

power

source and perform

a t r ia l

r u n

a)

M i shaps

due to:

- incomplete maintenance

wo r k ;

-

fau l ts developed dur ing

ma in tenance work .

a)

Follow test ing p rocedures recommended

by the

manufacturer .

S t a y in a safe location.

Keep the area c lear of occupants .

8.

Documen t th e

main tenance work

a) Maintenance overs ight . a) Note th e date, t he type of m a in tenance work done, and the name o f

th e

emp loyee

i n

c ha rge

of the

wo rk .

Note: Maintenance tasks could be fairly complex and

require

expertise knowledge an d skills to per form thejob. Each maintenance job wil l

therefore require

a

detailed

JSA . Th e

above example provides

a guideline to highlight safety issues in

m achine maintenance.

HRSD Labour

Program 3 3 OHS


31/35

orking theightsoncommunication towers

Using

the energy-barrier approach)

JOB SAFETYANALYSIS WORKSHEET

JOB:Working at heights on communicat ion towers

Analysed by:

John

Supervisora nd

Marie Worker

Reviewed b y:

Kate

Expert

Approved

b y: Co-Chairs

Health

an dSafety

C ommit tee

Sequence ofTasks

1.

Assessand prepare

work site

2.

Climb up the tower

3.

Climb down

the

tower

PotentialHazards

Energytype

contact)

a) Burns

a nd

electric

shocks

from

induced

electrical charge

in

equipment and materials by

electromagn etic field EMF) rom

the

antenna.

b)

Fire

ha zard fromsparks caused

by

EMF.

c) Falling objects from adamaged

tower.

d)

Extreme weather and wind

conditions.

a)

Potentially fatal falls from

great heights.

b)

Exposureto

cold/rain.

c) Being hit by the repair equipment

an dm aterial hoistedby the crane.

a) Being

hit by falling objectsleft

on the tower by mistake.

Date:5 May

2002

Date:1

June

2002

Date:5

June

2002

Preventive Measures

Barriers)

a) De-energize he tower unless tests have been made which show that

no significant electric charge is induced in the equipment and materials.

Us e

grounded equipment materials while wo rking

near

energized towers.

b) Do not bring flammablea nd combustible ma terials near towe rs.

c) Locate people and materials away fromareasof falling objects.

d)

Snow, strong winds,

an d

rain

ad d

additional hazards.

Postpone non-emergency work during

such

weather.

a) Use adequate fall protection and work positioning

system,

ie, harness,belt safety strap.

b)

Wear adequateclothingto protect from cold and rain.

c) Stay

away from materials being hoisted.

Develop procedures or bad weather conditions.

a)

Ensure

thatall tools, equipment and m aterials are secured before

coming down

the

tower.

HRS D Labour Program

34

OHS


32/35

mprovisationo tasks

Using the

change

analysis

technique

JO BSAFETY

ANALYSIS

WORKSHEET

JOB:

Improvisationof

tasks

Analysed by:

Bill

Foreman

a nd To m

Worker

Reviewed

b y:

Jo e

Expert

Approved

by :

John

Supervisor and HS

representative

Sequence ofTasks

1. Make

an

assessment

of

the

job, activities

around thework area,

an d

the

work

environment

2.

Perform

o b

safety

analysis

Potential

Hazards

Possible

changes)

a)

Gettingin the way of:

-vehicles;

-

materialflow

-

energyflow

-

moving equipment.

b)

Presence

o fharmful substances.

c)

Inadequate

clothinga nd

personal

protective equipment.

d) Not

qualified

or

authorized

to

do

the job.

e)

Potentially

hazardous to

co-workers and

visitors nearby.

Date:5 May

2002

Date

1

June

2002

Date 5

June

2002

Preventive

Measures

Controls)

a) Safety concernsf or

similar jobs.

b)

Potential harmful

exposures to

chemicals,

noise, radiation, etc.

c) Lack

of

training, education,

licensing.

d)

What to do incaseo f

emergency.

a) Find a safe

location.

Stay

within

safety

zones.

Wear

high

visibility

vest.

b)

Assess

the levelofpotentially hazardous exposures.

c) Us e

adequate clothing

and personal


d)

Seek information about required qualifications, permits, certification,

or

licensing requirements.

e) Secure the area

using barricades, warning

signs,

etc.

a)

Develop

safe

work

pract ices.

Use

adequate protection e.g., fal l protection, safety

glasses.

b)

Implement engineering controls.

Wear personal


c)

Know potential

hazards an dsafe

work procedures.

D on otperformtasksf or whichyou are notqualified.

d) Have

a planto dealwithemergencies.

HRSD Labour Program

35

OHS


33/35

Sample form for JobSafety nalysis

JO B

SAFETY ANALYSIS WO RKSH EET

JOB

Analysedby:

Reviewed

by

Approved by

Date

Date

Date

Sequence

of

Tasks

Potential azards

Preventive

Measures


6

CCOHS


34/35

Step-by-step nstructions

for Job

Safety Analysis

Select

a job for

JSA.

Break the job intoten basic tasks

or less.

An alyse each taskby one of the

following methods.

Method

1

A) Find

th e

most important

job

parameter

for

each task.

B ) Find potential hazards

b y

asking

questions that beginby Whatif

Guide words

No

or not

More

Less

As

well

as

Part

of

Reve rse

Other

than

Parameters

Colour,shape

height

Sound,odour,light,

p res sure

Motion,

seque nce pace

Power,energy,

temperature

Protective

dev ice

Substance component.ensemble

Location,environment, etc.

Method

2

A) Determine the type of energy involved in

each task.

B )

Determine the potential risk of contact

between energy and employee.

Type of energy

Gravitational

Kinetic

Thermal

Biological

Chemica l

Hydraul ic

Elec t r ical

Radiation

Animal

Stored

potential

energy

Noise

Typeo f contact

Contact

with

objectsor

equipment

Fall

Bodi ly reaction

and

exertion

Exposure to substances

Transportation

accident

Fireand exp los ion

Assau l tandviolentact

Determine preventive measure s)

using hazard control strategiesor

the energy-barrier approach.

ontrol strategy

Eliminate

the

hazard

Substitute the hazard

Minimize

the r isk :

-reduce the exposure;

-isolate the hazard;

-provide

personalprotective

equipment

clothing

-implement

administrative

controls

Have an emergency plan

Repa i r damages

Energy barrier

Limitenergy

Substitute

s a f e renergyform

Preventbuild-up

Prevent the r e leaseof energy

Provide slow r e l e a s eof ene rgy

Channe lthe r e leaseof energy

Applyenergy barrieron

the source

Bar r ie rbetween source

andtarget

Barr ier

onpersonor

object

Raise

damagethreshold

Limitdamageevolution

Rehabilitate

Communicate theinformationto

everyperson concernedin a

narrative-style format.

H RSD C

Labour Program

37

CCOHS


35/35

Practical

Tipsfor

Performing

Job

Safety nalysis

and and its mplementation

INVO LVE em ployees in the development

implementat ionandreviewof

JSA.

KEEP written JSA short and simple

preferably one page long.

ILLUSTRATE

safe

practices an d the use of

personal protective equipment with

the

help of pictures and drawings.

AS SIGN responsibility of JSA an d its

implementat ion

to

supervisors.

TR AIN a ll employees and supervisors on

th e ben efi tso fimplementing

recommendations of

JSA.

INCLUDE relevant JSA in the new and

transferred employee orientation kit.

EXPLAIN

the use of

JSA

to

employees

before they start their new or m odified

job.

IMPLEM ENT safe work pract ices

recommended in the J SA as a part of the

overall health and safety program.

POST relevantJS A close to the workstation

to provide easy access to workers.

MAINTAIN a binder of or put on Intranet

all

JSAs

and

make

it

accessible

to all

employees at all times.

REVIEW JSA when equipm ent or process

changes or new information becomes

available regarding potential hazards

associated with

the

job.

INCLUDE implementat ion ofJSA as a

measure

of the job

performance

of

employees at all levels.

ENC OUR AGE the use of JSA in work place

inspection and accident/incident

investigation.

HRSDC

Labour Program

38

CCOHS

Job Safety Analysis Made Simple

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