JOB OPPORTUNITIES AND UNEMPLOYMENT

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Job Opportunities and Unemployment in the South African Labour Market | 2013 - 2014

JOB OPPORTUNITIES AND UNEMPLOYMENT in the South African Labour Market | 2013 - 2014

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Job Opportunities and Unemployment in the South African Labour Market | 2013 - 20142013 | Annual Industrial Action Report

Editing, layout and design, photography and distributionSubdirectorate of Media ProductionChief Directorate of CommunicationDepartment of Labour

ISBN978-0-621-43097-4

PublisherDepartment of LabourChief Directorate of CommunicationPrivate Bag X117Pretoria0001

ContributorsLabour Market Information and Statistics Unit

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INTRODUCTION 2

2. OVERVIEW OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN LABOUR FORCE TRENDS 42.1. Labour market information based on survey data 5

2.2. Labour market information based on administrative data 10

3. TREND ANALYSIS OF JOB VACANCIES 163.1 Job vacancies by Organising Framework of Occupation (OFO) 16

3.2 Job vacancies by industry (Standard Industrial Classification) 21

4. CONCLUSION 244.1. Policy implications 25

5. ANNEXURE 285.1. Methodology 28

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Figure 1: Total number of employed people, April 2013 to March 2014 (‘000) 5

Figure 2: Total number of unemployed people, April2013 to March 2014 (‘000) 6

Figure 3 : Unemployment level by age group, April 2013 to March 2014 (‘000) 9

Figure 4: Ordinary unemployment claimants by age group, April 2013 to March 2014 12

Figure 5: Educational level of Ordinary unemployment claimants, April 2013 to March 2014 13

Figure 6: Reasons for termination in commercial employment, April 2013 to March 2014 14

Figure 7: Total number of job vacancies in the financial year 2013/14 17

Figure 8: Vacancies by employment type, April 2013 to March 2014 19

Table 1: Employment by occupation April 2013 to March 2014 (‘000) 7

Table 2: Educational level of the unemployed April 2013 to March 2014 (‘000) 8

Table 3: Number of ordinary claims created by province, April 2013 to March 2014 11

Table 4: Quarterly number of vacancies by occupational group, April 2013 to March 2014 18

Table 5: Distribution of vacancies per provincial office, April 2013 to March 2014 20

Table 6: Number of vacancies by industry, from April 2013 to March 2014 21

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION At the time of writing this annual Job Opportunities and Unemployment Report, the Minister of Higher Education and Training (DHET) has published the draft National Scarce Skills list: Top 100 occupations in demand for public comment1. In this regard, the Department of Labour has continuously published a detailed analysis of the number of vacancies recorded from the print media against the unemployment claims received from the Unemployment Insurance Fund (UIF) in order to provide policy makers with up to date information that is closely related to the skills supply and demand over time. This annual report signals skills demands that exist in the South African labour market in the financial year 2013/14.

As compared to the previous financial year 2012/13, there is an indication of an overall increase of job opportunities captured by 4 390 vacancies from 44 611 to 49 001 vacancies captured during the financial year 2013/14. This represents almost 10% increase in the number of vacancies advertised in the country. However, this increase still cannot match the stubborn high unemployment rate of 25.2% in the South African labour market by March 2014. Thus, the triple-challenge of poverty, unemployment and inequality is still persistent in the country.

The question that deserves attention is to review the policies that need to be implemented in order to balance the labour demand and supply in the South African labour market. The country still faces severe problems of mass unemployment, underemployment and poverty2. In response, the South African Government introduced the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) in 2004 with the purpose of creating jobs through infrastructure development and service delivery as well as training and skills development. By the end of the 2012/13 financial year, more than three million work opportunities had been created by the EPWP since the start of the second phase in 2009/103. Despite these efforts taken by Government in trying to reduce unemployment, South Africa has still maintained a high unemployment rate at 25.2% and an overwhelming youth (15-34 years) unemployment rate during January to March of 20144.

Challenges remain as the fact that the South African economy is faced with structural barriers associated with a large population growth and new skill requirements by the employers amongst others resulting from technological advancements and globalisation. It is argued that one of the challenges is that there is a misalignment between the skills possessed by the job seekers and the skills required by employers. Table 2 (QLFS – education level of unemployed) and Figure 5 (UIF – education level of Ordinary unemployment claims) show that people above grade 12 are the least affected by job losses. The importance of education in reducing unemployment is also shown in Table 4 (JOI – number of vacancies by occupational group) which reflects a large number of job opportunities advertised on both Professionals and Managers. Lehohla stressed that “We are resolved to mobilise all South Africans behind Vision 2030 as outlined in the National Development Plan (NDP) to address and redress the continued imbalances and the stubborn persistence of unemployment, inequality and poverty”5.

This report examines the labour market trends using the following data sources: job opportunities advertised in various newspapers, Unemployment Insurance Claims for people who have applied for Unemployment Insurance Benefits for the reason of being unemployed as processed by the Department of Labour and Quarterly Labour Force (QLFS) produced by Statistics South Africa (Stats SA). The results show the potential imbalances between the demand for and supply of labour in terms of skills mismatches in the country. Thus, some measures to tackle unemployment in South Africa are also covered in the report to assist policy makers to take informed decisions when intervening on policies regarding job creation.

The content of the report is structured as follows: Section two includes a diagnosis of the labour market information based on survey data produced by StatsSA. Section three offers an analysis of the labour market information based on administrative data using the Unemployment Insurance Claims (as an indication of job losses) which is correlated with the trend analysis of vacancies advertised (as an indication of the skills in demand) in the South African labour market within the financial year 2013/14.

Section four concludes by focusing on a series of possible policies proposals aimed at the economic reform that can result in creating employment in order to curb unemployment.

1 Department of Higher Education and Training, Government Gazette, 23 May 20142 An Employment-Targeted Economic Programme, UNDP.3 African Economic Outlook, South Africa 2014, p.124 Statistics South Africa, Quarterly Labour Force Survey Quarter 1 20145 Lehohla, P., (2013), Millennium Development Goals, Country Report 2013, Statistics South Africa

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2. OVERVIEW OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN LABOUR FORCE TRENDS

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2. OVERVIEW OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN LABOUR FORCE TRENDSThere are long standing concerns about high levels of underemployment in the South African labour force with many workers trapped in low-paid and unemployed people are displaying low skills and limited experience. On the other hand, South Africa’s economic recovery has not been doing well enough since the 2008/9 recession. The economic growth rate slowed to a disappointing 1.8% in 2013, after expanding by 2.5% in 20126. This was an indication of a failure to achieve the projected Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth to 2.7% in 2013. If a country’s GDP is recovering at a very slow pace, it might have a serious impact on job creation. Thus, there is an urgent need to do more with the implementation of the National Development Plan (NDP) to improve the living conditions of all by 2030.

Gordan in his 2014 Budget Speech7 mentioned that it is now time to take South Africa forward to the next stage of our historic journey to more rapid growth, jobs and development – time to leave behind poverty, joblessness and inequality. However to achieve this goal, a lot still need to be done as SA still has a long way to go in order to achieve the set target of 500 000 job opportunities created per year.

The Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS) results show that employment decreased by 122 000 (0.8% quarter to quarter change) largely due to a decrease of 110 000 jobs observed in the informal sector (non-agricultural sector) between quarter four of 2013 and quarter one of 2014. Both Private households and Agricultural industries shed also jobs by 14 000 and 5 000 respectively, while a slight increase was observed in the formal sector (non-agricultural sector) by 7 000 jobs.

Overall, there is not much improvement in the South African labour market. While more than 200 000 people reported to be unemployed, job creation was also minimal as more than 120 000 jobs were lost between March 2013 and March 2014 (year-on-year changes). Critically so, more than two-thirds (65%) of the unemployed in March 2014 were long-term unemployed (for more than one year). The increase in the number of long and short-term unemployed was more than 200 000 individuals in both quarter-to-quarter and year-on-year changes. This is almost 4.7% growth between quarter four of 2013 and quarter one of 2014. In other words, these labour force trends require much attention from the South African Government in line with the implementation of the NDP in future.

6 Kevin Lings Budget Review 20147 Minister of Finance, Budget Speech to Parliament, February 2014

picture: africanbusinessreview.co.za

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2.1. Labour market information based on survey data

As highlighted above, employment creation remains the most significant challenge to long-term economic stability and growth. In this section, the report has also noted that employment creation was mostly concentrated in the public sector. The slow recovery in the private sector employment should also be another concern for the South African Government.

An analysis of the QLFS indicates that changes by employment types in South Africa were positive (on year-on-year changes), e.g., permanent and contract employment nature. The results show an increase by 289 000 workers with contracts of a limited duration as compared to 245 000 workers with permanent employment between March 2013 and March 2014.

Figure 1: Total number of employed people, April 2013 to March 2014 (‘000)

Source: Stats S.A, Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS), own calculations

According to Figure 1 above, the percentage of people employed had a solid employment growth from quarter two of 2013 until quarter four of 2013. But a decline was experienced between quarter four of 2013 and quarter one of 2014 (which is considered as quarter four in the financial year 2013/14). Overall, employment growth rate during the financial year 2013/14 was not significantly strong enough. Nonetheless, there is a considerable similar trend with the number of unemployed people in the same financial year.

14 400

14 675

14 950

15 225

15 500

Apr -Jun 2013

15 036

14 692

15 177

15 055

Jul - Sep 2013 Oct - Dec 2013 Jan - Mar 2014

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Figure 2: Total number of unemployed people, April2013 to March 2014 (‘000)


Unemployment rate decreased by 1.9% between quarter two and quarter three of 2013, decreased by 1.0% percentage points between quarter three and quarter four of 2013 and then increased by 4.9% between quarter four of 2013 and quarter one of 2014. From Figure 2, the recent increase in the number of unemployed people was observed between quarter four of 2013 and quarter one of 2014 by 237 000 job lost. Such a splash of unemployment may have been provoked by the end of contract of the December casual jobs and other related economic difficulties during 2013. As reported that, South Africa’s economy recorded a substantial deceleration in growth to 1.9% in 20138.

An increase in unemployment between quarter four of 2013 and quarter one of 2014 may also stem from the overall growth of the working age population (15-64 years). The working age population has increased by 155 000 (0.4%) during the same period. This means that there was a high likelihood that there were two possible pressures in the labour market which include the inflow of new entrants into the labour market and the return of some categories of workers who had previously dropped out of the labour force.

8 Industrial Development Corporation, Economic Trends: Key trends in the South African economy, 31 March 2014

Apr -Jun 2013

4 880

4 972

4 830

5 067

Jul - Sep 2013 Oct - Dec 2013 Jan - Mar 20144700

4800

4900

5000

5100

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Table 1: Employment by occupation April 2013 to March 2014 (‘000)

Main Occupation Apr - Jun 2013 Jul - Sep 2013 Oct - Dec 2013 Jan - Mar 2014

Manager 1 230 1 235 1 230 1 343

Professional 917 957 893 877

Technician 1 665 1 666 1 637 1 581

Clerk 1 575 1 696 1 624 1 610

Sales and services 2 096 2 181 2 298 2 282

Skilled agriculture 63 67 75 65

Craft and related trade 1 708 1 690 1 847 1 736

Plant and machine operator 1 291 1 244 1 251 1 264

Elementary 3 149 3 271 3 310 3 298

Domestic worker 997 1 030 1 012 999

Total 14 692 15 036 15 177 15 055


Table 1 shows that quarter one of 2014 saw a rise in the share of managers and plant and machine operator occupations as compared to all other occupations in the South African labour market. Between quarter four of 2013 and quarter one of 2014, employment increased in both managers and plant and machine operators by 112 000 (9.1%) and 13 000 (1.0%) respectively.

A different picture has also emerged when one consider the changes between quarter three and four of 2013 where sales, skilled agriculture, craft, plant and machine operator and elementary occupations had shown a bigger increase in employment than all other occupations. This could be associated with the business cyclical trends. In other words, the demand for skills in one occupation might be related to the shock waves unleashed by an individual company at the given period.

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Table 2: Educational level of the unemployed April 2013 to March 2014 (‘000)

Highest level of education of the unemployed Apr - Jun 2013

Jul - Sep 2013

Oct - Dec 2013

Jan - Mar 2014

No schooling 73 73 82 84

Less than primary completed 326 303 272 308

Primary completed 217 203 178 212

Secondary not completed 2 360 2 332 2 304 2 348

Secondary completed 1 636 1 599 1 628 1 691

Tertiary 329 349 341 393

Other 31 21 26 31

Total 4 972 4 880 4 830 5 067


Educational attainment can be used as another proxy variable that can explain the skills level of the unemployed. Better job opportunities might require high educational attainment. The official statistics show that 46.3% of the unemployed people from January to March 2014 did not complete secondary school. While there is an improvement in all educational categories amongst the unemployed people, it is still a concern that few (52 000) unemployed people have attained tertiary education between quarter four of 2013 and quarter one of 2014.

Again, Table 2 shows an increase in the number of those unemployed with primary school completed and less than primary school by 19.2% and 13.5% respectively between quarter four of 2013 and quarter one of 2014. This proves that education remains a critical aspect to secure decent employment as employers mostly prefer to recruit workers with relevant education/ skills and work experience.

picture: chekadigital.co.za

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Figure 3 : Unemployment level by age group, April 2013 to March 2014 (‘000)


The official unemployment rate was 25.2% for January to March 2014. This was higher by 1.1% than the previous quarter and higher by 0.2% for a year earlier. Amongst the unemployed people (5 067 000 unemployed), 2 044 000 people were new entrants in quarter one of 2014, up by 106 000 from the previous quarter and down by 27 000 a year earlier. On the other hand, using the results of unemployment by duration for quarter one of 2014, the following can also be noted:

• More than 1.7 million people had been unemployed for less than twelve months (short-term unemployment), up by 48 000 people a year earlier

• More than 3.3 million people had been unemployed for over one year (long-term unemployment), up by 157 000 people a year earlier.

In Figure 3, the official statistics continue to show that the highest age group that was mostly affected by unemployment in all the quarters was 25-34 years with 1 990 000, 1 932 000, 1 922 000 and 1 998 000 for quarter two, three and four of 2013 and quarter one of 2014, respectively. This trend follows the very same pattern from the previous consecutive financial years. The following age group which is also affected by high level of unemployment is 15-24 years with 1 407 000, 1 333 000, 1 274 000 and 1 391 000, respectively during the same period. Together, the age group of 15-34 years represents the youth category. The age group of 45-65 years still seems to be consciously less affected by the unemployment crisis in the country even during the current financial year under review.

0

625

1250

1875

2500

15 - 24 years 25 - 34 years 35 - 44 years 45 - 54 years 55 - 64 years

1 407 1 990 1 056 416 1031 333 1 932 1 066 451 981 274 1 922 1 063 449 1221 391 1 998 1 083 479 115

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2.2. Labour market information based on administrative data

Corresponding movements in the labour market are discussed in this section by using administrative data source as processed in the Department of Labour. The Unemployment Insurance claimants are people who contributed to the Fund prior to having become unemployed. Applying for unemployment benefits becomes an indication of a job loss. The Department of Labour keeps a database of the applications varying from applications created, approved and rejected. This data is also disaggregated in accordance with various characteristics including: age groups, provinces, industries, termination reasons, qualifications and benefit types. With this type of information, one is able to analyse unemployment according to various indicators.

The Unemployment Insurance Act (UIA) makes provision for five types of benefits namely, ordinary/unemployment benefits, illness benefits, maternity benefits, adoption benefits and dependent benefits. However, this section will focus only on ordinary/unemployment benefits arising from loss of employment.

picture: wealthwisemag.com

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Table 3: Number of ordinary claims created by province, April 2013 to March 2014

Province Apr - Jun 2013

Q to Q change

Jul - Sep 2013

Q to Q change

Oct - Dec 2013

Q to Q change

Jan - Mar 2014

Eastern Cape 15 738 -128 15 610 -3 848 11 762 3 826 15 588

Free State 8 483 1 079 9 562 -3 248 6 314 -231 6 083

Gauteng 39 777 6 090 45 867 -15 486 30 381 -850 29 531

KwaZulu-Natal 28 185 1 340 29 525 -9 467 20 058 5 753 25 811

Limpopo 15 274 -2 212 13 062 -107 12 955 -1 737 11 218

Mpumalanga 12 562 -187 12 375 -1 342 11 033 1 865 12 898

North West 8 175 1 656 9 831 -3 355 6 476 439 6 915

Northern Cape 6 037 -824 5 213 -472 4 741 445 5 186

Western Cape 27 797 1 735 29 532 -9 427 20 105 -727 19 378

South Africa 162 028 8 549 170 577 -46 752 123 825 8 783 132 608

Source: Department of Labour, UIF/ Siyaya database 2013/14, own calculations

Changes in UI claimant count9 indicates the following patterns of 5.3% increase between quarter one and two, decrease of 27.3% between quarter two and three and 7.1% increase between quarter three and four in the financial year 2013/14. In totality, 589 038 UI claims were created in the financial year 2013/14. The lowest UI claimant count was in quarter three (123 825) and the highest was in quarter two (170 577) over the same period. Table 3 shows that Gauteng is the province that has reported the highest number of UI claims (145 556 (25%), followed by KwaZulu-Natal (103 579 (18%)), Western Cape (16%) and Eastern Cape (10%) province. The rest of the provinces recorded below 10% of UI claims and the lowest claiming province was the Northern Cape with 3.6% UI claims over the same period. This pattern is a repetition of what happened during the previous financial year 2012/13. It also appears that the trends between the official unemployment and UI claimant count coincide from July 2013 to March 2014. It decreases and increases in both indicators in the labour market.

9 UI claimant count is used interchangeably with the no. or ordinary unemployed in this report

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Figure 4: Ordinary unemployment claimants by age group, April 2013 to March 2014

Source: Department of Labour, UIF/ Siyaya database 2013/14, own calculations

Figure 4 compares ordinary claimants received by various age groups. There is still an indication that youth (15-34 years) is mostly affected by job losses. Ordinary claims received from youth constituted about 44% of the total ordinary claims received during the financial year 2013/14. The lowest level of ordinary claim applications are still seen at the age above 64. There is an indication that this age group still sustain the status quo of being always less affected by job losses in the South African labour market.

Above 643%

15 - 247%

25 - 3437%

35 - 4426%

45 -5416%

55 - 6411%

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Figure 5: Educational level of ordinary unemployment claimants, April 2013 to March 2014

Source: Department of Labour, UIF/ Siyaya database 2013/14, own calculations, excluding unspecified

Figure 5 shows a small proportion of people with tertiary qualifications (4%) applied for ordinary unemployment benefits as compared with individuals in other educational categories. The large proportion of ordinary claims was received from those unemployed people with below grade 12 educational attainment. For example, job losses were mostly amongst unemployed with educational attainment of grade 10-11 at 38% during the same period. Unemployment increased progressively as one goes down the educational scale. Any post-school qualification increases one’s job prospects10. This trend also appears also in the analysis of the survey data.

10 CDE INSIGHT, Graduate unemployment in South Africa: A much exaggerated problem.

Above Grade 124% Below Grade 8

12%

Grade 8-913%

Grade 10-1138%

Grade 1233%

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Figure 6: Reasons for termination in commercial employment, April 2013 to March 2014

Source: Department of Labour, UIF/ Siyaya database 2013/14, own calculations, excluding unspecified

In Figure 6, the most critical challenge leading to most people losing jobs, is employment contract termination. For the financial year 2013/14, business closure recorded the lowest numbers of applications for all the quarters with 4 358, 6 534, 3 902 and 3 692 in quarter one, two, three and four respectively. The trend might be associated with the South African business cycle over time. On the other hand, about 28% of unemployed people reported being dismissed by the employers in quarter two. This represents the highest share of the total dismissals in the financial year 2013/14.

Dismissal of workers is still predominant in the South African labour market which disproves the argument that the South African labour laws are too rigid in terms of hiring and firing aspect.

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

70 000

Business closed Contract ended Retrenched Dismissed

4 358 60 936 22 092 28 7666 534 62 447 22 879 31 5673 902 55 887 16 820 25 1243 692 56 200 17 761 25 605

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3. TREND ANALYSIS OF JOB VACANCIES

Business closed Contract ended Retrenched Dismissed

4 358 60 936 22 092 28 7666 534 62 447 22 879 31 5673 902 55 887 16 820 25 1243 692 56 200 17 761 25 605

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3. TREND ANALYSIS OF JOB VACANCIES

3.1 Job vacancies by Organising Framework of Occupation (OFO)

In addition to the UI claimant count, the Department of Labour collects data in the form of job vacancies advertised called Job Opportunities Index (JOI), through major newspapers covering all the provinces of South Africa. Vacancies might be referred to positions for which employers are actively seeking to recruit outside their organisation11. This type of data assists in reflecting the different sources of job creation and it highlights skill requirements resulting from various positions including technological advancements in the South African labour market. Furthermore, it indicates the skill level of occupational groups in-line with the National Qualifications Framework as well as with the entry, intermediate and advanced levels referred to in the National Skills Development Strategy.

Occupational Framework of Occupations (OFO) version 12 was used to code the advertised jobs12. The eight major groups are used to classify occupations and they include managers, professionals, technicians and associate professionals, clerical support workers, service and sales workers, skilled agricultural – forestry –fisheries – craft and related trade workers, plant and machinery operators and assemblers as well as elementary occupations. The Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (SIC) is also used in order to classify job vacancies advertised by industries.

11 Some limitations can be associated with coverage of all vacancies in the country. Nonetheless, the total vacancies processed give an indication of what the demand for labour is expected in the country.

12 The Organising Framework For Occupations (OFO) 2013

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Figure 7: Total number of job vacancies in the financial year 2013/14

Source: Department of Labour, Job Opportunity Index database 2013/14

Overall the total number of job vacancies advertised and captured increased from the previous financial year 2012/13 (44 611) to current financial year 2013/14 under review (49 001) by 4 390 or 9.8%13. According to Figure 7, vacancies captured have decreased from quarter one until quarter three, then increased in quarter four in the financial year 2013/14 with the following records: 12 564 vacancies in quarter one, 12 215 in quarter two, 11 326 in quarter three then 12 896 in quarter four.

The trends in vacancies advertised do not correlate with the employment trends observed in the QLFS. It might signal that it take too long for employers to fill vacancies with suitable candidates who meet the skill requirements of the organisation. The time-lag is not known at this stage but it can be further investigated.

13 The duration for these vacancies to be filled is not covered in this report but research can be conducted to assess the trend in filling of vacancies.

10 500

11 000

11 500

12 000

12 500

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

13 000

13 500

12 564

12 215

11 326

12 896

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Table 4: Quarterly number of vacancies by occupational group, April 2013 to March 2014

April-June 2013 July-Sept 2013 Oct – Dec 2013 Jan-March 2014 Total

Managers 3 516 (28.0%)

3 656 (29.9%)

3 060 (27.0%)

3 295 (25.6%)

13 527 (27.6%)

Professionals 3 838 (30.5%)

3 905 (32.0%)

3 256 (28.7%)

3 614 (28.0%)

14 613 (29.8%)

Technicians and Associate Professionals

1 990 (15.8%)

1 698 (13.9%)

1 212 (10.7%)

1 687 (13.1%)

6 587 (13.4%)

Clerical Support Workers

1 224 (9.7%)

1 142 (9.3%)

965 (8.5%)

1 888 (14.6%)

5 219 (10.7%)

Service and Sales Workers

572 (4.6%)

801 (6.6%)

983 (8.7%)

459 (3.6%)

2 815 (5.7%)

Skilled Agricultural, Forestry, Fishery, Craft and Related Trades Workers

796 (6.3%)

687 (5.6%)

774 (6.8%)

1 197 (9.3%)

3 454 (7.0%)

Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers

303 (2.4%)

160 (1.3%)

231 (2.0%)

229(1.8%)

923 (1.9%)

Elementary Occupations

325 (2.6%)

166 (1.4%)

845 (7.5%)

527 (4.1%)

1 863 (3.8%)

South Africa 12 564 12 215 11 326 12 896 49 001(100%)


The data collected continues to reflect a high level of demand for occupations associated with a high level of education and expertise. From Table 4 results above, the highest occupation in demand was professionals with 14 613 (29.8%), followed by managers with 13 527 (27.6%). The lowest occupation in demand was the Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers with 923 (1.9%), followed by Elementary Occupations with 1 863 (3.8%). The specific skills required for these occupations are also specified in the job adverts but not covered here.

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Figure 8: Vacancies by employment type, April 2013 to March 2014


The above figure indicates a condition which is healthy to the job security in the South African labour market. According to Figure 8, 93.2% of recorded vacancies are full-time employment opportunities. It is only 6.7% of recorded vacancies that are on contract employment basis and just 0.1% of recorded vacancies are on part-time basis. The QLFS results show an addition of 119 000 permanent jobs and a reduction of 31 000 contract jobs between quarter four of 2013 and quarter one of 2014. The public sector led in most of those permanent employment opportunities over time.

Contract6.7%

Full time93.2%

Part-time0.1%

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Table 5: Distribution of vacancies per provincial office, April 2013 to March 2014

April-June 2013 July-Sept 2013 Oct–Dec 2013 Jan-March 2014 Total

Eastern Cape 579 557 654 847 2 637 (5.4%)

Free State 504 184 267 238 1 193 (2.4%)

Gauteng 1 297 1 438 1 336 1 444 5 515 (11.3%)

Head Office 6 366 6 982 6 745 6 845 26 938 (55.0%)

KwaZulu-Natal 243 79 95 116 533 (1.1%)

Limpopo 1 451 1 119 485 1 736 4 791 (9.8%)

Mpumalanga 437 398 219 339 1 393 (2.8%)

North West 737 283 641 344 2 005 (4.1%)

Northern Cape 308 236 262 339 1 145 (2.3%)

Western Cape 642 939 622 648 2 851 (5.8%)

South Africa 12 564 12 215 11 326 12 896 49 001 (100%)


Table 5 shows that a very high number of vacancies were recorded by Head Office that amount to 26 938 (55.0%), followed by Gauteng with 5 515 (11.3%). KwaZulu-Natal still continue to be the province that captured the lowest vacancies with 533 (1.1%), then the Northern Cape with 1 145 (2.3%) and Free State with 1 193 (2.4%). The distribution of vacancies by province is affected by the quality of advertised media in newspapers at the region. Head Office reported the highest because of accessibility to the main newspapers namely Sunday Times and City Press where most of the vacancies in the country are advertised on a weekly basis14.

14 In other words, some of the advertised vacancies in the Sunday Times and City Press are also being advertised in the provincial newspapers. However, efforts are made to reduce duplication towards the final results.

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3.2 Job vacancies by industry (Standard Industrial Classification)

It is also very important to examine those industries that are creating more jobs at a given financial year in the country. This can assist decision makers to redirect attention and stimulate employment growth in low-performance industries against the mass of unemployed people. Ensuring that the skills of the unemployed are adapted to those low-performance industries is critical for long-term productivity and economic growth in the country.

Table 6: Number of job vacancies by industry, from April 2013 to March 2014

April-June 2013

July-Sept 2013

Oct – Dec 2013

Jan-March 2014 Total

Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing 185 88 150 517 940 (1.9%)

Community, social and personal services 8 403 8 174 8 386 8 489 33 452 (68.3%)

Construction 262 146 143 568 1 119 (2.3%)

Electricity, gas and water supply 161 97 91 223 572 (1.2%)

Financial intermediation, insurance, real estate and business services 1 584 1 571 1 232 1 199 5 586

(11.4%)

Manufacturing 530 373 281 498 1 682 (3.4%)

Mining and quarrying 737 479 313 569 2 098 (4.3%)

Private households 52 61 22 46 181 (0.4%)

Transport, storage and communication 179 735 400 250 1 564 (3.2%)

Wholesale and retail trade 471 491 308 537 1 807 (3.7%)

South Africa* 12 564 12 215 11 326 12 896 49 001 (100%)

Source: Department of Labour, Job Opportunity Index database 2013/14*Note: In some cases, job advertisements did not have economic sectors information.

Table 6 gives an indication that out of the total vacancies captured, Community, social and personal services supplied the highest number of job opportunities of 33 452 (68.3%) during the financial year 2013/14. The Financial industry was the second industry sector with 5 586 (11.4%), the third being mining with 2 098 (4.3%). The industry that recorded the lowest number of vacancies was Private households with 181 (0.4%), followed by Utilities with 572 (1.2%) and Agriculture sector with (1.9%).

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4. CONCLUSION

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4. Conclusion

South Africa’s labour market has generally struggled to reduce the unemployment rate at an average of 25% over the financial year under review. Despite the various direct interventions by Government to support employment growth as highlighted by the National Treasury Budget Review 201415, the triple challenge of unemployment, inequality and poverty is still predominant amongst South African citizens.

These challenges according to the National Skills Development Strategy include amongst others16:

• The inadequate skills levels and poor work readiness of many young people leaving formal secondary and tertiary education and entering the labour market for the first time. This is compounded by inadequate linkages between institutional and workplace learning, thus reducing employability and work readiness of the successful graduates from FET and HET institutions, not to mention the many who enter the world without a formal qualification

• Continuing skills shortages in the artisanal, technical and professional fields that are fundamental to the development and growth of our economy

• The failure of business in many sectors of the economy to equip their workforce to adapt to change as the economy becomes more knowledge-based. When structural change occurs, too often the outcome is retrenchments rather than retraining and redeployment of working people

• The absence of coherent strategies within economic and industrial sectors, compounded by the lack of systematic skills development to support and sustain growth and development

• The urban bias of our economic development and therefore the urban bias of our skills development initiatives, resulting in skills for rural development being neglected.

15 These include the following: y Expanded Public Works Programme – The programme created 973 705 short- to medium-term jobs in 2012/13. The

third phase aims to create 6 million similar jobs over the next five years. y Community Work Programme – The fastest-growing component of expanded public works guarantees participants

two days of work a week, or eight days a month, with a strong focus on generating local economic activity. It provided guaranteed part-time employment to about 175 000 people in 2012/13.

y National Rural Youth Service Corps – The programme offers rural youth a two-year skills programme. y Employment tax incentive – Launched in January 2014, the incentive subsidises the salaries of newly recruited workers

aged between 18 and 29. This initiative should support a total of 240 000 jobs over the medium term. y Jobs Fund – Launched in 2011 with the goal of co-financing projects to generate sustainable employment and catalyse

economic activity. To date, projects supported by the fund have created 12 184 new jobs. Projects over the next three years will create 96 000 new, permanent jobs.

y National Youth Service Programmes – Trains young people to be artisans for the built environment, while Vuk’uphile trains contractors in labour-intensive construction techniques.

y Skills development – A Department of Higher Education and Training white paper targets improved and expanded access to skills development and training, especially vocational training. In addition, employers are still eligible for tax incentives focused on leadership programmes and bursaries.

16 Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET), National Skills Development Strategy III.

Page | 25


4.1. Policy implications

• South Africa needs higher levels of growth to address the challenges of unemployment, poverty and inequality17

• There is a need to effectively develop highly skilled and adaptable individuals workers who are able to respond immediately to the labour market change needs

• Lifelong learning need to be further strengthened and supported

• There is a need to adequately resource employment services

• Policy makers should consider science-based education to be further developed.

17 National Treasury, Budget Review 2014

picture: BBC

Page | 27


5. ANNEXURES

Page | 28


5. ANNEXURE5.1. Methodology

The starting point for a structured approach to job vacancy analysis is the development and maintenance of a Job Opportunity Index (JOI). This Index is composed of the collection of job offers advertised in the national and provincial newspapers. In most cases, newspapers are collected on a weekly basis.

In 2003 the Department of Labour started to capture vacancies from the Star newspaper. The vacancies were captured once per month for a period of 12 months. In April 2004, job vacancies began to be captured from Careers, a supplement of Sunday Times. Recently it has extended to Pretoria News, City Press, The Star and other provincial newspapers.

With the changes within the economy, where labour is less needed due to the impact of technology, the need for a skilled labour force is becoming intense. JOI therefore provide signals for skills that are in high demand within the economy. These vacancies are classified and presented in terms of occupation and industry.

Why do the Department collect vacancies data?

South Africa’s skills development policies (which were previously the mandate of the Department of Labour have been formulated on the premise that demand-led skills development is the key to success in the current economic environment. The purpose of these policies is therefore to bring about a commitment to high-quality lifelong learning, building on a number of mechanisms that aim to ensure a clear link between the market demand and supply of skills.

These include a stakeholder-driven skills development system and a levy-grant system which allows for decisions to be taken close to the demand for and beneficiaries of skills development. The importance of analysis of labour market demand and skills development needs to improve the match between supply and demand. Thus the following can be noted:

• JOI can be used to improve the way in which labour markets function by pinpointing emerging labour shortages

• JOI could contribute to the formulation of policies that would help to minimise fractional unemployment and reduce structural joblessness

• JOI could also throw additional light on demand-supply condition in the labour market in relation to changing wage levels.

Intended audience of the JOI:

• Business cycle analysts: determine insufficient aggregate labour demand

• South Africa’s skills development policy makers: design training programmes to meet the labour needs of the South African economy

• Labour organisations: evaluate the demand for the services of their members and to develop their policies on training, apprenticeship and collective bargaining

• Work-seekers: improved counselling on where the best job opportunities are for work-seekers and new entrants to the labour market

• Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs) for their Sector Skills Plans (SSPs)

• Department of Basic Education for curriculum development that is responsive to economic challenges.

Page | 29


JOI data collection method:

There are four steps used to collect JOI data. These are:

Step 1:

• Newspapers are collected and ‘individual’ advertisements numbered (this makes cross referencing and quality control easier). Individual advertisements may comprise of one or more job offers

• The allocation of an occupational code using the Organizing Framework for Occupations (OFO) is not done on the basis of the job title. It is vital that the whole advertisement is read, as job titles maybe misleading

Step 2:

• An occupational code is located on the following basis: ~ What are the educational requirements , major functions and experience, required to perform a job ~ The skills required to perform a job. (What do we mean by “skills”? An ability to perform a productive task at a

certain level of competence) ~ Skill specialisation - defined in terms of: Range and complexity of the tasks; Field of knowledge required; Tools

or equipment used; Materials worked on or information worked with; Goods or services provided ~ Skill level - determined by level or amount of formal education and training (Amount of previous experience in

a related occupation; Amount of on-the-job training required to competently perform the set of tasks required for that occupation).

Step 3:

• The allocation of the Sector Industry Code (SIC) is done up to the major division level, 1 digit. In most advertisements no reference is made to the name of the employer.

Step 4:

• Data is captured on a spread sheet. The data is analysed, and a report is produced covering the financial year (April to March).

• It is then published on the Department of Labour’s website (www.labour.gov.za) for public consumption. Hard copies are distributed to other stakeholders.

picture: mg.co.za

Page | 30


Table 1: Number of vacancies in managerial occupational group from April 2013 to March 2014

OFO CODE OCCUPATION Apr-Jun

2013Jul-Sep 2013

Oct-Dec 2013

Jan-Mar 2014 Grand Total

1111 Legislators 3 0 2 0 5

1112 Senior Government Officials 387 277 233 163 1 060

1113 Traditional Chiefs and Heads of Villages 0 2 0 0 2

1114 Senior Officials of Special-interest Organisations 21 3 2 5 31

1121 Managing Directors and Chief Executives 48 30 46 62 186

1211 Finance Managers 383 470 399 413 1 665

1212 Human Resource Managers 223 299 243 236 1 001

1213 Policy and Planning Managers 108 123 111 85 427

1219 Business Services and Administration Managers not Elsewhere Classified 531 805 588 613 2 537

1221 Sales and Marketing Managers 185 128 108 167 588

1222 Advertising and Public Relations Managers 67 77 82 99 325

1223 Research and Development Managers 64 83 60 62 269

1311 Agricultural and Forestry Production Managers 20 14 22 26 82

1312 Aquaculture and Fisheries Production Managers 1 4 1 1 7

1321 Manufacturing Managers 125 132 81 116 454

1322 Mining Managers 29 23 21 20 93

1323 Construction Managers 94 146 139 126 505

1324 Supply, Distribution and Related Managers 222 227 181 214 844

1331 Information and Communications Technology Service Managers 122 131 154 145 552

1341 Child Care Service Managers 2 0 0 2 4

1342 Health Service Managers 341 105 102 155 703

1343 Aged Care Service Managers 0 1 1 0 2

1344 Social Welfare Managers 34 16 55 47 152

1345 Education Managers 165 208 122 138 633

1346 Financial and Insurance Services Branch Managers 11 7 13 7 38

1347 Armed Forces Managers 1 0 0 1 2

1349 Professional Services Managers not Elsewhere Classified 136 151 143 188 618

1411 Hotel Managers 13 10 10 6 39

1412 Restaurant Managers 17 23 16 8 64

1421 Retail and Wholesale Trade Managers 73 50 53 44 220

1431 Sports, Recreation and Cultural Centre Managers 4 19 18 16 57

1439 Services Managers not Elsewhere Classified 87 95 50 130 362

3 517 3 659 3 056 3 295 13 527

Page | 31


Table 2: Number of vacancies in professional occupational group from April 2013 to March 2014


2013Jul-Sep 2013

Oct-Dec 2013


2111 Physicists and Astronomers 2 3 2 0 7

2112 Meteorologists 3 0 0 0 3

2113 Chemists 5 8 10 5 28

2114 Geologists and Geophysicists 13 16 13 8 50

2121 Mathematicians, Actuaries and Statisticians 48 44 16 37 145



2131 Biologists, Botanists, Zoologists and Related Professionals 37 27 50 28 142

2132 Farming, Forestry and Fisheries Advisers 111 32 29 25 197

2133 Environmental Protection Professionals 68 148 108 60 384

2141 Industrial and Production Engineers 16 15 8 20 59

2142 Civil Engineers 136 206 94 86 522

2143 Environmental Engineers 3 3 3 0 9

2144 Mechanical Engineers 53 61 33 59 206

2145 Chemical Engineers 18 13 8 15 54

2146 Mining Engineers, Metallurgists and Related Professionals 18 18 22 24 82

2149 Engineering Professionals not Elsewhere Classified 42 74 24 25 165

2151 Electrical Engineers 45 93 51 46 235

2152 Electronics Engineers 8 12 16 19 55

2153 Telecommunications Engineers 2 12 6 5 25

2161 Building Architects 14 36 7 7 64

2162 Landscape Architects 1 5 0 4 10

2163 Product and Garment Designers 2 2 3 2 9

2164 Town and Traffic Planners 22 104 17 16 159

2165 Cartographers and Surveyors 12 12 3 22 49

2166 Graphic and Multimedia Designers 10 13 8 8 39

2211 Generalist Medical Practitioners 71 189 31 65 356

2212 Specialist Medical Practitioners 53 51 20 9 133

2221 Nursing Professionals 440 542 168 357 1 507

2222 Midwifery Professionals 1 0 0 0 1

2231 Traditional and Complementary Medicine Professionals 2 1 0 30 33

2241 Paramedical Practitioners 3 0 1 3 7

2251 Veterinarians 5 7 10 9 31

2261 Dentists 11 2 3 3 19

Page | 32



2013Jul-Sep 2013

Oct-Dec 2013


2262 Pharmacists 84 33 15 163 295

2263 Environmental and Occupational Health and Hygiene Professionals 43 82 54 48 227

2264 Physiotherapists 17 7 4 1 29

2265 Dieticians and Nutritionists 16 7 1 12 36

2266 Audiologists and Speech Therapists 16 9 3 0 28

2267 Optometrists and Ophthalmic Opticians 1 1 0 2

2269 Health Professionals not Elsewhere Classified 18 8 10 10 46

2311 University and Higher Education Teachers 354 556 542 753 2 205

2312 University and Higher Education Teachers 0 0 1 0 1

2321 Vocational or Further Education Teachers 90 102 92 90 374

2331 Secondary or Intermediate and Senior Education Teachers 45 45 29 28 147

2341 Primary School or Foundational Phase Teachers 33 18 36 17 104

2342 Early Childhood Educators 4 6 1 4 15

2351 Education Methods Specialists 123 124 66 114 427

2352 Special Needs Teachers 19 1 2 9 31

2353 Other Language Teachers 3 9 10 10 32

2354 Other Music Teachers 1 0 0 0 1

2355 Other Arts Teachers 1 0 1 0 2

2356 Information Technology Trainers 4 3 3 3 13

2359 Teaching Professionals not Elsewhere Classified 1 2 4 7 14

2411 Accountants 199 174 179 191 743

2412 Financial and Investment Advisors 15 26 31 13 85

2413 Financial Analysts 43 33 15 17 108

2421 Management and Organization Analysts 83 71 85 86 325

2422 Policy Administration Professionals 131 87 96 168 482

2423 Personnel and Careers Professionals 105 95 76 128 404

2424 Training and Staff Development Professionals 178 82 72 147 479

2431 Advertising and Marketing Professionals 39 28 21 52 140

2432 Public Relations Professionals 68 56 49 60 233

2433 Technical and Medical Sales Professionals (Excluding ICT) 81 48 30 44 203

2434 Information and Communications Technology Sales Professionals 6 8 2 0 16

2511 Systems Analysts 28 18 33 24 103

2512 Software Developers 16 24 51 34 125

2513 Web and Multimedia Developers 8 8 5 6 27

2514 Applications Programmers 1 1 8 4 14

2519 Software and Applications Developers and Analysts not Elsewhere Classified 6 2 1 6 15

Page | 33



2013Jul-Sep 2013

Oct-Dec 2013


2521 Database Designers and Administrators 162 10 6 4 182

2522 Systems Administrators 40 24 49 44 157

2523 Computer Network Professionals 9 6 8 11 34

2529 Database and Network Professionals not Elsewhere Classified 10 7 46 14 77

2611 Lawyers 133 119 218 65 535

2612 Judges 2 1 290 0 293

2619 Legal Professionals not Elsewhere Classified 20 4 6 6 36

2621 Archivists and Curators 6 9 7 9 31

2622 Librarians and Related Information Professionals 71 56 60 39 226

2631 Economists 28 18 29 27 102

2632 Sociologists, Anthropologists and Related Professionals 0 1 2 2 5

2633 Philosophers, Historians and Political Scientists 0 0 0 1 1

2634 Psychologists 38 32 22 30 122

2635 Social Work and Counselling Professionals 90 36 83 68 277

2636 Religious Professionals 5 3 3 6 17

2641 Authors and Related Writers 3 3 1 1 8

2642 Journalists 48 28 19 29 124

2643 Translators, Interpreters and Other Linguists 11 7 25 16 59

2651 Visual Artists 0 0 1 0 1

2652 Musicians, Singers and Composers 1 0 0 2 3

2654 Film, Stage and Related Directors and Producers 1 0 1 0 2

2659 Creative and Performing Artists Not Elsewhere Classified 0 0 0 2 2

2662 Creative and Performing Artists Not Elsewhere Classified 0 0 1 0 1

3 833 3 887 3 271 3 622 14 613

Page | 34


Table 3: Number of vacancies in technician’s occupational group from April 2013 to March 2014


2013Jul-Sep 2013

Oct-Dec 2013

Jan-Mar 2014

Grand Total

3111 Chemical and Physical Science Technicians 14 17 11 28 70

3112 Civil Engineering Technicians 101 109 82 78 370

3113 Electrical Engineering Technicians 45 70 40 31 186

3114 Electronics Engineering Technicians 27 18 14 31 90

3115 Mechanical Engineering Technicians 31 33 9 20 93

3116 Chemical Engineering Technicians 0 3 0 2 5

3117 Mining and Metallurgical Technicians 27 9 12 19 67

3118 Draughtspersons 15 12 14 20 61

3119 Physical and Engineering Science Technicians not Elsewhere Classified 12 12 25 3 52

3121 Mining Production / Operations Supervisors 153 56 30 76 315

3122 Manufacturing Supervisors 28 25 7 43 103

3123 Construction Supervisors 66 85 62 28 241

3131 Power Production Plant Operators 4 5 1 1 11

3132 Incinerator and Water Treatment Plant Operators 18 19 7 43 87

3133 Chemical Processing Plant Controllers 1 1 0 2 4

3134 Petroleum and Natural Gas Refining Plant Operators 2 1 0 0 3

3135 Metal Production Process Controllers 2 3 0 1 6

3139 Process Control Technicians not Elsewhere Classified 13 15 0 1 29

3141 Life Science Technicians (Excluding Medical) 14 61 20 6 101

3142 Agricultural Technicians 26 14 18 19 77

3143 Forestry Technicians 2 4 3 0 9

3151 Ships’ Engineers 1 0 0 0 1

3153 Aircraft Pilots and Related Associate Professionals 2 1 4 8 15

3211 Medical Imaging and Therapeutic Equipment Technicians 19 27 7 4 57

3212 Medical and Pathology Laboratory Technicians 8 3 3 3 17

3213 Pharmaceutical Technicians and Assistants 2 4 2 0 8

3214 Medical and Dental Prosthetic Technicians 8 0 1 0 9

3221 Nursing Associate Professionals 142 102 10 4 258

Page | 35



2013Jul-Sep 2013

Oct-Dec 2013

Jan-Mar 2014

Grand Total

3241 Veterinary Technicians and Assistants 0 10 2 1 13

3251 Dental Assistants and Therapists 8 7 5 1 21

3252 Medical Records and Health Information Technicians 2 0 1 1 4

3253 Community Health Workers 3 6 0 0 9

3255 Physiotherapy Technicians and Assistants 1 1 0 0 2

3256 Medical Assistants 1 0 0 1 2

3257 Environmental and Occupational Health Inspectors and Associates 23 26 21 22 92

3258 Ambulance Workers 4 0 2 49 55

3259 Health Associate Professionals not Elsewhere Classified 0 0 2 2

3311 Securities and Finance Dealers and Brokers 2 4 4 5 15

3312 Credit and Loans Officers 31 33 31 33 128

3313 Accounting Associate Professionals 69 65 56 123 313

3314 Statistical, Mathematical and Related Associate Professionals 2 10 4 4 20

3315 Valuers and Loss Assessors 8 13 8 5 34

3321 Insurance Representatives 23 53 31 30 137

3322 Commercial Sales Representatives 89 82 109 121 401

3323 Buyers 103 60 57 51 271

3324 Trade Brokers 5 2 9 3 19

3331 Clearing and Forwarding Agents 4 2 1 2 9

3332 Conference and Event Planners 6 6 7 6 25

3333 Employment Agents and Contractors 19 6 43 3 71

3334 Real Estate Agents and Property Managers 14 29 16 30 89

3339 Business Services Agents not Elsewhere Classified 119 101 74 105 399

3341 Office Supervisors 122 41 53 102 318

3342 Legal Secretaries 15 6 11 10 42

3343 Administrative and Executive Secretaries 131 75 77 103 386

3344 Medical Secretaries 2 6 3 11

3348 Medical Secretaries 0 0 1 0 1

3351 Customs and Border Inspectors 0 1 0 0 1

Page | 36



2013Jul-Sep 2013

Oct-Dec 2013

Jan-Mar 2014

Grand Total

3352 Government Tax and Excise Officials 0 0 0 1 1

3354 Government Licensing Officials 21 16 12 25 74

3355 Police Inspectors and Detectives 0 3 11 2 16

3359 Government Regulatory Associate Professionals not Elsewhere Classified 122 67 22 29 240

3366 Government Regulatory Associate Professionals not Elsewhere Classified 0 0 0 1 1

3411 Legal and Related Associate Professionals 134 67 70 109 380

3412 Social Work Associate Professionals 29 6 26 126 187

3413 Religious Associate Professionals 1 1 0 0 2

3421 Athletes and Sports Players 0 2 2 0 4

3422 Sports Coaches, Instructors and Officials 4 15 13 2 34

3423 Fitness and Recreation Instructors and Program Leaders 6 4 1 2 13

3431 Photographers 1 3 3 3 10

3432 Interior Designers and Decorators 2 21 2 3 28

3433 Gallery, Museum and Library Technicians 2 1 1 4

3434 Chefs 19 22 7 7 55

3439 Artistic and Cultural Associate Professionals not Elsewhere Classified 0 1 3 4 8

3511 Information and Communications Technology Operations Technicians 3 3 0 3 9

3512 Information and Communications Technology User Support Technicians 30 19 19 28 96

3513 Computer Network and Systems Technicians 21 101 12 21 155

3514 Web Technicians 3 3 1 1 8

3521 Broadcasting and Audio-visual Technicians 2 3 4 2 11

3522 Telecommunications Engineering Technicians 4 7 3 2 16

1 991 1 720 1 217 1 659 6 587

Page | 37


Table 4: Number of vacancies in community and personal services occupational group from April 2013 to March 2014


2013Jul-Sep 2013

Oct-Dec 2013

Jan-Mar 2014

Grand Total

4111 General Office Clerks 174 104 109 593 980

4118 General Office Clerks 0 0 0 1 1

4121 Secretaries (General) 70 61 51 111 293

4131 Typists and Word Processing Operators 10 8 5 9 32

4132 Data Entry Clerks 29 14 134 49 226

4211 Bank Tellers and Related Clerks 3 41 3 14 61

4212 Bookmakers, Croupiers and Related Gaming Workers 8 1 0 2 11

4214 Debt-collectors and Related Workers 26 13 9 3 51

4221 Travel Consultants and Clerks 6 3 6 4 19

4222 Contact Centre Information Clerks 75 405 79 112 671

4223 Telephone Switchboard Operators 9 5 15 15 44

4224 Hotel Receptionists 3 2 1 1 7

4225 Enquiry Clerks 38 12 31 49 130

4226 Receptionists (General) 48 35 32 36 151

4227 Survey and Market Research Interviewers 10 1 6 17

4229 Client Information Workers not Elsewhere Classified 27 2 3 4 36



4311 Accounting and Bookkeeping Clerks 98 59 67 113 337

4312 Statistical, Finance and Insurance Clerks 5 7 6 9 27

4313 Payroll Clerks 20 18 18 18 74

4321 Stock Clerks 67 21 41 75 204

4322 Production Clerks 12 10 11 22 55

4323 Transport Clerks 12 6 19 18 55

4411 Library Clerks 18 26 23 15 82

4412 Mail Carriers and Sorting Clerks 3 3 8 7 21

4413 Coding, Proof-reading and Related Clerks 0 1 0 2 3

4414 Scribes and Related Workers 0 2 0 0 2

4415 Filing and Copying Clerks 55 37 24 81 197

4416 Personnel Clerks 127 103 73 144 447

4419 Clerical Support Workers not Elsewhere Classified 276 255 173 277 981

1 219 1 265 945 1 790 5 219

Page | 38


Table 5: Number of vacancies in clerical and administrative workers occupational group from April 2013 to March 2014


2013Jul-Sep 2013

Oct-Dec 2013

Jan-Mar 2014

Grand Total

5111 Travel Attendants and Travel Stewards 0 0 3 2 5

5112 Transport Conductors 7 0 0 0 7

5121 Cooks 1 3 3 2 9

5131 Waiters 7 35 6 11 59

5132 Bartenders 4 13 4 3 24

5141 Hairdressers 1 12 2 2 17

5142 Beauticians and Related Workers 4 8 2 5 19

5151 Cleaning and Housekeeping Supervisors 16 8 9 10 43

5152 Domestic Housekeepers 4 14 0 5 23

5153 Building Caretakers 2 3 4 3 12

5163 Undertakers and Embalmers 4 3 1 1 9

5164 Pet Groomers and Animal Care Workers 3 1 60 64

5165 Driving Instructors 1 0 0 1 2

5169 Personal Services Workers not Elsewhere Classified 1 0 0 0 1

5211 Stall and Market Salespersons 0 1 1 1 3

5212 Street Food Salespersons 0 14 0 5 19

5221 Shop Keepers 3 0 0 1 4

5222 Shop Supervisors 9 5 6 13 33

5223 Shop Sales Assistants 74 83 43 97 297

5231 Cashiers and Ticket Clerks 16 17 20 25 78

5242 Sales Demonstrators 16 3 5 0 24

5243 Door-to-door Salesperson 2 1 2 2 7

5244 Contact Centre Salespersons 41 216 227 57 541

5245 Service Station Attendants 2 5 2 1 10

5246 Food Service Counter Attendants 27 1 1 29

5249 Sales Workers not Elsewhere Classified 27 9 8 11 55

5311 Child Care Workers 13 13 19 19 64

5312 Teachers’ Aides 3 27 6 1 37

Page | 39


5321 Health Care Assistants 0 0 1 1 2

5322 Home-based Personal Care Workers 0 0 0 1 1

5329 Personal Care Workers in Health Services not Elsewhere Classified 4 66 22 23 115

5411 Fire fighters 18 15 5 6 44

5412 Police Officers 71 42 42 47 202

5413 Prison Guards 0 1 0 1

5414 Security Guards 173 93 445 93 804

5415 Intelligence Operators 4 4 12 20

5419 Protective Services Workers not Elsewhere Classified 18 5 42 20 85

5421 Seaward Defence Members 0 1 0 0 1

5422 Special Forces Defence Members 1 0 0 43 44

5425 Airward Defence Members 0 0 1 0 1

577 718 996 524 2 815

Page | 40


Table 6: Number of vacancies in sales workers occupational group from April 2013 to March 2014


2013Jul-Sep 2013

Oct-Dec 2013

Jan-Mar 2014

Grand Total

6111 Field Crop and Vegetable Growers 0 0 0 1 1

6112 Tree and Shrub Crop Growers 0 0 0 6 6

6113 Gardeners, Ornamental Horticultural and Nursery Growers 37 13 5 4 29

6114 Mixed Crop Growers 3 0 1 5 9

6221 Skilled Aquaculture Workers 1 0 2 0 3

6222 Skilled Inland and Coastal Waters Fishery Workers 0 0 0 1 1

6311 Subsistence Crop Farmers 2 3 0 0 5

6312 Subsistence Livestock Farmer 1 0 0 0 1

6411 House Builders 1 5 0 0 6

6412 Bricklayers and Related Workers 1 2 3 4 10

6413 Stonemasons, Stone Cutters, Splitters and Carvers 0 2 0 12 14

6414 Concrete Placers, Concrete Finishers and Related Workers 2 4 0 0 6

6415 Carpenters and Joiners 27 13 8 19 67

6419 Building Frame and Related Trades Workers not Elsewhere Classified 0 2 1 1 4

6421 Roofers 12 0 2 0 14

6422 Floor Layers and Tile Setters 2 0 0 0 2

6423 Plasterers 0 1 1 2 4

6425 Glaziers 1 0 0 0 1

6426 Plumbers and Pipe Fitters 54 44 58 45 211

6427 Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Mechanics 6 6 7 29 48

6431 Painters and Related Workers 5 3 2 7 17

6432 Spray Painters and Varnishers 5 5 1 3 14

6511 Metal Moulders and Coremakers 3 1 0 0 4

6512 Welders and Flame Cutters 42 32 18 136 228

6513 Sheet Metal Workers 59 37 27 71 194

6514 Structural Metal Preparers and Erectors 3 3 12 18

6515 Riggers and Cable Splicers 22 21 14 13 70

6521 Blacksmiths, Hammersmiths and Forging Press Workers 0 2 0 1 3

6522 Toolmakers and Related Workers 8 4 4 7 23

Page | 41



2013Jul-Sep 2013

Oct-Dec 2013

Jan-Mar 2014

Grand Total

6523 Metal Working Machine Tool Setters and Operators 36 45 28 47 156

6524 Metal Polishers, Wheel Grinders and Tool Sharpeners 1 0 3 1 5

6531 Motor Vehicle Mechanics and Repairers 30 21 291 35 377

6532 Aircraft Engine Mechanics and Repairers 1 1 6 0 8

6533 Agricultural and Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Repairers 134 91 92 89 406

6534 Bicycle and Related Repairers 1 0 0 0 1

6611 Precision-instrument Makers and Repairers 1 2 3

6613 Jewellery and Precious Metal Workers 1 1 0 0 2

6614 Potters and Related Workers 0 0 1 0 1

6615 Glass Makers, Cutters, Grinders and Finishers 1 1 1 0 3

6616 Sign Writers, Decorative Painters, Engravers and Etchers 1 0 0 0 1

6618 Handicraft Workers in Textile, Leather and Related Materials 0 0 1 0 1

6621 Pre-press Technicians 0 2 1 0 3

6622 Printers 8 5 2 3 18

6623 Print Finishing and Binding Workers 2 1 1 0 4

6711 Building and Related Electricians 147 129 157 132 565

6712 Electrical Mechanics and Fitters 94 41 34 98 267

6713 Electrical Line Installers and Repairers 4 7 5 16

6721 Electronics Mechanics and Servicers 22 45 20 30 117

6722 Information and Communications Technology Installers and Servicers and Related Occupations 4 4 0 3 11

6811 Butchers, Fishmongers and Related Food Preparers 10 7 4 0 21

6812 Bakers, Pastry-cooks and Confectionery Makers 5 3 1 4 13

6813 Dairy Products Makers 1 0 0 0 1

6814 Fruit, Vegetable and Related Preservers 0 0 0 6 6

6815 Food and Beverage Tasters and Graders 0 0 1 2 3

6821 Wood Treaters 0 0 351 351

Page | 42



2013Jul-Sep 2013

Oct-Dec 2013

Jan-Mar 2014

Grand Total

6822 Cabinet Makers and Related Workers 1 1 0 1 3

6823 Woodworking Machine Tool Setters and Operators 2 0 0 0 2

6831 Tailors, Dressmakers, Furriers and Hatters 2 2 4 2 10

6832 Garment and Related Patternmakers and Cutters 0 0 2 0 2

6834 Upholsterers and Related Workers 3 0 0 11 14

6841 Underwater Divers 1 0 0 0 1

6842 Shotfirers and Blasters 1 1 6 4 12

6843 Product Graders and Testers (Except Foods and Beverages) 1 2 0 0 3

6844 Fumigators and Other Pest and Weed Controllers 0 1 2 2 5

6849 Craft and Related Workers not Elsewhere Classified 8 8 7 6 29

815 620 826 1 213 3 454

Page | 43


Table 7: Number of vacancies in machinery operators and drivers occupational group from April 2013 to March 2014


2013Jul-Sep 2013

Oct-Dec 2013

Jan-Mar 2014

Grand Total

7111 Miners and Quarriers 21 19 7 21 68

7112 Mineral and Stone Processing Plant Operators 9 5 4 5 23

7113 Well Drillers and Borers and Related Workers 15 2 10 2 29

7114 Cement, Stone and Other Mineral Products Machine Operators 4 3 0 5 12

7121 Metal Processing Plant Operators 0 1 0 0 1

7122 Metal Finishing, Plating and Coating Machine Operators 3 0 1 0 4

7131 Chemical Products Plant and Machine Operators 0 0 6 0 6

7132 Photographic Products Machine Operators 2 0 0 1 3

7141 Rubber Products Machine Operators 1 3 0 0 4

7142 Plastic Products Machine Operators 2 1 2 1 6

7143 Paper Products Machine Operators 0 2 0 0 2

7144 Paper Products Machine Operators 1 0 0 0 1

7151 Fibre Preparing, Spinning and Winding Machine Operators 1 0 0 0 1

7153 Sewing Machine Operators 1 0 1 1 3

7157 Laundry Machine Operators 0 0 1 0 1

7159 Textile, Fur and Leather Products Machine Operators not Elsewhere Classified 1 0 0 0 1

7161 Food and Related Products Machine Operators 5 0 2 2 9

7181 Glass and Ceramics Plant Operators 0 1 0 1 2

7182 Steam Engine and Boiler Operators 1 0 1 0 2

7183 Packing, Bottling and Labelling Machine Operators 0 0 1 0 1

7187 Packing, Bottling and Labelling Machine Operators 1 0 1 2 4

7189 Stationary plant and machine operators not elsewhere classified 6 5 8 12 31

7211 Mechanical Machinery Assemblers 6 1 0 0 7

7212 Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers 1 0 0 1 2

7311 Locomotive Engine Drivers 2 0 2 0 4

7312 Railway Brake, Signal and Switch Operators 0 15 14 1 30

7321 Motorcycle Drivers 38 22 17 11 88

7322 Car, Taxi and Van Drivers 38 14 11 18 81

Page | 44



2013Jul-Sep 2013

Oct-Dec 2013

Jan-Mar 2014

Grand Total

7331 Bus and Tram Drivers 7 3 9 3 22

7332 Heavy Truck and Lorry Drivers 38 22 91 43 194

7341 Mobile Farm and Forestry Plant Operators 1 0 6 34 41

7342 Earthmoving and Related Plant Operators 57 25 26 24 132

7343 Crane, Hoist and Related Plant Operators 26 5 5 35 71

7344 Lifting Truck Operators 11 7 6 6 30

7351 Ships’ Deck Crews and Related Workers 4 2 1 0 7

303 158 233 229 923

Page | 45


Table 8: Number of vacancies in elementary occupational group from April 2013 to March 2014


2013Jul-Sep 2013

Oct-Dec 2013

Jan-Mar 2014

Grand Total

8111 Domestic Cleaners and Helpers 0 5 0 8 13

8112 Cleaners and Helpers in Offices, Hotels and Other Establishments 62 17 236 14 329

8121 Hand Launderers and Pressers 12 1 15 1 29

8122 Vehicle Cleaners 0 7 0 0 7

8129 Other Cleaning Workers 0 0 0 1 1

8211 Crop Farm Workers 81 2 1 1 85

8213 Mixed Crop and Livestock Farm Labourers 4 0 0 0 4

8214 Garden and Horticultural Labourers 9 3 13 3 28

8311 Mining and Quarrying Labourers 33 4 5 4 46

8312 Civil Engineering Labourers 3 0 0 0 3

8313 Building Construction Labourers 8 29 8 19 64

8321 Hand Packers 1 1 0 6 8

8324 Hand Packers 0 0 0 1 1

8329 Manufacturing Labourers not Elsewhere Classified 9 19 21 7 56

8333 Freight Handlers 1 0 11 2 14

8334 Shelf Fillers 11 6 17 13 47

8411 Fast Food Preparers 1 8 4 5 18

8412 Kitchen Helpers 4 23 3 2 32

8611 Garbage and Recycling Collectors 11 5 0 16

8612 Refuse Sorters 4 0 1 0 5

8613 Sweepers and Related Labourers 0 0 2 0 2

8621 Messengers, Package Deliverers and Luggage Porters 13 6 2 2 23

8622 Odd Job Persons 22 3 288 28 341

8623 Meter Readers and Vending-machine Collectors 0 3 17 0 20

8629 Elementary Workers not Elsewhere Classified 56 16 183 416 671

334 164 832 533 1 863

JOB OPPORTUNITIES AND UNEMPLOYMENT

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