JICA報告書PDF版(JICA Report PDF) - THE STUDY ON … · 2006-08-23 · FINAL REPORT MANUAL FOR...

Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Mahaweli Development Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

THE STUDY

ON INCREASING THE CAPACITY

OF INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT IN IRRIGATION SECTOR

IN SRI LANKA

FINAL REPORT

MANUAL FOR THE STUDY PROCEDURE

July 2006

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.

LIST OF REPORTS

MAIN REPORT

APPENDICES: SECTOR REPORT

Appendix A: Irrigation O&M and Water Management

Appendix B: Agriculture

Appendix C: Farmers’ Organization

Appendix D: Marketing

Appendix E: GIS-Based Irrigation Block Mapping

Appendix F: Trial Training Programs

MANUAL FOR THE STUDY PROCEDURE

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THE STUDY ON

INCREASING THE CAPACITY OF INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT IN

IRRIGATION SECTOR IN

SRI LANKA

FINAL REPORT MANUAL FOR THE STUDY PROCEDURE

Table of Contents

Abbreviation and Measurement Unit Page

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General ............................................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 Objective of the Manual.................................................................................... 1-2 1.3 Contents of the Manual .................................................................................... 1-2 1.4 How to Use This Manual? ................................................................................ 1-5

CHAPTER 2 COMMON ITEM C-01 Common Item .................................................................................................. 2-1

C-01-01 Project Cycle Management Workshop.............................................. 2-1

CHAPTER 3 IRRIGATION IR-01 Natural Resources Assessment ....................................................................... 3-1

IR-01-01 Long-term Trend of Rainfall.............................................................. 3-1 IR-01-02 Water Quality Analysis ..................................................................... 3-3 IR-01-03 Soil Survey....................................................................................... 3-5

IR-02 Inventory Survey .............................................................................................. 3-7 IR-02-01 Function Assessment of D- and F-canal Level Facilities................... 3-7 IR-02-02 Land and FOs’ Activities Assessment............................................... 3-9

IR-03 Irrigation O&M and Water Management ........................................................... 3-11 IR-03-01 Water Management Decision-Making Process and Its Performance 3-11 IR-03-02 Operation and Maintenance and Its Performance ............................ 3-14 IR-03-03 Discharge Measurement at the Head of D-canal .............................. 3-16 IR-03-04 Discharge Measurement at the Head of F-canal .............................. 3-18

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IR-04 Data Management Support Tool....................................................................... 3-21 IR-04-01 GIS-based Irrigation Block Mapping................................................. 3-21

CHAPTER 4 AGRICULTURE AG-01 Socio-Economic Assessment ........................................................................... 4-1

AG-01-01 Socio-Economic Survey................................................................ 4-1 AG-02 Agricultural Assessment ................................................................................... 4-4

AG-02-01 Agricultural Survey by Participatory Method.................................. 4-4 AG-02-02 Cropping Pattern........................................................................... 4-6 AG-02-03 Crop Budgets................................................................................ 4-8 AG-02-04 Survey of Agricultural Staff on Field Constraints............................ 4-14

AG-03 Improvement Direction ..................................................................................... 4-16 AG-03-01 Problems and Approaches ............................................................ 4-16

CHAPTER 5 MARKETING M-01 Basic Data Collection ....................................................................................... 5-1

M-01-01 National Level Basic Data Collection................................................ 5-1 M-01-02 Provincial Level Basic Data Collection.............................................. 5-3

M-02 Paddy / Rice..................................................................................................... 5-6 M-02-01 Paddy / Rice Marketing .................................................................... 5-6 M-02-02 Price Formulation ............................................................................. 5-8 M-02-03 Issues and Approaches.................................................................... 5-10 M-02-04 Rice Processing and Marketing........................................................ 5-13

M-03 OFC / Vegetable / Fruits................................................................................... 5-15 M-03-01 Marketing ......................................................................................... 5-15 M-03-02 Price Formulation ............................................................................. 5-18 M-03-03 Issues and Approaches.................................................................... 5-20

M-04 Other Income Generation................................................................................. 5-23 M-04-01 Other Income Generation................................................................. 5-23

CHAPTER 6 FARMERS’ ORGANIZATION FO-01 Survey of Farmers’ Organization ...................................................................... 6-1

F-01-01 Method of Survey for the Condition of FO Regarding Basic Information ....................................................................................... 6-1

F-01-02 Method of Survey for the Condition of FO Regarding Activities ........ 6-5 F-01-03 Method of Survey for the Condition of FO Regarding Problems it is

facing ............................................................................................... 6-9 FO-02 Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation for Farmers’ Organization ...................... 6-13

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F-02-01 Method of Survey for Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation of FO ... 6-13

CHAPTER 7 FORMULATION OF IMPROVEMENT APPROACH AP-01 Formulation of Improvement Approach............................................................. 7-1

AP-01-01 Preparation of Approach to Improve Present Condition................. 7-1

CHAPTER 8 TRAINING PROGRAM T-01 Training Program FOR Government Staff and FOs .......................................... 8-1

T-01-01 Training Program Preparation .......................................................... 8-1 T-01-02 Training Program Implementation Mechanism ................................. 8-3

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List of Figures

Figure-1 Sample of Problem Tree................................................................................... F-1 Figure-2 Sample of Objective Tree ................................................................................. F-2 Figure-3 General Work Procedure for the Preparation of GIS-based Irrigation Block

Mapping ............................................................................................................ F-3

Forms

FORM 1 PROJECT DESIGN MATRIX FORM 2 PLAN OF OPERATIONS FORM 3 DRAFT TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER QUALITY SURVEY FROM 4 OUTLINE OF SOIL SURVEY REPORT FORM 5 FACILITIES’ ASSESSMENT (CANALS) (1/2-2/2) FORM 6 FACILITIES’ ASSESSMENT (STRUCTURES) FORM 7 LAND AND FOS’ ACTIVITIES ASSESSMENT FORM 8 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION FORM 9 PLOTTING SHEET FOR H-Q CURVE PREPARATION FORM 10 DAILY DISCHARGE TO D-CANAL (PILOT AREA) FORM 11 DAILY DISCHARGE TO D-CANAL (CONTROL AREA) FORM 12 DAILY DISCHARGE TO F-CANAL (PILOT AREA) FORM 13 DAILY DISCHARGE TO F-CANAL (CONTROL AREA) FORM 14 FARM ECONOMIC SURVEY FORM 15 AGRICULTURAL ASSESSMENT (AGRICULTURAL SURVEY BY

PARTICIPATORY METHOD) FORM 16 AGRICULTURAL ASSESSMENT (SURVEY OF AGRICULTURAL STAFF

ON FIELD CONSTRAINTS) FORM 17 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR MARKETING SURVEY

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Abbreviation

ADB Asian Development Bank ADC Agrarian Development Committee AER Agro-ecological Region AI Agricultural Instructor AO Agricultural Officer ARPA Agricultural Research and Productivity Assistant (former ADPA) ASC Agrarian Service Centre BC, B-Canal Branch Canal CAP Construction Arrangement Phase CBO Community-based Organization CCB Coconut Cultivation Board CHP Construction & Handing-over Phase CPP Community Preparation Phase CRB Cooperative Rural Bank CWE Cooperative Wholesale Establishment D-Canal Distribution Canal DDS Death Donation Societies DO Divisional Officer DOA Department of Agriculture DOAP&H Department of Animal Production and Health DOFP Department of Food Production DS Divisional Secretariat EA Engineering Assistant EARP Extension and Adaptive Research Project FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations FC Farmer Company F-Canal Field Canal FCG Field Canal Group FET Field Extension team FO Farmers' Organization FSC Forward Sales Contract FTA Free Trade Agreement GA Government Agent GAP Granary Area Programme GB Govigana Bank GDP Gross Domestic Products GN Grama Niladhari, Village-level government officials GOJ Government of Japan GOSL Government of Sri Lanka HL High Level (Main Canal in Nachchduwa Scheme) IA Irrigators’ Association ID Irrigation Department IDO Institutional Development Officer IDA International Development Association IMAC Irrigation Management Cell IMD Irrigation Management Division

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INMAS Integrated Management of Irrigated Agriculture Settlement (IMD) IP DOA Inter Provincial Department of Agriculture IPHT Institute of Post-Harvest Technology IPM Integrated Pest Management ITI Irrigation Training Institute IWMI International Water Management Institute JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KVS Krush Vyapthi Sevaka LB Left Bank LID Land Improvement Division LDI Livestock Development Instructors LHG Low Humic Gley LKR Sri Lanka Rupee LL Low Level (Main Canal in Nachchduwa Scheme) LLDC Livestock Development Officer MAIMD Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation, and Mahaweli Development MANIS Management of Irrigation Systems MASL Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka M/M Minutes of Meeting MRRP Mahaweli Restructuring and Rehabilitation Project MUP Mahaweli Upgrading Project NACS New Agricultural Credit Scheme NCP North Central Province NCRCS New Comprehensive Rural Credit Scheme NECORD North East Community Restoration and Development Project NEIAP North East Irrigated Agriculture Project NH4-N Ammonium-N NIRP National Irrigation Rehabilitation Project No3-N Nitrate-N NWP North Western Province NWS&DB National Water Supply and development Board O&M Operation and Maintenance OFC Other Field Crops, meaning all field crops other than paddy rice PC Provincial Council PDAPH Provincial Department of Animal Production & Health PDCA “plan”, “do”, “check”, and “action” PDOA Provincial Department of Agriculture PEACE Pro-poor Economic Advancement and Community Empowerment Project PID Provincial Irrigation Department PIR Participatory Irrigation Rehabilitation PMC Project Management Committee PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PTWG Provincial Technical Working Group RB Right Bank RBE Reddish Brown Earth RPM Resident Project Manager

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RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal S/W Scope of Works SAARC South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation SAPTA SAARC Preferential Trading Association SAEP Second Agricultural Extension Project SMO Subject Matter Officer TOR Terms of Reference T&V Training & Visit US $ United States Dollar USAID U. S. Agency for International Development VB Veterinary Surgeons WAPHAULA New Programme replaced from MANIS (Management of Irrigation System)

under ID WB World Bank WHO World Health Organisation WM Water Management WS Work Supervisor WUA Water Users’ Association WUG Water Users’ Group Ande Share cropping arrangements in which smallholders without animals herd

and manage a flock on behalf of a larger farmer and in return retain half the offspring.

Anicut A diversion weir to abstract water from a natural channel Attam Labour exchange between farmers Asswedumized Bunded and puddled (of land for paddy cultivation) Chena Slashing, burning, and shifting cultivation Ela Canal (Feeder Canal) Ganga River Grama Niladhari (GN) Village-level government officials Jayapalaka Water Master appointed by FO Kanna Season, Maha Kanna: Maha season, Yala Kanna: Yala season Maha North-east monsoon season (appox. Oct -Mar.) Oya, Ara River Pola Weekly fair Pradeshiya Sabha Local elected council (at divisional level) Purana Old or ancient Shramadana Self help / shared labour Tank A reservoir storing water for irrigation Thattumaru Land tenure system operated on rotation basis Wewa Water tank Yala South-west monsoon season (approx. Apr. - Sept.) Yaya Paddy field

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Measurement Unit

Extent Volume cm2 = Square-centimetres (1.0 cm x 1.0 cm) m2 = Square-meters (1.0 m x 1.0 m) Km2 = Square-kilometres (1.0 Km x 1.0 Km) a. = Acre or Acres (100 m2 or 0.1 ha.) ha. = Hectares (10,000 m2) ac = Acres (4,046.8 m2 or 0.40468 ha.)

cm3 = Cubic-centimetres (1.0 cm x 1.0 cm x 1.0 cm or 1.0 m-lit.)

m3 = Cubic-meters (1.0 m x 1.0 m x 1.0 m or 1.0 K-lit.)

lit. = Litre (1,000 cm3)

Length Weight mm = Millimetres cm = Centimetres (cm = 10 mm) m = Meters (m= 100 cm) Km = Kilometres (Km = 1,000 m) Inch = 2.54 cm ft = foot (0.3048 m) mile = 1,609.34 m

gr. = Grams Kg = Kilograms (1,000 gr.) ton = Metric tonne (1,000 Kg) MCM = 1,000,000 cu-m = 810.68 acre-ft ac-ft = 1,233.83 m3

Currency Time and Others US$ = United State Dollars J¥ = Japanese Yen Rs. = Sri Lankan Rupees

sec. = Seconds min. = Minutes (60 sec.) hr. = Hours (60 min.) cusec. = 28.32 lit/sec cu-m/s = 35.31 cu-ft/sec

Exchange Rate

As of July, 2006 US $ 1.00 = ¥ 116.32 LKR 1.00= ¥ 1.120

Chapter 1

Manual for the Study Procedure

1-1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

This manual titled “Manual for the Study Procedure” has been prepared in accordance with the Scope of Work (S/W) for “the Study on Increasing the Capacity of Integrated Management in Irrigation sector in Sri Lanka (hereinafter referred to as the Study)” agreed upon by the Ministry of Irrigation, Mahaweli and Rajarata Development (MIMRD), the Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) on July 6, 2005.

The Study aimed:

(1) To formulate a plan to increase the capacity for integrated management of the officials belonging to the Irrigation Management Division (IMD), the Department of Irrigation (ID) and other relevant government officials engaged in the irrigation sector (hereinafter referred to as “the Officials”).

(2) To formulate a plan to increase the capacity of FOs for integrated management, and (3) To strengthen the planning capacity of counterpart personnel engaged in the

management of the irrigation sector in the process of the implementation of the Study.

The Study areas were Nachchaduwa and Rajangana major irrigation schemes as core areas with several neighboring medium and minor schemes. Minor irrigation schemes were included for the study area particularly to identify and learn the best practices available at present.

The Study has been carried out over 10 months from October 2005 to July 2006 as outlined in the schedule below.

Year 2005 Year 2006Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July

Work in

Sri Lanka

Work in

Japan

Reports

IC/R P/R-1 P/R-2 DF/R F/R

The Study was conducted in the following manner:

1) To conduct a survey to grasp the present situation and activities of the Officials and relevant FOs

2) To collect data and information to analyze the following items:

(a) Operation and maintenance of irrigation facilities

(b) Water management

(c) Farming practices, input supply and agricultural machinery


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(d) Value adding

(e) Credit to farmers

(f) Marketing of agriculture products, and so on

3) Identify the constraints, formulate plans, and examine using participatory approach.

4) Formulate an appropriate plan to increase the capacity of integrated management of the relevant Officials and FOs.

Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Mahaweli Development was the Executing Agency and the counterpart agencies for the Study are IMD and ID. A National Steering Committee consisting of members from the relevant agencies of GOSL and GOJ has been set up under the Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Mahaweli Development for the smooth and effective implementation of the Study, while a Regional Steering Committee and Working Groups have been set up at the regional and Project level.

1.2 Objective of the Manual

The manual was prepared according to one of the important purposes of the Study: to increase the capacity of the Officials involved in integrated management in irrigation sector; therefore, the prospective users of this manual are these Officials primarily field staff engaged in irrigation projects. The objectives of this manual are i) to compile planning procedures to develop the plan for increasing the capacity of integrated management, ii) to provide and transfer technical know-how, and iii) to contribute to the increase of capacity of both the Officials and FOs involved in integrated management in the irrigation sector.

1.3 Contents of the Manual

The manual is prepared for each important subject: irrigation, agriculture and marketing related to the irrigation sector. However, some are cross-cutting issues, some of which are explained separately from those independent sectors. The following figure shows the contents of the manual.


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AP-01 Formulation ofImprovementApproach

IR-01 Natural ResourcesAssessment

IR-01-01 Rainfall

IR-01-02Water Quality Analys is

IR-01-03Soil Survey

IR-01 Natural Resources Assessment

IR-02 Inventory Survey

Identification of Problems and Constraints

IR-01-01 Rainfall

AP-01-01Preparation of Approach

to Improve PresentCondition

Formulation of Plan toIncrease the Capacity

IR-04 Inventory Survey cum DataManagement Support Tool

IR-04-01 GIS-based IrrigationBlock Mapping

IR-01-02Water Quality Analysis

IR-01-03Soil Survey

IR: Irrigation

IR-02-01Facilities Function

IR-02-02Land and FOs'

IR-03 Irrigation O&M and WaterManagement

IR-03-01Decision-making and its

performance

IR-03-02O&M performance

IR-03-03Discharge Measurement at the

Head of D-canal

IR-03-04Discharge Measurement at the

Head of F-canal

Start

A: Agriculture M: Marketing FO: Farmers' Organization

AG-01 Socio-Economic Assessment

AG-01-01 Socio-Ecnomic Survey

AG-02 Agricultural Assessment

AG-02-01 Agricultural Survey byParticipatory Method

AG-02-02Cropping Pattern

AG-02-03Crop Budget

M-01 Basic Data Collection

M-01-01 National Level BasicData Collection

M-01-02 Provincial Level BasicData Collection

M-02 Paddy / Rice

M-02-01 Paddy / Rice Marketing

M-02-02Price Formulation

M-02-03 Issues and Approaches

FO-01 Survey of Farmers'Organization

FO-01-01 Method of Survey forthe Condition of FO Regarding

Basic Information

FO-02 Integrated Monitoring andEvaluation for Farmers' Organization

FO-02-01 Method of Survey forIntegrated Monitoring and

Evaluation for FO

T: Training Program forGovernment Staff and FOs

T-01 Training Program

T-01-01 Training ProgramPreparation

T-01-02 Training ProgramImplementation Mechanism

Title number and title ofthe study area

Sub-title number

C-01 Common Item

C-01-01 Project CycleManagement (PCM)

Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6

Chapter 2

Chapter 8

Chapter 3

Chapter number of thismanual

AG-02-04Survey of Agricultural Staff on

Field Constraints

AG-03 Improvement Direction

M-02-04 Rice Processing andMarketing

M-03 OFC / Vegetable / Fruits

M-03-01 Marketing

M-03-02Price Formulation

M-03-03 Issues and Approaches

M-04 Other Income Generation

M-04-01 Other IncomeGeneration

AG-03-01Problems and Approach

Common to Support PlanFormulation


Activities


Problem Facing FO

Chapter 7

The Procedure to Develop the Plan to Increase the Capacity of Integrated Management in Irrigation Sector


1-4

The manual consists of eight chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the objective of the manual on the basis of general information and background of the Study. Chapter 2 deals with common issues consisting of workshop organization. In particular, the JICA study adopted Project Cycle Management (PCM) method for the organization of workshops during the Study; therefore, this method is elaborated in this chapter.

Chapter 3 explains the subject of irrigation consisting of natural resources assessment, inventory survey for irrigation facilities, irrigation water management and brief explanation on GIS-based irrigation block mapping as one of the tools for presenting situation analysis as well as supporting alternatives for irrigation development and management, which are proposed in the Study.1

Chapter 4 describes the subject of agriculture dealing with the methodology of socio-economic survey and agricultural assessment, including participatory approach. The recommended questionnaire format is also attached; therefore, this would be a useful reference for those who are involved in agricultural surveys.

Chapter 5 delivers topics related to marketing. This subject starts from the confirmation of the marketing environment, such as basic data collection at the national and provincial level, such as imports and exports as well as consumption, rates of import tariff, agricultural commodity prices and so forth. Then, marketing flow for specific products consisting of paddy, OFC, vegetables and so forth. Out-sourcing would be a likely option for these surveys, therefore, technical specifications are attached for future reference.

As an actor of implementing irrigated agriculture, Chapter 6 covers planning procedure for increasing the capacity of integrated management for FOs. The contents mainly focus on survey methodology of FOs, consisting of the collection of basic information, activities and current problems.

Corresponding to each sectoral study on present situation and constraints as mentioned above, improvement approach to overcome such constraints is considered and summarized, which is explained in Chapter 7. Some visualized approach would be often useful to understand the complicated linkages between constraints and approaches; therefore, examples prepared under the Study are introduced here.

Finally, based on the discussion and problem identified using the method explained in the preceding chapters, the procedure for formulation of training programs for the Officials and FOs is provided in Chapter 8.

1 As for GIS, Annex-E has been prepared for elaborating database construction method as well as future application. In this manual, therefore, general overview of the database is briefly introduced. Those who are interested in details are recommended to refer Annex-E of the Final Report.


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1.4 How to Use this Manual?

This manual is a concise reference to help users get involved in substantial planning and design for enhancing capacity for integrated management in the irrigation sector. Each task is summarized on a double-page spread in enough detail for readers to understand how it works and decide whether to pursue it further. Tabular form in the first half summarizes important information of the work including (i) purpose, (ii) working group, (iii) output, (iv) work procedure, (v) necessary materials and sample formats followed by supplemental information such as theoretical background, pictures and sample output. On the next few pages, the general format of this manual are set out.


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MANUAL FORMAT

Sample of Water Management Decision-making Process Some examples of the irrigation water management decision-making process with description for some of the irrigation schemes within the Mahaweli system are shown below:

IR-03 Irrigation O&M and Water Management IR-03-01 Water Management Decision-Making Process and its performance

Purpose Identification of the organization’s formal and informal mandates in irrigation water management

Interpretation of what is required as a result of these mandates (leading probably to explicit goals or performance indicators)

Identification of decision-making process to clarify weak points or constraints and/or the area improvement is required in irrigation water management

Working Group

Irrigation Engineer (IE) Engineering Assistant (EA) Farmers’ Organization Other organization related with this process

Output Water management Decision-Making Process Flow and its function in various stages

Work Procedure

(1) Data Collection: Necessary data should be collected for this study such as legal backing related with irrigation (Irrigation Ordinance and Mahaweli Regulation), rotational irrigation schedule, monitoring and evaluation record and minutes of Kanna Meeting and/or Project Management Committee (PMC).

(2) Identification of mandates of each stakeholders: Different stakeholder has different mandates in appropriate irrigation water management. Based on the collected data, such responsibilities are identified and prepare decision-making process flow. In this process, clarification of what is not ruled out by these mandates also important analysis factor, meaning that the rough boundaries of the organization’s unconstrained field of action. O&M including irrigation water management of main facilities are depended on the government while D- and F-canal level facilities are by FOs is one of them.

(3) Identification of weak points or constraints: Based on the process flow, weak points or constraints attributed to capability of certain organization and/or ineffective work process. Performance measurement in irrigation water management would be effective in this process (see the table in the next page).

Necessary Materials and Sample Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Broader perspectives are required for this study. Following materials are, therefore, essential requirements but not necessarily sufficient, which are depending upon irrigation schemes.

Legal backing related with irrigation such as Irrigation Ordinance and Mahaweli

Rotational irrigation schedule prepared by each scheme

Monitoring and evaluation record

FORMATS See below as a

sample of decision-making process flow

Title of the Study Area

Sub-title

The method’s main use and strength

Related parties to be involved in the study

The information, results etc. produced by the study

The method’s general work flow

Sample forms and other information, things to

remember

Pre-arrangement and equipment necessary


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Description Flow

a) The MWMC assesses water resources within the Mahaweli system. The committee decides water distribution schedule in a seasonal Water Panel Meeting,.

b) Each office roughly calculates the irrigable area in the season. 5 acre feet/acre (Maha) and 7 acre feet/acre (Yala) are generally utilized as the unit water requirement.

c) Through the series of “Pre-Kanna” and “Kanna” Meeting (seasonal cultivation meeting), cultivation schedule to finalize cultivation schedule.

d) Water issue among main system is managed by ID while D- and F-system is by FOs.

e) Water issue practice is regularly monitored by WIL under instruction of EA and WS. Meetings are also held (i) MWMC meets with each scheme office (weekly), and (ii) Project Management Committee (PMC) meets monthly.

Irrigation Water Management Performance Measurement Some guidelines on measuring the performance of water management are tabulated below:

Performance Measurement Indicator and Parameter for Irrigation Water Management Indicator Parameter 1 Water Distribution Equity Amount Quality Percentage of area actually irrigated Percentage of farm lots with adequate water Reliability Timeliness Opportunity Quantity 2. Efficiency & system

performance Water use efficiency Water productivity

(yield per cubic meter of irrigation water) Access to water in relation to rights Indices of irrigation water utilization

Tips (1) Not only engineering aspect, legal backing is important for all the field staff related with irrigation to identify

constraints of water management thereby proposing increasing the capacity in integrated management.

FURTHER INFORMATION ⇒ Final Report Chapter 3 Irrigation O&M and Water Management ⇒ Annex-A Irrigation O&M and Water Management (legal backing in Chapter 1 and water management in

chapter 3) ⇒ IR-03-02 Operation and Maintenance and its Performance

a) Mahaweli Water ManagementCommittee (MWMC)

Assess water resources within Mahawelisystem and decide issue schedule to each

scheme before cropping season

b) Each Scheme office (includingNachchaduwa and Rajangana)

Calculate irrigab le area by EngineeringAssistant (EA) based on issue schedule

given by MWMC

Kanna Meeting

Inform FOs of irrigable area and cropsin the season and

Discuss and decide cropping plan

Main canal managed by ID while D-and F- by FOs

c)

d)

(i) Weekly meetingbetween MWMC and

each Scheme(ii) Monthly meeting by

PMCPre-Kanna Meeting

e) Monitoring andevaluation

Water Management Decision-Making Process in Major and Medium Irrigation Scheme

Where to find more details or relevant information

⇒ Method pages with related information,

⇒ Title of related publication

Helpful hints to carry out the study

Any supplementary information, images and/or explanatory photos from the

JICA Study

Chapter 2


2-1

C-01 Common Item

C-01-01 Project Cycle Management (PCM) Workshop

Purpose Identification of problems and constraints in target irrigation schemes and associated cause-effect relationships

Deriving needs of participants and approach toward improvement Preparation of implementation schedule

Working

Group

Depending upon the purpose of workshop (government staff, from head office and/or field staff, from irrigation, agriculture and/or other relevant organizations, member of Farmers’ Organizations and so on)

Output Problem, constraints and cause-effect relationships Project Design Matrix (PDM) Implementation schedule

Work

Procedure

PCM workshop procedure is described as follows and visually illustrated in the next page. (1) Participation Analysis: People, groups, and organizations which would be

affected by the development project are analyzed. The analysis generally consists of the following steps: (i) record all the persons, groups, organizations, and institutions related to or affected by the project, (ii) categorize the groups, (iii) select several groups that are important to the project, (iv) analyze the characteristics of each group, and (v) select a target group.

(2) Problem Analysis: Problem analysis visually organizes “cause and effect” relationships of the existing problems of the sector. (i) Firstly a core problem, most focal problem agreed by all workshop participants, is then selected. (ii) Write core problem on a card and place it in the centre of the board. Then identify substantial and direct causes of the core problem. (iii) Add the causes for each problem and work downward to form the shape of a tree (develop cause-effect relationship).

(3) Objectives Analysis: In the objective analysis, the problem tree is transformed into an objective tree that describes the actions required to solve the problems and the effects of the solutions. By rewording the negative “cause-effect” relations of the problems tree into the positive “means-ends” relations, “desirable future conditions” can be attained.

(4) Alternatives Analysis: This analysis aims to identify the project components by grouping branches. Through this practice, one or combined branches can be an independent approach such as facilities’ rehabilitation, training and so on.

(5) Project Design Matrix (PDM): The result of preceding exercise can be summarized in PDM similar to a logical framework.

(6) Plan of Operation: The plan of operation (or implementation schedule) is what the project implementors of both donor and recipient countries prepared based on the PDM. Such information is elaborated as activities, expected results, schedule, parties responsible input and necessary condition.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Flip chart, writing card, pen Other equipment and supplies (stationery

and so forth)

FORMATS FORM-1 PDM FORM-2 Plan of Operation See next page


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Project Cycle Management

The PCM procedure is visualized as follows:

Problem analysis (see Figure C.1)

Objective analysis (see Figure C.2)

Alternative analysis

Project Design Matrix (PDM)

Plan of Operation

Tips (1) During core problem selection, if the participants cannot agree on the core problem, select tentatively one

problem and continue working. Then return to the discussion on the core problem later. (2) Every cause-effect relationship does not automatically become a means-end relationship. (3) Adding necessary cards or deletion of logically unsuitable cards is permitted based on agreement among

participants. Source: FASID (1999)

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Final Report Chapter 3 Problem Analysis Workshop ⇒ Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development (FASID). (1999) Project Cycle Management

(PCM) Management Tool for Development Assistance

Images on PCM Workshop Problem analysis workshop held by gathering the members of the steering committee in January 2006. The issue raised from the workshop extended to: (i) Agriculture, (ii) Farmers’ Organization, (iii) Irrigation & Water Management, (iv) Marketing, (v) Institution and (vi) Off-farm income activities.

Place the substantial and direct causes and effects to develop the problem tree.

Develop objective tree by transforming problem tree to

describe the means for solving the problems and the

effects of the solutions.

Approach-2

Approach-3 Approach-1

Group one or more branches to prepare independent

approach to achieve objectives

Project Summary Indicator Important assumption

Ov erall goal

Project purpose

Outputs

Activ ities Inputs

Pre-conditions

Activity Output Schedule Responsibility

Implementor

Equipment

Cost

A

B

Chapter 3


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IR-01-01 Long-term Trend of Rainfall

Purpose To assess whether the long-term trend of rainfall is increasing or decreasing to obtain guidelines for planning increases in the capacity of integrated development

Working

Group

Irrigation Department (ID) Head Office Irrigation Engineer (IE) Engineering Assistant (EA)

Output Long-term trend of rainfall in the scheme Direction of development approach as well as plan for increasing the capacity

Work

Procedure

(1) Inventory of rainfall data: The availability of rainfall data differs among stations. Amount of rainfall, location of the station, and type and period of observation are determined. Then usable data are selected.

(2) Collection of existing analysis result and reports: Hydrological and meteorological analysis has been carried out by various organizations. Therefore, such analysis results can be utilized for the study. For instance, “Water Resources and Climate Change” prepared by Initial National Communication (INC) on Climate Change in 2000 would be a useful guideline.

(3) Analysis by comparing previous and recent rainfall data: Long-term averages (30 years or so) are compared between previous and recent periods to identify trends. Residual curve preparation is also an orthodox way of carrying out this analysis (see tips below).

(4) Long-term Trend –increasing or decreasing?: The result is utilized as the basis for whether paddy or OFC is promoted from the view point of water resources availability. Such broad direction should be incorporated into plans for increasing the capacity in integrated management.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Location of meteorological station Rainfall data

FORMATS

Why is water resources assessment required for the formulation of plans to increase the

capacity in integrated management in irrigation sector?

Formulation of plans to increase the capacity in integrated management depends on various factors

from physical, organizational to institutional aspects. An interdisciplinary, broader outlook is required.

Irrigation management development and management is dependent on available water resources in

each scheme. It should be noted that water availability cannot necessarily and completely determine

the area to be cultivated. in Alto depends on local knowledge in managing irrigated agriculture.

However, water resource availability is an imperative guideline in plan formulation.


3-2

In actuality, such water resources assessment study

in Sri Lanka is currently available from various

institutions. The JICA Study found reports by

Jayatillake et al. (2004) that average annual rainfall

decreased by 7% from 1931-60 to 1961-90. In

addition, according to district-wise analysis, rainfall

has reduced nearly 150 mm annum in Anuradhapura

district.

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Final Report Chapter 3 Irrigation O&M and Water Management ⇒ Annex-A Irrigation O&M and Water Management ⇒ Jayatillake et al. (2004). Jayatillake, H M, Lalith Chandrapala, B. R. S. B. Basnayake, and G. H.P.

Dharmaratne. 2004. Water Resources and Climate Change

Tips Preparation of a residual curve is one methodology for identifying long-term trends in water resources availability. The procedure is explained as follows: (1) At first, obtain a long period of rainfall data and

derive long-term average values. For each period that you wish to examine you subtract the long term average value. This gives us a residual.

(2) Based on the preceding steps, a cumulative plot is created. To do so, add together the residual values over time and graph them against time.

(3) Where the slope of the curve is increasing (positive residual values), rainfall exceeds the long term average meaning wetter periods. On the other hand, where the slope of the curve is declining (negative residual values), it means generally drier periods.

(4) A sample residual curve is shown above using the data of Vientiane in Lao PRD. The curve shows that between the year 1951 to 1985, rainfall shows an increasing trend (increasingly positive residual values), while from 1986 to 1995 the reverse trend is shown. An increasing trend appears again after 1995.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

March-April

May-Sept Oct-Nov Dec-Feb Annual(Jan-Dec)

Seson

Rai

nfal

l (m

m)

-25.00%

-20.00%

-15.00%

-10.00%

-5.00%

0.00%

5.00%

Cha

nge

Rat

io

1931-60

1961-90

Change

Prepared by the Study Team based on Jayatillake et al. (2004)

Rainfall Long Term Trend Seasonal Basis (Periods: 1931-60 & 1961-90)

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996

Year

Res

idua

l Val

ue

Residual

Prepared by the Study Team Rainfall Mass Residual Curve (Vientiane, Lao: 1951-1999)

Manual for the Study Proceudre

3-3


IR-01-02 Water Quality Analysis

Purpose To assess the impact of irrigated agriculture practices on irrigation and drinking water quality

To prepare the approach to mitigate such impact Working

Group

Farmers’ Organization (FO) Water Master and some representatives from FO (FO)

Engineering Assistant (EA), Work Supervisor (WS) and Water Issue Laborer (WIL)

Institutional Development Officer (IDO) Output Water quality analysis result

Impact mitigation plans Work

Procedure

(1) Measurement point selection: Sampling sites depend on the characteristics of the sites and requirements. However, they generally consist of (i) main inflows to tanks, (ii) tanks themselves, (iii) main canals, (iv) return flow and (v) drainage (see illustration below).

(2) Prameters: Parameters are selected for both irrigation and drinking water based on the relevant standards and guidelines (refer FURTHER INFORMATION and FORM-3).

(3) Analysis: Some parameters can be analyzed on site while others are done in the laboratory. The former include temperature, electric conductivity (EC), alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH.

(4) Share information and mitigation plans: Analysis results should be shared among stakeholders consisting of government field staff and FOs’ members. If any adverse impacts are found, the results should be shared among the relevant parties of the Project Management Committee (PMC) and mitigation measures prepared.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Water quality analysis kit

FORMATS FORM-3 Water Quality Analysis

Specification

Sampling of Sampling of drinking water On-site filtering of water Analysis irrigation water

Water samples are collected in unused (brand new) mineral water bottles using a clean plastic bucket

Water samples are filtered through membrane filter papers using a suction filter apparatus

(i) On-site analysis and (ii) storage of samples for transportation

Water Quality Analysis procedure

(i) On-site

(ii) Transport

Manual for the Study Proceudre

3-4

Sampling Sites Selection

In order to monitor impacts given by irrigated agriculture, the following points would be, in principle,

selected as water sampling sites.

Tips (1) Some parameters are more difficult to analyse; therefore, sub-contracting is one alternative to carry out water

quality analysis. FORM-3 can be a helpful reference for the arrangement of sub-contract works. (2) FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29 indicates that the potential adverse impacts caused by irrigated

agriculture are: (i) salinity, (ii) infiltration rate, (iii) specific ion toxicity, and (iv) miscellaneous effects including nitrogen. Water quality analysis parameters should therefore be selected considering such issues.

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Final Report Chapter 3 Water Quality Analysis ⇒ Annex A Irrigation O&M and Water Management (Attachment-2) ⇒ Van der Leeden, F. Troise, F.L. & Todd, D.K. 1990. Geraghty & Miller Ground Water Series: The

Water Encyclopedia (Second Edition), Lewis Publishers. NY, USA. ⇒ Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), Research Committee on environmental

pollution. 1970. Japanese Water Quality Standard for Paddy Field, MAFF, Tokyo, Japan ⇒ Draft Sri Lanka Standard. 2006. Guidelines for the surface and ground water quality for designated

uses of river basins in Sri Lanka Part 1 : Kala Oya Basin , Sri Lanka Standard Institute. Colombo, Sri Lanka.

⇒ WHO. 1989. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Vol 1. Recommendations. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.

⇒ FAO. 1985. Water quality for agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage Paper No.29 Rev.1 FAO, Rome, Italy.

Irrigation Tank

Drain

Main Canal

N1

N2

N3

N4 N5

N8

N6

N7

N9

Small Tank

D-canal

Small Tank

DownstreamIrrigation Tank

N1: Main Inflow to irrigation tank N6: Beginning of D-canal N2: Tank N7: End of D-canal N3: Outlet from the tank (beginning of main

canal) N8: Drainage (before the confluence of drain and

D-canal N4: Inlet to small tank N9: Drainage (after the confluence of drain and

D-canal N5: Outlet of small tank

Schematic Diagram of Water quality analysis sampling points


3-5


IR-01-03 Soil Survey

Purpose To obtain the soil texture classification so as to get guidelines on the future direction of the cropping plan

Working

Group

Agricultural Instructor (AI) Engineering Assistant (EA) Institutional Development Officer (IDO)

Output Soil survey result Guideline for future cropping plan

Work

Procedure

Soil survey is defined as an inventory of the soil resources of an area. The output of survey consists of soil texture classification together with interpretation such as fertility and drainage class. (1) Classification with Mapping

Units: Prior to the survey, mapping units should be determined based on the Sri Lankan standard (see the table below). Through the works explained below, the soils are classified, named and delineated on a map as bodies of soil in a landscape.

(2) Measurement point selection: A grid with an interval of 250 m is drawn over the target area and intersecting points are selected as sampling points.

(3) Observation: Holes are dug at each sampling point to examine the soil. Observations of color, texture, structure, and other characteristics of the different layers are noted. The soil profile, a vertical section of soil through all horizons, at each hole is compared with other soil profiles in the area.

(4) Drawing soil maps: Soil maps are drawn based on the field survey results. The JICA Study prepared maps at a scale of 1:5,000.

(5) Preparation of proposed cropping plan: Different texture classes are suitable for different crops (see the table below). A cropping plan is proposed based on the soil survey result. An outline of a soil survey report is shown in FORM-4.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS General layout Soil survey kit GPS Measuring tape

FORMATS FORM-4 Outline of Soil Survey

Report

How to utilize soil survey result?

The texture classification results can be utilized for crop planning in the scheme. The legend for the

texture classification with land use recommendations utilized in the JICA Study is tabulated as follows

(details of which are shown in Appendix E):

Soil map of Rajangana LB Tract 2: nearly 40 % of the area is dominated by well-drained RBE, therefore, there would be a possibility in promoting OFC and vegetables.


3-6

Soil Mapping Unit and Its Description

Legend Description Land Suitability

Land Use Recommendation

1. WD Well drained reddish brown earth (RBE)

U1 If supplemental water supply by irrigation, deep rooted perennial crops such as mango, banana, papaya, cashew and citrus is recommended.

2. U2 Similar to U1, same kinds of crops would be proposed, however, particularly for Yala season

3. U3 Annual crops such as onion, tomato, chilies, wild rice, sunflower, peanut, maize, green gram, soybean with drip/sprinkler irrigation

4. MWD.d Moderately well drained deep RBE

U1 As described above.

5. I.d Imperfectly drained deep RBE

U5R2 Annual crops such as onion, tomato chilies etc. are recommended subject to adequate drainage facilities.

6. LHG.d Deep low humid gley (LHG) soil

U5R1 Similar to U5R2. If crop diversification is not promoted, wetland rice with supplemental flood irrigation and with Yala season flood irrigation is recommended.

7. LHG. vpd. d.

R1 Wetland rice in Yala with supplemental irrigation and in Maha with flood irrigation

8. Al.d. Deep alluvial soil U5R1 As explained above. 9. Al.vpd.d R1 As explained above.

Note: Legend and land suitability classification is derived from GIS-based Irrigation Block Mapping.

Result of Soil Survey in Nachchaduwa, Thuruwila and Rajangana: The result of soil survey shows that well drained reddish brown soil occupies 30 to 40% of the entire area in Nachchaduwa and Rajangana major irrigation scheme. Therefore, from a soil texture view point, those schemes have the possibility of promoting crop diversification in fields having such soil characteristics. On the other hand, Thuruwila medium scheme is mainly dominated by alluvial soils which is characterized by being poorly drained with a ground water table, and perched water table action is evident in the profile according to the survey. The area is, therefore, suitable for paddy cultivation (Appendix-E GIS-based Irrigation Block Mapping)

Tips (1) Soil survey results can be effectively utilized if the data are incorporated into GIS-irrigation block mapping.

Area calculation and classification can be easily carried out using GIS; therefore, a cropping plan suitable for

the natural resource status would be formulated based on soil characteristics.

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Final Report Chapter 3 GIS-based Irrigation Block Mapping ⇒ Annex-E GIS-based Irrigation Block Mapping ⇒ GIS Database prepared under the JICA Study

y

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Nach Thruwila Rajan

Area

Perc

enta

ge

Rock

Water Logged Area

Alluvial Soils

Low Humid GleySoilsRedish Brown Earth(poor drained)Redish Brown Earth(well drained)

Summary of Soil Survey


3-7


IR-02-01 Function Assessment of D- and F-canal Level Facilities

Purpose To assess the function of facilities (canals and structures) in order to prepare management plan including calculation of rehabilitation/repair cost and preparation of those working schedule

Working

Group

Irrigation Engineer (IE) Engineering Assistant (EA), Work Supervisor (WS), Water Issue Laborer (WIL) Member of Farmers’ Organization (FO)

Output Facilities condition Rehabilitation cost and schedule Raising awareness and capacity development of both government field staff and

farmers Work

Procedure

(1) Checklist: A checklist for the assessment should be prepared by EA in consultation with farmers (assessment points are tabulated below and FORM-1 and FORM-2 for references).

(2) Assessment locations: Locations for the survey are at the (i) beginning point of each canal (BP), the end point of the canal (EP), serious deterioration point (SDP), diversion point of the canal (DP) as illustrated below and all the structures. The survey interval is at least 200 m for each alignment of the canal.

(3) Assessment team members: Team members consist of (i) surveyors (GPS), (ii) EA, (iii) WS and (iv) representative of FOs and FCGs.

(4) Scheduling meeting: A scheduling meeting is held inviting representative of farmers in order to facilitate the field works (See land and FOs assessment).

(5) Data compilation: The collected field data are checked by each survey team and given to EAs for compilation.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Blocking out plan (BOP) Issue tree General layout and/or drawings, if

available Assessment checklist

FORMATS Form-5 (Canal) Form-6 (Structures)

Assessment points (see FORM-1 and FORM-2) Item Specification Canals Location Coordinate of assessment points Date Date of survey Name Name of the chief surveyor and survey members Type Type of canals (concrete lining, earth, random rubble masonry etc.)

upstream

downstream 1

downstream 2

downstream 3

Diversion point Place where Canal Condition were assessed


3-8

Item Specification Access Accessibility to the location Dimensions Dimensions of the canal (survey section), (top width, bed width,

depth of the canal, water depth in the canal, if any) Problems Sediment, vegetation, erosion, leakage, overflow, illegal tapping,

condition of the canal road and any others Evaluation Overall evaluation based on above-mentioned check points

(qualitative assessment from A to D) Sketch Sketch and/or photograph Structures Location Coordinate of assessment points Date Date of survey Name Name of the chief surveyor and survey members Type Type of structures (turnout, duckbill weir, diagonal weir, drop,

spillway, culvert, farm turnout and others) Access Accessibility to the location Problems Gate, operation corrosion cracks, leakage downstream damage,

measuring device and others, if any Evaluation Overall evaluation based on above-mentioned check points

(qualitative assessment from A to D) Sketch Sketch and/or photograph

Tips (1) The checklist will be used by both engineers and farmers; therefore, prepare it in a simple format to smoothly

share ideas among all assessment team members. Don’t make it too complicated.

(2) Data collected from this assessment can be effectively compiled and analyzed if a user-friendly database is

constructed (see IR-03 GIS-based irrigation block mapping)

(3) A joint transect-walk by farmers and government field staff is aimed at not only clarifying the condition of

facilities, but also at bridging the gap of perspectives between farmers and engineers on the functioning of

facilities by the presence of people with a range of technical skills needed to clarify the reality of the field

conditions. Keep the atmosphere informal to get good result.

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Annex-E GIS-based Irrigation Block Mapping ⇒ Land and FOs activities assessment for the arrangement of scheduling meeting ⇒ Getting Started with ArcGIS (ArcView manual published by ESRI)

Canal function assessment in the field carried out by Development Assistants, surveyors and Representative of FCGs

Scheduling Meeting Preparing assessment schedule by gathering relevant government field staff and representative of FOs so as to facilitate field works


3-9


IR-02-02 Land and FOs’ Activities Assessment

Purpose To identify the type of land ownership, land use, membership of FOs, payment of O&M fee, and attendance to Shramadana

Working

Group

Institutional Development Officer (IDO) Engineering Assistant (EA), Work Supervisor (WS) and Water Issue Laborer

(WIL) Member of Farmers’ Organization (FO)

Output Type of land ownership (original owner, tenant, lease and Thattu-Maru) Current land use (paddy, OFC, banana and others) FOs’ activity (membership of FOs, O&M fee payment, and attendance ratio to

Shramadana) Work Flow (1) Questionnaire: Questionnaire for the assessment should be prepared by IDO in

consultation with other relevant staff such as EA, WS and WIL (sample format is shown in FORM-7 for references).

(2) Assessment team members: Team members consist of (i) IDO, (ii) EA, (iii) WS/WIL and (iv) representatives of FOs and FCGs.

(3) Scheduling meeting: A kick-off and scheduling meeting must be held to invite relevant government staff and representative farmers to arrange the work as well as to share ideas on how to facilitate field works. Sample meeting agenda is shown below.

(4) Data compilation: Data collected in the field are checked by each survey team and given to IDOs for compilation and analysis. As with the facilities assessment, GIS can be applied to this work effectively.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Blocking out plan (BOP) Issue tree General layout and/or drawings, if

available

FORMATS Form-7 (Land and FOs Activities

Assessment)

Scheduling meeting arrangement

Sample agenda of kick-off and scheduling meeting is shown as follows: Kick-off and Scheduling Meeting for the GIS-Based Irrigation Block Mapping

Date and venue: December 21st 2005 for Nachchaduwa and Thuruwila (Irrigation Auditorium in Anurahhapura)

December 22nd 2005 for Rajangana (IE’s Office) Agenda: 9:30 -9:40 Introduction and outline JICA Study Team (Mr. Otsuka) of the Study 9:40-10:10 GIS Mapping by ID ID (Ms. Janaki)

Sample of Land and FOs’ Activities Assessment : (Rajangana LB Tract 2) depicting F-canal Command Area


3-10

10:10 – 10:50 Outline of mapping works EML (Mr. Piyadasa) Work procedure Expected outputs Work schedule Cooperation necessary from relevant parties 10:50 – 11:10 Coffee Break 11:10 – 12:00 Question and answer Attendance: (i) Irrigation Department Irrigation Engineer (IE) Engineering Assistant (EA) Work Supervisor (WS) Development Assistant (DA) (ii) Irrigation Management Division (IMD) Resident Project Manager (RPM) Institutional Development Officer (IDO) Development Assistant (DA) (iii) Divisional Secretary (DS) Grana Niladari (GN) (iv) Department of Agrarian Development (DAD) Divisional Officer (DO) Agriculture Research and Production Assistant (ARPA)

Tips (1) Because the members of FOs are, first and foremost, the best parties to know the ownership and activities of

the FO, a scheduling meeting should be carefully arranged so as to positively involve FOs in the working process.

(2) In the JICA Study, the abovementioned information was collected for each plot and input using GIS, thereby making the works quite laborious. Therefore, data for this survey should be collected to meet future requirement.

(3) One alternative method would be that the area is divided by each owner with ID (without detailed plot boundary) so that the assessment can be carried out more simply.

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Annex-E GIS-based Irrigation Block Mapping ⇒ IR-02 Irrigation Facilities’ Assessment ⇒ Getting Started with ArcGIS (ArcView manual published by ESRI)

Identification of current land and FOs Status through interviewing farmers by DAs Carried out in consultation with FO members as an important step

Kick-off and Scheduling Meeting Attended by relevant government staff and FO representatives, and the purpose of the work, schedule, and cooperation necessary from FOs is explained.


3-11

IR-03 Irrigation O&M and Water Management IR-03-01 Water Management Decision-Making Process and its performance

Purpose To identify the organization’s formal and informal mandates for irrigation water management

To interpret what is required as a result of these mandates (leading probably to explicit goals or performance indicators)

To identify the decision-making process to clarify weak points or constraints and/or the areas for improvement is required in irrigation water management

Working Group Irrigation Engineer (IE) Engineering Assistant (EA) Farmers’ Organization Other organization related with this process

Output Water management Decision-Making Process Flow and its function in various stages

Work Procedure (1) Data Collection: Necessary data should be collected for this study, such as legal backing related to irrigation (Irrigation Ordinance and Mahaweli Regulation), rotational irrigation schedule, monitoring and evaluation record and minutes of Kanna Meeting and/or Project Management Committee (PMC).

(2) Identification of mandates of each stakeholders: Different stakeholders have different mandates for appropriate irrigation water management. Based on the collected data, such responsibilities are identified and a flow chart of the decision-making process is prepared. In this process, it is also important to clarify what is not ruled out by these mandates, meaning that the rough boundaries of the organization’s unconstrained field of action are defined. O&M including irrigation water management of the main facilities depend on the government while FOs are responsible for D- and F-canal level facilities.

(3) Identification of weak points or constraints: Based on the process flow, weak points or constraints attributed to the capability of certain arrangements and/or ineffective work processes are identifed. Measurement of the performance of irrigation water management would be effective in this process (see the table in the next page).

Necessary

Materials and

Sample Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Broader perspectives are required for this study. The following materials are, therefore, essential requirements but not necessarily sufficient, depending on the irrigation scheme.

Legal backing related to irrigation such as Irrigation Ordinance and Mahaweli

Rotational irrigation schedule prepared by each scheme Monitoring and evaluation record


sample of decision-making process flow

Sample of Water Management Decision-making Process

Some examples of the irrigation water-management decision-making process with a description of the irrigation

schemes within the Mahaweli system are shown below:


3-12

Description Flow

a) The MWMC assesses water resources within the Mahaweli system. In seasonal Water Panel Meeting, they decide water distribution schedule.

b) Each office roughly calculates the irrigable area in the season. 5 acre feet/acre (Maha) and 7 acre feet/acre (Yala) is generally utilized as the unit water requirement.

c) Through the series of “Pre-Kanna” and “Kanna Meeting (a seasonal cultivation meeting),” the cultivation schedule is finalized.

d) Water issue among main system is managed by ID while D- and F-system is by FOs.

e) Water issue practice is regularly monitored by WIL under the instruction of EA and WS. Meetings are also held (i) among MWMC and each scheme office (weekly), and (ii) Project Management Committee (PMC) meeting (monthly ).

Irrigation Water Management Performance Measurement

Some guidelines for measuring the performance of water management are tabulated below:

Performance Measurement Indicator and Parameter for Irrigation Water Management Indicator Parameter 1 Water Distribution Equity Amount Quality Percentage of area actually irrigated Percentage of farm lots with adequate

water Reliability Timeliness Opportunity Quantity 2. Efficiency & system

performance Water use efficiency Water productivity

(yield per cubic meter of irrigation water)

Access to water in relation to rights Indices of irrigation water utilization

Tips (1) Not only engineering aspects, but also legal backing is important for all the field staff related to irrigation to

identify constraints of water management thereby increasing the capacity in integrated management.

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Final Report Chapter 3 Irrigation O&M and Water Management ⇒ Annex-A Irrigation O&M and Water Management (legal backing in Chapter 1 and water management in

chapter 3) ⇒ IR-03-02 Operation and Maintenance and its Performance

a) Mahaweli Water ManagementCommittee (MWMC)

Assess water resources within Mahawelisystem and decide issue schedule to each

scheme before cropping season

b) Each Scheme office (includingNachchaduwa and Rajangana)

Calculate irrigable area by EngineeringAssistant (EA) based on issue schedule

given by MWMC

Kanna Meeting

Inform FOs of irrigable area and cropsin the season and

Discuss and decide cropping plan

Main canal managed by ID while D-and F- by FOs

c)

d)

(i) Weekly meetingbetween MWMC and

each Scheme(ii) Monthly meeting by

PMCPre-Kanna Meeting

e) Monitoring andevaluation

Water Management Decision-Making Process in Major and

Medium Irrigation Scheme


3-13

Some Sample calculations and compilations of the study result derived from the Final Report

Water Duty and Water Productivity in the Study Area

Scheme Season Water Issue

(MCM)

Area Harvested

(ha)

Water Duty (mm)

Production (kg/ha)

Water Productivity

(kg/m3) Yala 22.8 1,622 1,411 4,566 0.322

Nachchaduwa Maha 27.6 2,635 1,116 5,133 0.630 Yala 4.4 1,92.9 2,325 5,004 0.216

Thuruwila Maha 3.9 1,92.9 2,075 5,004 0.242 Yala 152.0 5,508 2,681 4,796 0.186

Rajangana Maha 126.6 5,658 2,518 5,135 0.282

Note: Periods of Data are not the same. Production in Thuruwila is assumed. Source: Prepared by the Study Team

O&M Budget of Irrigation Department

No Item to Compare Unit Nachchaduwa Thuruwila Rajangana

1 Operation Budget Rs.

(Rs./ha)134,200

(46) 9,000 (46)

281,600 (42)

a ID’s Expenses Rs. 67,100 9,000 84,480 b FO Expenses Rs. 67,100 0 197,120

2 Maintenance Budget Rs.

(Rs./ha)874,600

(301) 58,500 (303)

1,835,900 (277)

a Headworks Rs. 174,920 555,700 b Roads Rs. 87,460

c Main & Branch Canal

Rs. 349,840 535,731

d Distributory Canal Rs. 262,380

No separate budget for Sub-items

377,286

e Field Canal Rs. FO’s

ResponsibilityFO’s

Responsibility 367,180

Source: Prepared by the Study Team

Water Charges and Ration of Collection

No. Item to Compare Unit Nachchaduwa Thuruwila Rajangana Rs/ha/Annum 15 16 15

1 Acreage Tax paid to ADC Collection % 100 100 100

Entrance Rs. 100 130

(Life Time) 100

Collection % 100 100 100 Annual Rs. 25 0 0

2 Membership Fee

Collection % 100 - -

Rs/ha/Annum1,500

(1 bushel/ crop/acre)

750 (250/acre/

year)

1,500 (1 bushel

/crop/acre) 3 O & M Fee for FO Jalapalaka & Maintenance

Collection % Very Poor Poor 17-25 Source: Prepared by the Study Team


3-14

IR-03 Irrigation O&M and Water Management

IR-03-02 Operation and Maintenance and its performance

Purpose To identify the organization’s formal and informal mandates for irrigation O&M To interpret what is required as a result of these mandates (leading probably to

explicit goals or performance indicators) Identification of the decision-making process to clarify weak points or constraints

and/or the areas of improvement required in irrigation O&M Working

Group

Irrigation Engineer (IE) Engineering Assistant (EA) Farmers’ Organization (FO) Other organization related with this process

Output Irrigation O&M Responsibility and its function at various stages Identification of above-related problems and constraints

Work

Procedure

(1) Data Collection: Necessary data should be collected for this study such as legal backing related to irrigation (Irrigation Ordinance and Mahaweli Regulation), rotational irrigation schedule, O&M monitoring and evaluation record and minutes of Kanna Meeting and/or Project Management Committee (PMC).

(2) Identification of mandates of each stakeholders: Different stakeholders have different mandates for carrying out appropriate irrigation O&M. Based on the collected data, such responsibilities are identified and decision-making process flow is prepared. In this process, it is also important to clarify what is not ruled out by these mandates, meaning that the rough boundaries of the organization’s unconstrained field of action are defined. O&M including irrigation water management of the main facilities depend on the government while FOs are responsible for D- and F-canal level facilities .

(3) Identification of weak points or constraints: Based on the responsibility matrix, weak points or constraints attributed to the capability of certain arrangements and/or ineffective O&M work processes are identified. Measurement of the performance of irrigation O&M would be effective in this process (see the table: Performance Measurement Indicator and Parameter for Irrigation O&M in the next page).

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Irrigation O&M is an interdisciplinary issue. The following materials are, therefore, essential requirements but not necessarily sufficient, depending on irrigation schemes.

Legal backing related with irrigation such as Irrigation Ordinance and Mahaweli

Irrigation O&M monitoring and evaluation record


sample of responsibility matrix

Sample of Water Management Decision-making Process in Irrigation O&M

Some examples of the irrigation O&M responsibility for major and medium irrigation schemes are

tabulated below:


3-15

Responsibilities of O&M Work item Major scheme (Nachchaduwa and Rajangana) Medium scheme (Thuruwila)

Decision-making for O&M Farmers meeting, PMC, Kanna Meeting Farmers meeting, PMC, Kanna Meeting Gate Operation - Tank Sluice ID (Jalapalaka) FO assisted by ID (Jalapalaka) - Main and branch canals ID (Japapalaka) FO (Japapalaka) - D-canals head gate ID (Japapalaka) FO (Japapalaka) - F-canals head gate FO (FO Water master/Jalapalaka) FO (Jalapalaka) Maintenance - Tank ID ID - Main and branch canals ID ID - D-canals FO FO - F-canalas FO FO Source: Draft Final Report

Irrigation O&M Performance Measurement

Based on the responsibility identified, level of irrigation O&M is assessed based on the indicators and

parameters. Here, such indicators are categorized into seven: (i) participation, (ii) maintenance, and (iii)

sustainability of the system, as summarized as follows:

Performance Measurement Indicator and Parameter for Irrigation O&M

No. Indicator Parameter 1 Participation In planning, design, and decision-making In

irrigation O&M % of farmers attending meeting

(PMC and Kannna Meeting) Presentation of farmers during the meeting Maintenance work Willingness to pay in O&M fee, salaries and

other charges Collection efficiency % of participation in Shramadana for O&M2. Maintenance % of canals properly maintained % of days in which system is interrupted

(due to repairs etc.) O&M costs per hectare 3 Sustainability of system Payment capability Capacity to pay for O&M by FOs Investment cost Technology cost in relation to the

incremental benefit

Tips (1) Not only engineering aspect, but also legal backing is important for all the field staff related to irrigation to

identify constraints of water management thereby increasing the capacity for integrated management. (2) Quantitative parameters are proposed above; however, insufficient data would often make it difficult to carry

out such quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis based on field reconnaissance and interview is also acceptable and effective in this subject of study.

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Final Report Chapter 3 Irrigation O&M and Water Management ⇒ Annex-A Irrigation O&M and Water Management (legal backing in Chapter 1 and water management in

chapter 3) ⇒ IR-02-01 Function Assessment of D- and F-canal Level facilities ⇒ IR-03-01 Water Management Decision-Making Process and its Performance


3-16

IR-03 Irrigation Water Management

IR-03-03 Discharge Measurement at the Head of D-canal

Purpose To prepare a H-Q curve (or rating curve) For the measurement and recording of daily discharge at the head of D-canals

Working

Group

Engineering Assistant (EA), Work Supervisor (WS) and Water Issue Laborer (WIL)

FO Water Master (member of Farmers’ Organization (FO)) Institutional Development Officer (IDO)

Output H-Q Curve Daily discharge record at the head of D-canal

Work

Procedure

(1) Measurement point: The measurement point should be at the beginning of D-canals taking the following points into consideration: (i) points should be located near a staff gauge, (ii) water flow is stable and not stagnant, (iii) the flow at the section is uniform, not divided, and (iv) there is no inflow or outflow between the gauge and the measurement point.

(2) Equipment: A current meter for measuring small discharge would is preferred for preparing D-canal level H-Q curve.

(3) Field measurement: (i) Determine measurement depth by checking water depth (D) at the measurement section. If D>0.5m, then measure two points: 0.2 D and 0.8 D from the surface. If D<0.5m, then measure one point: 0.6 D from the surface. (ii) Check depth indicated at the staff gauge and start water velocity by current meter. (iii) Fill up measurement result using FORM-4. (iv) At the same time, water flow area is measured and calculated. (iv) Discharge can be obtained by multiplying velocity by the area of the wetted perimeter. (v) Plot the result on the plotting sheet, then change the discharge by operating the turnout gate on the main canal and repeat the procedure. (v) Obtain points for several discharges and draw the H-Q Curve (see sample H-Q curve as follows).

(4) Daily discharge record: Daily discharge recording form (date, time, and depth H) is shown in FORM-6 to be filled by WIL based on water distribution schedule.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Current meter Staff gauge (to be newly installed

by ID, if it is not available) Stop watch Measuring tape

FORMATS FORM-8 Discharge measurement

and calculation FORM-9 Plotting Sheet for H-Q

Curve Preparation FORM-10 Daily Discharge to D-canal

(Pilot Area) FORM-11 Daily Discharge to D-canal

(Control Area)

Reading Staff Gauge by ID Jalapalaka (Rajangana)


3-17

Sample of H-Q Curve

H-Q Curve for D-1 (pilot area), LB tract 2 in Rajangana Major Irrigation Scheme, prepared based on

field measurement is illustrated as follows:

Tips (1) Each current meter has a unique calibration, thereby requiring a different equation to obtain velocity such as

“velocity = 0.086 N + 0.019, say N = (dial number) x (number of buzzer) / (time).” One must check the manual prior to using the equipment.

(2) In order to maintain the accuracy of the current meter, periodical calibration, say once a year, is required. (3) Some of the D-canals have a measuring device (concrete weir). Discharge measurement can be carried out

using such devices.

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Current meter manual (Sanei-3, No. 6137) ⇒ IR-03-02 Discharge Measurement at the Head of F-canal

Operation of current meter by Development Assistant (Rajangana) Measuring water velocity at the head of D-2 in control area in LB tract 2, section is a concrete rectangle, therefore, suitable for measurement

Staff gauge at the head of D-canal at LB Tract 2 in control area (Rajangana) Most of the D-canals have such a staff gauge at the head of the canal, therefore, preparation of H-Q curve is helpful to easily convert water depth into discharge

H-Q Curve of D-1 (Rajangana LB Tract 2 Pilot Area)

y = 9.8447x2 - 1.7781x + 0.0108R2 = 0.9796

0.025

0.075

0.125

0.175

0.225

0.275

0.325

0.375

0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Staff Gauge Reading (m)

Dis

char

ge (m

3)

H-Q Curve of D-1, pilot area in Rajangana

Staff gauge reading

Discharge

Example: H-Q Curve of D-1 in LB Tract 2 Rajangana

Discharge = 9.8447x2 - 1.7781x + 0.0108

R2 = 0.9796 (regression coefficient)

If H = 0.30 m, then discharge (Q) is,

Q = 9.8447 x 0.302 – 1.7781 x 0.30 + 0.0108

= 0.363 m3/sec


3-18

IR-03 Irrigation Water Management

IR-03-04 Discharge Measurement at the Head of F-canal

Purpose To raise the awareness of FO members about the importance of irrigation water To establish M&E mechanism by the government staff within the command area

of D-canals To clarify whether irrigation water is delivered in accordance with the schedule

Working

Group

FO Water Master (member of Farmers’ Organization (FO)) Engineering Assistant (EA), Work Supervisor (WS) and Water Issue Laborer

(WIL) Institutional Development Officer (IDO)

Output Discharge record at the head of F-canal Optimization of water allocation among D-canal command area FOs’ awareness on the importance of water management

Work

Procedure

(1) Measurement point selection: Discharge measurement should be carried out at the beginning point (BP) of F-canals.

(2) Equipment: Measurement methodology differs among F-canals because some of them have a concrete weir while others do not. Measuring devices such as a parshall flume or cut-throat flume can be provided by the Irrigation Training Institute (ITI) Galgamuwa and installed if the existing concrete weir has deteriorated (see explanation of parshall flume in the table below and some theoretical background is given in the tips.).

(3) Field measurement: (i) Install measuring devices at the head of the F-canal so there is no leakage from the bottom and/or side of the device. (ii) Wait until flow stabilizes and then read the water level (discharge). (iii) Enter the results using FORM-8 or FORM-9. (iii) Compare the results against the irrigation schedule.

(4) Awareness and M&E as an important purpose: It should be emphasized that discharge at the head of the F-canal is not necessarily measured daily. Instead, it should be measured during important cropping phases such as land preparation and ordinary cropping period. Awareness raising and M&E mechanism by the government are, first and foremost, important reasons for this practice.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Spray paint (black and yellow) Template (for staff gauge painting) Measuring device such as parshall

flumes, cut-throat flume etc. (provided by the ITI)

FORMATS FORM-12 Daily Discharge to F-canal

(Pilot Area) FORM-13 Daily Discharge to F-canal

(Control Area)

Weirs

Weirs are a type of measuring device with sharp-crested, overflow structures that are built across open

channels such as canals. They are easy to construct and can measure the discharge accurately when

correctly installed. However, it is important to note that the water level downstream must always be

below the weir crest to ensure complete overflow, otherwise the discharge reading will be incorrect. In


3-19

addition, an appropriate method should be applied depending upon the amount of discharge. The

following table can be a guideline to select the correct method for discharge measurement.

Type of Weir Type of weir Width of weir or

(width of weir) x (width of notch) (m)

Range of head H (m)

Range of discharge Q (l/sec)

Triangular (v-notch weir) (90 degrees)

0.60 0.070 – 0.200 1.83 - 25.0

0.80 0.070 – 0.260 1.83 - 48.5 Rectangular weir 0.90 x 0.36 0.030 – 0.270 3.5 – 91.7 1.20 x 0.48 0.030 – 0.321 4.7 – 150.0 Parshall flume 76.2 (mm) (=W) - 8.3 - 53.6 152.4 (mm) (=W) - 13.9 – 110.6 Note: Parshall flume is a pre-fabricated measuring device as the type is determined by the width of the throat

(see illustration below). Discharge can be measured by easily reading scale pre-painted on the devices. Source: Land Improvement Plan Design Criteria in Japan (Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, Japan) Hydraulic Test, Irrigation and Drainage Course, Tsukuba International Agricultural Training Centre, JICA

Tips (1) In the ITI, Galgamuwa, a pashall flume with a throat width of 76.2 mm is available which would be generally

suitable for the measurement of F-canal discharge. (2) Parshall flumes are operated under what are called free-flow or sub-merged conditions. Under free-flow

conditions, the tailwater level does not affect flow through the convergent crest section. The flow passes through critical depth at the crest and only one depth measurement at point Ha in the illustration is required to evaluate the discharge.

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ IR-03-01 Discharge Measurement at the Head of D-canals

Ha

Z2

Z3Za H1

H3WL1

WL3

E γ

ΔH

1:4

D W

B

M

F

L

α β

H2

Es

Stilling pool

Z1

Hb

Convergingsection

Throatsection

Divergingsection

PROFILE

PLAN

Slope Level floor

Schematic illustration of parshall flume The geometry of parshall flume must meet specific criteria as indicated in the plan and profile.

Throat width

Temporal wooden board weir Discharge measurement can be carried out also using temporary means so as to approximately assess water management practice among D-canal command area.

Manual on the Plan to Increase the Capacity of Integrated Management In Irrigation Sector

3-20

Tips Long-crested Weir The pilot area of Rajangana LB tract 2 adopted a duckbill weir and diagonal weir. In general, the concept of a long-crested weir is to ensure longer length of weir than is possible with typical weirs installed across the canal with the crest perpendicular to the centerline of the canal. Such additional length enables design flow discharge to pass with smaller variable of heads, meaning that even large changes in discharges over the crested weir will result in smaller changes in head, thereby changing smaller inflow into F-canals. In general, constant flow rates are comparatively user-friendly requiring less workforce for irrigation water management; therefore, long-crested weirs can help reduce the difficulty of water management. In addition, if adopting conventional system, upstream area are often provided with excessive water due to difficulty in managing large variation of head as well as misuse of turnout, however, the system of long-crested weir can be helpful for water to be allocated among command areas equally in accordance with water management schedule. Baffle Distributor A baffle distributor controls discharge by opening a specified number and

combination of different widths of baffle gate so that the required discharge is released through the opening of the gate. This system is not related to the downstream discharge conditions to maintain the flow nearly constant. They are easily understood by gate operators as well as water users, if appropriately introduced. The flow rate is easily known by observing how many gates are open. Therefore, from a technical point of view, the combination of a long-crested weir with a baffle distributor enhances the ability to divert a constant discharge from D-canal to F-canal as scheduled.

Discharge measurement using a baffle distributor differs from other systems such as a weir (see below). To do this, the gate opening is first checked and the water level is judged by checking the level at the horizontal bar attached on the baffle gate see right. The gate has been already calibrated prior to the setting. Therefore, when the water level is almost the same as that of the bar, the discharge is as specified in the table (see right).

Discharge Measurement by the use of Weirs In the control area in LB Tract 2, Rajangana Major Scheme adopts a weir for discharge measurement at the head of F-canals (see picutre at right). Discharge is calculated by measuring overflow depth above the weir crest. The equation is shown below:

23

CBHQ =

Q: Discharge (m3/sec), C: Coefficient, B: Width of weir (m), H: Overflow depth (m)

)1)(237.000295.0(785.1 ε+++=HdH

HC 　

where Hd: Notch height from the bottom (m) ε : Correction term mHd 1≤ 0=ε mHd 1≥ 55.0=ε The applicable range of this formula is as follows: mB 5.0≥ , Hd =0.3 – 2.5 m,

H = 0.03 – Hd (provided that mH 8.0≤ ), 4BH ≤

One of the key features in correct estimation of discharge using weirs is that the measurement of head above the weir crest be carried out in accordance with standardized procedures. One of the criteria required is that the flow velocity in the approach section be less than or equal to approximately 0.15 m/sec. This can normaly be maintained by establishing a pool of water behind the weir which extends upstream for a distance of 3 to 7 times the head on the weir crest.

Horizontal Bar attached with Baffle Distributor

(Pilot Area, LB Tract 2)

Baffle Arrangement Canal Baffle Arrangement

(lit/sec) FC-7 15 / 10 / 5 FC-8 15 / 10 / 5 FC-9 30 / 15 / 10 / 5 FC-10 15 / 10 / 5

FC-12A 15 / 10 / 5 FC-12 15 / 10 / 5 FC-13 15 / 10 / 5

FC-13A 15 / 10 / 5 FC-14 15 / 10 / 5

Horizontal bar

Duckbill Weir(Pilot Area,

LB Tract 2)

Baffle Distributor (Pilot Area, LB Tract 2)

Measuring Device at the Head of F-canal

(Control Area, LB Tract 2)


3-21

IR-04 Data Management Support Tool

IR-04-01 GIS-based Irrigation Block Mapping

Purpose To establish a database to provide an effective methodology for irrigation development and management

Working

Group

Irrigation Department (ID)/Irrigation Management Division (IMD) Head Office Irrigation Engineer (IE) Engineering Assistant (EA) Farmers’ Organization (FO)

Output GIS and Access database for target irrigation schemes

Work

Procedure

General work procedure for the preparation of GIS-based irrigation block mapping is illustrated in Figure I.1. The work primarily consists of three steps explained as follows: (1) Step-1 Data collection, processing and digitization: The data necessary for

mapping actually differs depending upon its purpose. The satellite imagery used for the JICA Study was IKONOS having maximum resolution of 1m (see specifications on the next page). Aerial photography available from the Survey Department in Colombo was also utilized. Such data are imported into GIS and digitized for the preparation of preliminary base maps.

(2) Step-2 Field confirmation: Some data such as F-canals and small canal structures cannot be identified just by processing satellite imagery and/or aerial photographs. Therefore, field confirmation is carried out using preliminary base maps to collect supplementary data in the field thereby finalizing the base map.

(3) Step-3 Detailed field survey: Assessment of function of facilities, land and FOs activities survey is carried out using base maps (see IR-02-01 and IR-02-02 for details).

(4) Output: Collected data is input and/or updated using Access database and GIS.Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Satellite imagery Aerial photograph General layout Blocking out plan (BOP) Issue tree

FORMATS See IR-02-01 Function Assessment of D- and

F-canal Level Facilities, IR-02-02 Land and FOs’ Activities Assessment and Annex-E GIS-based Irrigation Block Mapping

What’s the Input Required for the Preparation of GIS-based Irrigation Block Mapping?

Although the effectiveness of

GIS in the application of

irrigation development and

management is recognized,

one should be aware the input

necessary for its preparation.

Developing a database from

Man-power required for the Survey Work item Work Capability

(ha/day/team) Man-power

Required/team Data Digitization, Input and GIS Operation Aerial photograph processing 200 1 GIS expert Digitization Outer boundary 500 1 GIS expert Canal alignment and facilities location 30 1 GIS expert F-canal command area 50 1 GIS expert Facilities Condition 100 1 GIS expert


3-22

scratch could cost a

considerable amount. The

following table summarizes the

man-power required for the

work from base map

preparation, field data

collection and data input.

Field Survey Outer Boundary Confirmation 500 1 surveyor, 3 SAs, 1 LGCanal Alignment and Facilities Location Confirmation

20 1 surveyor, 3 SAs, 1 LG

F-canal Command Area Confirmation 30 1 surveyor, 3 SAs, 1 LGFacilities Survey 15 1 surveyor, 3 SAs, 1 LGRemarks: 1. Survey Assistant (SA), Local Guide (LG) 2. Man-power necessary for query building and manual preparation

cannot be easily estimated since work quantity is extremely different depending upon the purpose of database.

Data Necessary for the Preparation of Base Map

Most of the scheme does not have an

adequate general layout, so preparation of

base maps requires reliable base

information. Deciding what is reliable

information for the base map can help

finalize the scope and future application of

the GIS database.

If the database is utilized especially for

irrigation asset management and water

management, aerial photographs available

from the survey department in Colombo

would basically be sufficient rather than

purchasing highly costly but accurate

satellite imagery.

General Specification of IKONOS

Tips (1) The scope of mapping works, particularly GIS layers, should be clearly determined prior to commencement,

since the work volume and cost differ significantly depending upon the information to be compiled. (2) In this regard, introduction of GIS as well as preparation of a complete database is not easy or straightforward

and cannot be simply classified as a technical exercise involving calculated choices of appropriate techniques. The database should, therefore, be developed to satisfy the minimum requirements at the initial stage and accordingly scaled-up when necessary.

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Final Report Chapter 3 GIS-based Irrigation Block Mapping ⇒ Annex-E GIS-based Irrigation Block Mapping ⇒ IR-02-0? Function Assessment of D- and F-canal Level Facilities ⇒ IR-03-0? Land and FOs’ Activities Assessment ⇒ Getting Started with ArcGIS (ArcView manual published by ESRI)

Orbit Type Sun-Synchronous Altitude 681 km Inclination 98.1 deg Descending node crossing time

10:30 am local solar time

Period 98 min Off-Nadir Revisit 1.5 to 2.9 days at 40 degrees latitude Sensor Characteristics Viewing Angle Agile spacecraft, along track and across track

pointing Swath Width 11 km nominal at nadir Image Modes Single scene: 13km x 13 km

Strips: 11 km x 100 km up to 11 km x 1,000 km Metric Accuracy 12 m horizontal, 10 m vertical without GCP Radiometric Digitization 11 bits

Spectral Bands Wavelength (μm) Resolution 1 (blue) 0.40 – 0.52 4 m 2 (green) 0.52 – 0.60 4 m 3 (red) 0.63 – 0.69 4 m 4 (NIR) 0.76 – 0.90 4 m Panchromatic 0.45 – 0.90 1 m Source: Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing & Processing

Chapter 4


4-1

AG-01 Socio-Economic Assessment

AG-01-01 Socio-economic Survey

Purpose To grasp the present situation with regard to the socio-economic condition of the farmers in the scheme and to serve as a baseline study guide for impact evaluation.

Working

Group

Assistant Director Agriculture Segment AO Irrigation Engineer Resident Project Manager (IMD) Agricultural Instructor (AI) Development Assistant (DA) Grama Niladhari ARPAs Farmers

Output Survey Report presenting the findings on the present socio-economic status of the study population.

Work

Procedure

(1) General: Sample survey is a technique where a convenient random sample is studied to make inferences regarding the whole population from which the sample is drawn. It requires a person who is trained and has social intelligence, manipulative skills and research insight. A suitable person from the working group should be appointed for the purpose

(2) Collection of secondary data: Secondary data relevant to socio-economic conditions in and around the study area should be collected from internal and external sources and reviewed for possible application in the study.

(3) Selecting a random sample: Defining the population, identifying the sample frame, specifying the sample unit, determining the sample size are the basic steps that should be followed to select the survey sample.

(4) Sampling Method: Simple random sampling method can be applied to a listing of the elements in the population using The table of random numbers to select the required number of sample elements.

(5) Method of data collection: Interview method using a structured interview schedule or questionnaire is recommended for data collection.

(6) Framing questions for the questionnaire: The framing of the questions should be done carefully. They should be related to the study objectives, simple, unbiased, easy to understand and each question should address one idea only. The questions should be short and arranged in a logical sequence and organized to facilitate collection and analysis of the data. Inclusion of some control questions would serve as a cross-check to confirm accuracy of the information.

(7) Form and layout of the questions: The questionnaire may have a combination of multiple-choice, dichotomous, and open ended questions. The questions should be grouped under different sub-heads and arranged in a logical sequence with sufficient spaces to do preliminary computations.


4-2

(8) Pre-testing and finalizing the questionnaire: The draft questionnaire should be pre-tested with 2–3% respondents, who would not be included in the selected sample, to see if it is capable of eliciting the appropriate responses from the respondents. After making appropriate adjustments, the required number of copies should be made in clear print.

(9) Training of the enumerators: The enumerators for the administration of the questionnaire must be carefully selected and trained, particularly if they lack previous experience, and thoroughly briefed.

(10) Administering the questionnaire: It involves face-to-face interaction and the administration of the questionnaire requires skill. The enumerator should state the organization he/she represents and the purpose of the interview to key persons and respondents before starting with the questionnaire.

(11) Checking the questionnaire: At the conclusion of each days work, the questionnaires should be checked and comments and remarks made.

(12) Processing and analysis of data: The data collected requires some processing. These include editing, coding and computer processing. The processed data can then be analyzed by statistical methods to draw inferences on the socio-economic situation of the population. In its simplest form, the data can be presented as measures of central values or location and frequency distributions. The conclusions drawn from the results of the survey supported by the tabulated data should be presented.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Listings of the families in the study

area Table of Random Numbers Printed questionnaire forms Stationery

FORMATS FORM-14 See in the next page

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Final Report Chapter 4 Agriculture ⇒ Annex-C

Tips Key areas to be covered under the sample survey that would lead to making conclusions on the

socio-economic situation of the study population may include the following:

General family information, land holdings, farm or operational holdings, housing, home-garden,

sanitation, transport, communication, farm equipment & machinery, household income & expenditure,

production loans, marketing, community organizations, etc.


4-3

AG-01 SOCIO ECONOMIC ASSESSMENTAG-01-01 Socio-economic Survey

Sample 1

Distribution of Irrigated Paddy Lands by Size(Unit: %)

Size of Holding (ha) N’duwa Th’wila R’gana Mean0.4 or less 36 57.9 28.1 42.1>0.4 – 0.8 20 18.4 50 29.5>0.8 – 1.2 36 7.9 15.6 17.9>1.2 – 1.6 4 7.9 6.3 6.3>1.6 – 2.0 0 0 0 0>2.0 4 7.9 0 4.2Source: Socio Economic Survey – JICA Study Team- 2005

Sample 2

Annual Household Income (Unit: Rs.)

Item N’duwa Th’wila R’gana MeanAgriculture 123331 92065 73690 96662Livestock 554 1454 157 722Labour Wages 11507 9289 14424 11740Trading 14523 2662 3451 6879Hire of Machinery 2153 1325 6303 3260Samurdhi 671 1871 2040 1527Others 25428 17075 23075 21859Total 178167 126641 123140 142649% Agriculture 69.22 73.41 59.84 67.76% Other Sources 30.78 26.59 40.16 32.24Source: Socio Economic Survey – JICA Study Team- 2005

Sample 3

Distribution of Total Annual Income(Unit:%)

Annual Income (Rs) N’duwa Th’wila R’gana Mean25,000 and less 0 5.3 12.1 6.2>25,000 – 50,000 23.1 7.9 15.2 14.4>50,000 – 75,000 11.5 31.6 21.2 22.7>75,000 – 100,000 23.1 15.8 3 13.4>100,000 – 125,000 11.5 7.9 12.1 10.3>125,000 – 150,000 7.7 2.6 15.2 8.2>150,000 – 175,000 3.8 7.9 9.1 7.2>175,000 – 200,000 0 5.3 3 3.1>200,000 19.2 15.8 9.1 14.1Source: Socio Economic Survey – JICA Study Team- 2005


4-4


AG-02-01 Agricultural Survey by Participatory Method

Purpose To grasp the present situation of agricultural condition of the farmers with regard to crop production practices & costs and the service sector which would reveal the level of technology applied, cultivation schedule and constraints to serve as a baseline study guide for later impact evaluation.

Working

Group

Assistant Director Agriculture Segment AO Irrigation Engineer Resident Project Manager (IMD) Agricultural Instructor (AI) Development Assistants

Output Survey Report presenting the findings on the present agricultural status of the study population.

Work

Procedure

(1) General: Participatory method is a way of learning from, and with community members to investigate, analyze, and evaluate constraints and opportunities and to make informed and timely decisions regarding development projects. It requires a person who is trained and has social intelligence, manipulative skills and research insight. A suitable person from the working group, comprising of a multi-disciplinary team of about 4 - 5 members, should be appointed for the purpose

(2) Collection of secondary data: Secondary data relevant to agricultural conditions in and around the study area should be collected from internal and external sources and reviewed for better understanding and possible application in the study.

(3) Selecting the group: Since specific topics are discussed in detail, a small group of people between 9 and 12 may be invited to participate. The group should comprise officials of the FO, FCG members as well as interested or knowledgeable persons in the community.

(4) Method of data collection: Comprehensive recording is essential and one team member may be assigned for this purpose. Techniques such as ranking could be incorporated to prioritize farmer preferences on some items such as paddy variety, if sufficient time is available

(5) Framing questions: Semi-structured interview schedules with only some of the questions predetermined are used to collect data and information on relevant study topics. Questions can be formulated during the interview and the interview schedule is used as a checklist and a flexible guide for the survey team.

(6) Administering the questionnaire: Questions are asked from the group and the responses are recorded. The team leader should explain the organization it represents and the purpose of the exercise to the participants as well as to key persons in the community. Appointing a facilitator to ensure that the discussion does not diverge too far from the topic and no participant dominates the


4-5

discussion is highly beneficial. (7) Processing and analysis of data: The data collected requires some

processing. These include editing, coding and computer processing. The processed data can then be analyzed and may be presented in descriptive form.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Stationery

FORMATS FORM-15 (Sample form to use as a

guideline)

The sample questionnaire attached presents areas where information is required in a highly

condensed form and should be used only as a guide and not for direct administration to the farmer

participants. It would be useful if the desired topics on which information is sought are presented on

news print in simplified form so that the group can better comprehend the point discussed and can

provide answers by consensus after brief discussion.

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Final Report Chapter 4 Agriculture ⇒ Annex-C Agriculture

Tips Key areas to be covered under participatory interview survey that would lead to make conclusions on

the agricultural practices in the study population may include the following:

Crop specific practices with regard to variety selection, seed and treatment, land preparation, planting,

after-care including fertilizing, pest & disease control and weed management, irrigation, harvesting and

post harvest practices. It should also cover supply sources, costs and problems in procuring of inputs

(material, machinery and labour), effectiveness of extension and any other information as required.


4-6


AG-02-02 Cropping Pattern

Purpose To grasp the present situation with regard to the times of crop establishment, crop durations and harvesting to assess whether farmers adhere to the agreed cropping calendar as decided at the ‘kanna’ meetings.

Working

Group

Assistant Director Agriculture IE/ Irrigation Department Agricultural Officer/Agricultural Instructor Resident Project Manager (RPM) of Irrigation Management Division (IMD) Irrigation Assistant IDO DO/ASC

Output Prevailing cropping pattern of the study area.

Work

Procedure

(1) Collection of secondary data: Secondary data relevant to socio-economic conditions in and around the study area should be collected from internal and external sources and reviewed. These include the minutes of the previous ‘Kanna’ meetings, minutes of the Project Management Committee meetings, Records on water issues maintained by the IE/IA, and any other source where relevant information is available.

(2) Collection of primary data: Collection of primary data is mainly to confirm the validity of the secondary data. This information can be obtained from the agricultural survey by participatory method discussed under AG 02: AG 02 01.

(3) Data Presentation: The data collected may be compiled and presented in the form of a figure showing the time durations for land preparation and planting, crop duration and harvesting.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Minutes and records of previous

meetings and office records Secondary data from agricultural

surveys

FORMATS See in the next page

Tips As an alternative to the method for collection of primary data by focus group discussion, briefly

described under Agricultural assessment AG-02-01, key informant interview type may be adopted.

Here, a few knowledgeable farmers such as FO officials and OFC/vegetable growers may be

interviewed to gather information on the cropping calendar actually followed during the season.


4-7

The usefulness of cropping pattern diagrams can be greatly increased if they are prepared at FO or

field canal level. Deviations from the agreed pattern will indicate if farmers in the particular area are

faced with problems.

2005/06: Nachchaduwa Scheme

2005/06: Rajangana Scheme

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Final Report Chapter 3 Agriculture ⇒ Annex-C Agriculture


4-8


AG-02-03 Crop Budgets

Purpose To assess the unit income from production of agricultural crops as well as the costs of production in order that the investment costs and profits can be determined for further economic analysis and decision making for and by farmers, FOs, FCGS as well as the officials. The exercise can be carried out for crops under present field practices (without the project condition) and the proposed crop budget after implementation of development activities (with project condition)

Working

Group

Segment AO/SMO Resident Project Manager (IMD) Agricultural Instructor (AI) Development Assistant (DA) Farmer Organizations Farmers

Output Crop budgets for paddy and other crops showing a break-down of the costs of production and revenues.

Work

Procedure

(1) Collection of data: For preparation of crop budgets, information with regard to costs of all inputs should be collected from seed and agrochemicals dealers, traders, and from government sources such as the DOA for seed paddy and seeds & planting materials and the ASCs of the Department of Agrarian Development for fertilizers, seeds and agrochemicals. Further, the prevailing machinery hire rates for operations such as land preparation, spraying, threshing, etc. should be collected from machinery and equipment owners serving the area. In addition to the above, the farm gate prices of agricultural products also should be collected from the traders. Information on long term trends in the prices and price behaviour of agricultural products can be collected from a variety of institutions such as KARTI, Central Bank, Department of Census and Statistics, etc., from their regular bulletins and other publications to understand price determination of agricultural products. For preparation of the proposed crop budgets, data on crop yield must be collected in order to estimate the potential crop yields with project condition. Such data could be obtained from previous demonstrations conducted in the area, research institutions, Department of Census and Statistics, DOA, and other sources. The potential unit yields should be matched with recommended crop practices and input utilization as well as the availability of farm labour. A consensus among responsible research, extension and statistical organizations is required in determination of the potential unit yields.

(2) Collection of field data: Primary data on crop specific production costs, unit yield and product prices are required for preparation of crop budgets. The level of inputs, particularly seeds, agro-chemicals and fertilizers, depends on the production practices followed. The information may be collected from the participatory survey of agricultural conditions which is briefly described in


4-9

AG-02-01. If this information is not available, the required data may be collected by conducting a participatory survey by individual or key informant interview method. Prices and rates of application of all inputs including seeds/planting materials, agrochemicals and fertilizers, hiring rates of farm machinery and equipment including tractors, sprayers, threshers, etc., operation wise labour unit requirement, e.g., for land preparation, seeding, pest, disease and weed control, irrigation, reaping, threshing, etc. need to be collected.

(3) Anticipated results: Proposed crop budgets will take into account the improvement in the unit yield as well as the additional costs by way of inputs required to attain the anticipated yield levels. This will show if there is a net gain to the farmer by adopting the recommended package of cropping practices.

(4) Presentation of data: The data collected requires some processing. The crop-wise processed data may be presented under gross revenue, cost of production in terms of materials, machinery and labour, and the net revenue.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Secondary data and information

FORMATS See in the next page.

Sample crop budgets for paddy Tables on crop yield from different

sources for yield determination

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Final Report Chapter 4 Agriculture ⇒ Annex-B Agriculture

Tips In the computation of the crop budget, a standard base such as one acre or one ha should be used. For

the cost component, it may be assumed that the total certified seed paddy requirement is purchased,

machinery hired and only hired labour is used. Then suitable adjustments can be made to these cost

items based on the information collected from participatory socio-economic and agricultural surveys,

which are briefly described in AG-01-01 and AG-02-01, or from any other reliable secondary source.

For instance, if farmers use their own seed paddy for 4 seasons on average before replacing it with

certified seeds, the relevant adjustment to the cost of seed paddy should be made to the final crop

budget. Similarly, some farmers use their own tractors for land preparation. In this instance, the

relevant cost of machinery should be adjusted based on the percentage of tractor owning farmers in

the study area. With regard to labour requirement, the average number of farm labour units available

per household can be sought under general house-hold information in the socio-economic survey.

Depending on the field operation, the number of labour units that comes from the household should be

deducted from the total requirement and cost of labour.


4-10


AG-02-03 Crop Budgets

Sample 1: Crop Budget-Paddy Under Present Conditions

Crop UnitDescription Rate Qty Val.Rs. Rate Qty Val.Rs. Rate Qty Val.Rs.Yield kg 4800 5300 4210Price Rs/kg 15 15 15

Gross Revenue 72000 79500 63150Cost of Production

Planting MaterialsSeeds kg 28 103 2884 25 103 2575 18 110 1980

FertilizerBasal kg 32 100 3200 32 62 1984 32 63 2016Urea kg 13 187 2431 13 149 1937 13 124 1612TDM kg 18 105 1890 18 88 1584 18 44 792Paddy Straw kg 5000 0 5000 0 5000 0

PesticidesWeedicides kg/l 520 6.5 3380 520 4 2080 520 6.5 3380Insecticides kg/l 520 2.5 1300 570 2.5 1425 520 2.5 1300Fungicides kg/l

Other MaterialsBags 350 375 250

15435 11960 11330Machinery

2W Tractor times 3543 2 7086 3106 2 6212 3075 2 6150Combine Thresher times 6250 1 6250 6250 1 6250 6000 1 6000Transport sum 500 500 700

13836 12962 12850Labour

Land Preparation md 400 11 4400 350 11 3850 350 13 4550Sowing/Planting md 400 10 4000 350 10 3500 350 6 2100Fertilizing md 400 3 1200 350 2 700 350 3 1050Spraying md 450 1 450 350 2 700 350 1 350Weeding md 450 1 450 350 1 350 350 2 700Irrigation md 400 20 8000 350 20 7000 350 20 7000Harvesting Contract md 10000 7500 350 23 8050Threshing :Small md

:Combine md 400 2 800 350 2 700 350 2 700Winnowing mdBagging/Transporting md 400 3 1200 350 3 1050 350 3 1050Labour Cost with hired lab. 400 51 30500 350 51 25350 350 73 25550Labour Cost with fam. lab. 400 32 22800 350 26 16600 350 22 15750

Total Cost of Production with hired labour 59771 50272 49730Total Cost of Production with family labour 52071 41522 39930

Net Income with hired labour 12229 29228 13420Net Income with Family labour 19929 37978 23220

Machinery Cost

Paddy: Nachchaduwa Paddy: Thuruwila Paddy: Rajangana

Material Cost


4-11

AG-02 Agricultural AssessmentAG-02-03 Crop BudgetsSample: Paddy Yield Data

Paddy Production Data of Study AreaNachchaduwaMaha Extent ha Prodn t Yield t/ha Yala Extent ha Prodn t Yield t/ha97/98 1998 1472 5741 3.9098/99 2510 11069 4.41 1999 2462 10464 4.2599/00 2510 11320 4.51 2000 2510 10668 4.2500/01 2510 12600 5.02 2001 941 4291 4.5601/02 2510 14985 5.97 2002 992 4276 4.3102/03 2510 11320 4.51 2003 2800 11060 3.9503/04 2800 13496 4.82 2004 12804/05 2800 13776 4.92Total 18150 88566 11305 46498Average 4.88 4.11

RajanganaMaha Extent ha Prodn t Yield t/ha Yala Extent ha Prodn t Yield t/ha97/98 5459 23637 4.33 1998 6280 25748 4.1098/99 6000 28320 4.72 1999 6000 26280 4.3899/00 6000 27000 4.50 2000 5457 23574 4.3200/01 5457 28267 5.18 2001 4080 19339 4.7401/02 5610 27826 4.96 2002 6229 28467 4.5702/03 5610 26479 4.7203/0404/05Total 34136 161530 28046 123408Average 4.73 4.40Source:Nachchaduw a and Rajangana IE Offices, DOI

Paddy Statistics - Major Irrigation Projects Under GAP: Anuradhapura DistrictSeason Project Yld.kg/h Yld bu/ac Std.Error 95% Confidence Limit

(nett) (nett) Lower Upper03/04 Maha Huruluwewa 4,744 501 3,762 5,726

Mahakandarawa 4,014 214 3,595 4,433Mahawilachchiya 4,209 261 3,697 4,720Nachchaduwa 5,986 72 5,844 6,127Nuwarawewa 6,347 54 6,237 6,451Padaviya 5,429 152 5,131 5,725Rajangana 5,780 308 5,175 6,383Tissawewa 6,100 232 5,647 6,555Wahalkada 6,332 523 5,308 7,357

03 Yala Huruluwewa 3,196 62.37 7.44 47.79 76.95Mahakandarawa 4,271 83.34 4.48 74.56 92.12Mahawilachchiya 4,492 87.64 2.44 82.86 92.42Nachchaduwa 4,999 97.55 12.89 72.29 122.81Nuwarawewa 5,368 104.75 8.98 87.15 122.35Padaviya 4,621 90.17 4.12 82.09 98.35Rajangana 4,918 95.96 6.75 82.73 109.19Tissawewa 4,813 93.91 4.87 84.36 103.46Wahalkada 5,171 100.90 8.08 85.06 116.74

05 Yala Rajangana RB 4,585 282 4,033 5,137Rajangana LB 5,563 623 4,344 6,786Nachchaduwa 4,527 249 4,039 5,015Wahalkada 4,286 332 3,634 4,937Padaviya 5,280 71 5,141 5,418Huruluwewa 4,649 6 4,636 4,661Manankattiya 4,148 8 4,133 4,163Nuwarawewa 5,408 427 4,572 6,246

Source: Department of Census and Statistics, DOA


4-12

Paddy production Data in Pilot Area

Scheme FO Season Extent ha Prodn t Av Yld t/hRajangana Sri Udara 04/05Maha 22.7 95.8 4.22

05Yala 22.5 94.5 4.20Nachchaduwa Isuru 04/05Maha 22.8 110.6 4.85

05Yala 24.3 115.6 4.76Thuruwila Mahanama 04/05Maha 26.4 137.3 5.20

05Yala 25.2 136.1 5.40Source: Socio-Economic Survey, JICA Study Team, 2005

Paddy Production Data by Farmer OrganizationsNachchaduwaFO Name

Extent ha Prodn. t Yield t/ha Extent ha Prodn. t Yield t/ha Extent ha Prodn. t Yield t/haSenasamagi 164 674 4.1 164 590 3.60 164 337 2.1Mahasen 200 871 4.4 158 567 3.60 200 264 1.3Parakumba 144 517 3.6 144 517 3.60 144 516 3.6Navoda 80 288 3.6 80 288 3.60 80 209 2.6Ranketha 234 958 4.1 219 1013 4.60 234 227 1FO: 26/27 204 838 4.1 204 732 3.60 200 0 0Ruwanveli 230 1178 5.1 216 868 4.00 230 222 1Tissa 250 1026 4.1 180 462 2.60 250 0 0Eksath 159 641 4 159 641 4.00 159 640 4Isuru 141 543 3.9 141 435 3.10 141 543 3.9Ranamaura 148 608 4.1 113 406 3.60 148 374 2.5Gemunu 297 989 3.3 190 710 3.70 259 1064 4.1Wijaya 96 543 5.7 96 494 5.10 96 494 5.1

2347 9674 4.1 1900 7723 4.10 2305 4890 2.1RajanganaFO Name

Extent ha Prodn. t Yield t/ha Extent ha Prodn. t Yield t/ha Extent ha Prodn. t Yield t/haSri Udara 139 666 4.8 139 713 5.10 139 773 5.6Parakum 195 498 2.6 194 897 4.60 194 996 5.1Sadagala 149 537 3.6 149 572 3.80 149 610 4.1Saliyagama 156 801 5.1 134 689 5.10 134 659 4.9Mahasen 159 779 4.9 159 783 4.90 159 721 4.5Wijaya 165 633 3.8 165 676 4.10 165 591 3.6

963 3914 4.1 940 4330 4.60 940 4350 4.6Source: Survey of FOs, JICA Study Team

Paddy Production and Yield /haAnuradhapura District Kurunegala District Polonnaruwa District

Season Production Av. Yield Production Av. Yield Production Av. Yield000' mt kg 000' mt kg 000' mt kg

Maha 2000/2001 146 4474 160 3601 17 3561Yala 2001 207 4873 82 3101 20 3423Maha 2001/2002 198 4627 196 3521 21 3314Yala 2002 40 4190 165 3207 28 3225Maha 2002/2003 219 4341 227 3520 40 3108Yala 2003 68 3891 170 3170 29 3224Source: Statistical Abstract - 2004, Department of Census and Statistics

03/04 Maha

02/03 Maha 03/04 Maha 04 Yala

02/03 Maha 03 Yala


4-13

Sample 2: Proposed Crop Budgets With Project ConditionCrop UnitDescription Rate Qty Val.Rs. Rate Qty Val.Rs. Rate Qty Val.Rs. Rate Qty Val.Rs. Rate Qty Val.Rs. Rate Qty Val.Rs. Rate Qty Val.Rs. Rate Qty Val.Rs. Rate Qty Val.Rs.Yield kg 5500 6000 5200 20000 17000 20000 6500 40000 15000Price Rs/kg 15 15 15 20 20 14 17.5 10 25

Gross Revenue 82500 90000 78000 400000 340000 280000 113750 400000 375000Cost of Production

Planting MaterialsSeeds kg 28 100 2800 28 100 2800 28 100 2800 4000 6 24000 4000 0.35 1400 3000 1 3000 300 5 1500 33700 0.25 8425Suckers 30 1300 39000

Nursery Management sum 2000 3000Ferti lizer

Urea kg 11 260 2860 11 260 2860 11 260 2860 11 225 2475 11 225 2475 11 225 2475 11 250 2750 11 330 3630 11 810 8910TSP kg 34 90 3060 34 90 3060 34 90 3060 34 200 6800 34 325 11050 34 200 6800 34 120 4080 34 275 9350 34 540 18360MOP kg 32 75 2400 32 75 2400 32 75 2400 32 180 5760 32 170 5440 32 180 5760 32 75 2400 32 150 4800 32 1350 43200Zinc Sulphate kg 80 5 400 80 5 400 80 5 400Cowdung kg 1 5000 5000 1 2000 2000 1 2000 2000 1 5000 5000 1 5000 5000Green Manure kg 1 2500 2500 1 2500 2500Husk Charcoal kg 0.5 750 375 0.5 750 375 0.5 750 375 0.5 1000 500 0.5 1000 500 0.5 1000 500Paddy Straw kg 5000 0 5000 0 5000 0 0.5 5000 2500 0.5 5000 2500 0.5 5000 0.5 5000 2500 0.5 5000 2500 0.5 5000 2500

PesticidesWeedicides kg/l 520 6.5 3380 520 4 2080 500 4 2000 500 4 2000 500 4 2000 500 4 2000 500 4 2000 500 4 2000 500 10 5000Insecticides kg/l 520 2.5 1300 570 3 1710 550 3 1650 4500 2 9000 600 3 1800 600 4 2400 1500 6 9000Fungicides kg/l 1000 6 6000

Other MaterialsTrell ising sum 20000Bags 1000 1200 1000 20 500 10000 20 400 8000 20 75 1500 20 800 16000Material Cost 17575 16885 16545 90535 39165 24435 16730 72705 121970

Machinery2W Tractor times 3543 2 7086 3106 2 6212 3075 2 6150 3500 2 7000 3500 2 7000 3500 1 3500 3500 1 3500 3500 2 7000 2500 1 25004W Tractor timesBack-hoe timesHand Sprayer timesSmall Thesher timesCombine Thresher times 6250 1 6250 6250 1 6250 6000 1 6000Transport sum 500 500 500 20000 17000 20000 40000 15000Machinery Cost 13836 12962 12650 27000 24000 23500 3500 47000 17500

LabourLand Preparation md 400 11 4400 350 13 4550 350 10 3500 400 37 14800 400 35 14000 400 35 14000 400 25 10000 400 55 22000 400 65 26000OM Addition md 400 1 400 350 1 350 350 1 350 400 4 1600 400 4 1600 400 4 1600Seed Preparation mdSowing/Planting md 400 10 4000 350 10 3500 350 11 3850 350 10 3500 400 15 6000 350 8 2800 350 15 5250 350 15 5250 400 20 8000Trell ising md 350 25 8750Ferti lizing md 400 3 1200 350 3 1050 350 3 1050 350 48 16800 350 64 22400 350 22 7700 350 20 7000 350 64 22400 400 36 14400Spraying md 400 1 400 350 1 350 350 1 350 450 40 18000 450 30 13500 400 400 2 800Weeding md 400 1 400 350 1 350 350 1 350 350 60 21000 350 60 21000 350 30 10500 350 15 5250 350 60 21000 350 48 16800Irrigation md 400 20 8000 350 20 7000 350 20 7000 350 20 7000 350 20 7000 350 12 4200 350 6 2100 350 20 7000 350 72 25200Harvesting Contract md 10000 350 1 7500 8000 300 54 16200 350 48 16800 350 30 10500 350 10 3500 350 30 10500 400 25 10000Threshing :Small md 350 8 2800

:Combine md 350 2 700Winnowing mdBagging/Transporting md 400 4 1600 350 2 700 350 3 1050 400 30 12000 400 22 8800 350 20 7000 350 8 2800 350 20 7000 400 20 8000Labour Cost with hired lab . 400 51 30400 350 52 25350 350 52 26200 350 328 119650 350 298 1E+05 350 157 56700 350 107 107 38700 350 268 96750 400 288 109200Labour Cost with fam. lab. 400 34 23600 350 27 16950 350 22 15700 350 298 104300 350 268 93800 350 127 44450 350 77 26950 350 238 83300 400 258 103200

Total Cost of Production with hired labour 61811 55197 55395 237185 174265 104635 58930 216455 248670Total Cost of Production with family labour 55011 46797 44895 221835 156965 92385 47180 203005 242670

Net Income with hired labour 20689 34803 22605 162815 165735 175365 54820 183545 126330Net Income with Family labour 27489 43203 33105 178165 183035 187615 66570 196995 132330

BananaCabbageMaizeSweet PumpkinEggplantBitter GourdPaddy: Nachchaduwa Paddy: Thuruwila Paddy: Rajangana


4-14


AG-02-04 Survey of Agricultural Staff on Field Constraints

Purpose To identify the constraints faced by the agricultural field staff in carrying out their assigned duties in order that the issues could be addressed in future planning.

Working

Group

AD Agriculture Agricultural Instructor (AI) Resident Project Manager (IMD) Irrigation Assistant DO (ASC)

Output Report presenting the constraints of the AIs in carrying out their assigned duties

Work

Procedure

(1) Method of data collection: A simple questionnaire method could be applied, where a short questionnaire on the information required is handed over to the officer to complete. This can be done at a regular meeting time, e.g., the monthly progress meeting of the AIs where the questionnaires are distributed after a short briefing.

(2) Administration of the questionnaire: A senior officer from the working group, who could provide clarifications when required, should be made responsible to take charge of the survey.

(3) Presentation: The data collected could be analyzed and presented in tabular form indication the priorities according to the responses.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Stationery

FORMATS FORM-16 (Sample form of a

questionnaire) See in the next page (sample of data)

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Final Report Chapter 4 Agriculture ⇒ Annex-B Agriculture


4-15

AG-02 Agricultural AssessmentAG-02-04 Survey of Agricultural Staff on Constraints

Sample Training of Agricultural Instructors 2004/05

SubjectNo.Trained Period (d) % Trained No.Trained Period (d) % Trained

Micro-irrigation 7 5 53.85 1 5 7.69Integrated Pest Management 10 1 - 3 76.92 12 1 - 3 92.31Water Management 1 2 7.69Village Development 2 2 15.38Cyber Extension 1 5 7.69Granary Area Program 1 5 7.69IPM Vegetables 1 5 7.69No Training 2 15.38 1 7.69Source: Survey of Officers AIs. JICA Study Team

Training Needs Identified by Agricultural Instructors

Subject No of Resp % Subject No of Resp %Computer Training 10 15.87 Landscaping 8 12.70IPM 7 11.11 Bee Keeping 7 11.11Micro-irrigation 5 7.94 Farm Machinery 5 7.94Floriculture 4 6.35 Water Management 4 6.35Extn. Methodology 3 4.76 Tissue Culture 3 4.76OFC Agronomy 2 3.17 Marketing 1 1.59Horticulture 1 1.59 Food Processing 1 1.59Farm Management 1 1.59 Project Planning 1 1.59Source: Survey of Officers AIs. JICA Study Team

Constraints in Carrying out Duties Identified by Agricultural Instructors

ConstraintNo of Resp % No of Resp % No of Resp %

Time lost due to tansport problem 3 16.67 7 15.91 10 16.13Poor farmer participation in training 3 16.67 6 13.64 9 14.52Difficult to coordinate marketing 3 16.67 2 4.55 5 8.06Delayed transfer of technologies 3 16.67 1 2.27 4 6.45Lack of modern teaching aids 4 22.22 6 13.64 10 16.13Insufficient travelling allowance 1 5.56 9 20.45 10 16.13Lack of bi-weekly training 1 5.56 0 0.00 1 1.61Performance not assessed 0 0.00 1 2.27 1 1.61No regular in-service training 0 0.00 1 2.27 1 1.61Poor extension planning 0 0.00 2 4.55 2 3.23Lack of residential facilities 0 0.00 3 6.82 3 4.84No training on other related areas 0 0.00 4 9.09 4 6.45Poor road conditions 0 0.00 2 4.55 2 3.23Source: Survey of Officers AIs. JICA Study Team

Constraints of Farmers Identified by Agricultural Instructors

ConstraintNo of Resp % No of Resp % No of Resp %

Shortage of water 2 7.69 0 0.00 2 2.70Poor irrigation system 4 15.38 4 8.33 8 10.81Poor water management 4 15.38 2 4.17 6 8.11No field ownership 3 11.54 0 0.00 3 4.05Marketing problems 4 15.38 8 16.67 12 16.22Shortage of good quality seeds 4 15.38 10 20.83 14 18.92Legal issues on growing OFCs 3 11.54 0 0.00 3 4.05Shortage of agric. machinery 1 3.85 0 0.00 1 1.35Lack of unity 1 3.85 1 2.08 2 2.70Poor marketing strategies 0 0.00 2 4.17 2 2.70High labour wages 0 0.00 1 2.08 1 1.35High cost of pesticides 0 0.00 1 2.08 1 1.35High cost of OFC seeds 0 0.00 1 2.08 1 1.35High cost of farm equipment 0 0.00 1 2.08 1 1.35Poor transport facilities 0 0.00 8 16.67 8 10.81Poor maintenance of pumps (Lift) 0 0.00 1 2.08 1 1.35Lack of standards for inputs 0 0.00 1 2.08 1 1.35Ineffective agrarian services 0 0.00 1 2.08 1 1.35Financial problems 0 0.00 5 10.42 5 6.76Unidentified diseases 0 0.00 1 2.08 1 1.35Source: Survey of Officers AIs. JICA Study Team

Nachchaduwa Rajangana Study area

2004 2004

Nachchaduwa Rajangana Study area


4-16

AG-03 Improvement Direction

AG-03-01 Problems and Approaches

Purpose To identify the problems and development approaches to be applied in the agriculture sector for improvement of the present conditions and maximization of farm income.

Working

Group

AD Agriculture Irrigation Engineer Sector AO/SMOs Agricultural Instructor (AI) Resident Project Manager (IMD) Irrigation Assistant DO (ASC) ARPAs Farmer Organization

Output Capacity development approach for the agriculture sector based on the analysis of problems and causes

Work

Procedure

(1) Method of data collection: Data and information on problems and issues is a pre-requisite for formulation of the approaches for development. Primary data needed should be collected through a series of studies covering socio-economic and agricultural situation and supplemented by PCM workshops with the participation of stakeholders at all levels. Sample survey by questionnaire method, Participatory Rural Appraisals by administering semi-structured interviews to individuals, key informants, groups and focus groups can be applied for this purpose. The basic work procedures of some of these techniques are presented in AG-01-01, and AG-02-01

(2) Study: A senior officer from the working group should be appointed for the purpose.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS

FORMATS Refer AP-01-01

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Final Report Chapter 4 Agriculture ⇒ Annex-C Irrigation O&M and Water Management


4-17

Sample 1: Problems & Issues and Approaches for Agricultural Improvement Category Problems & Issues Approaches

1. Paddy

1.1Low

Productivity

1.2.High Cost

of Production

2. Weak

Agricultural

Extension

1. Low sustainability of yield

levels achieved in field

demonstrations

2.Low adoption of

recommended practices

1. High cost of labour due to

shortage

2. High cost of fertilizers and

agrochemicals

1.Extension efforts not

sustained at field level

after demonstrations

2. Poor participation of

farmers at training sessions

1. Empowerment of FOs to improve access to inputs,

credit and machinery through capacity

development

2. Tract demonstrations with farmer training for

adoption of DOA recommended package on

cropping practices

3. Facilitation for establishment of seed farms for

production of certified seed paddy and self-seed

production of secondary seeds through FOs and

FCGs’

4. Minimizing post harvest field losses and improving

the paddy quality

1. Facilitation to organize private sector and banks

for mechanization of farm operations

2. Facilitation of ‘Attam’ labour exchange system

where applicable

3. Facilitation for FOs for bulk purchase of inputs,

particularly agrochemicals and fertilizers, as

means of cost reduction

4. Facilitation for adoption of Integrated Pest

Management practices as means of preventing

wasteful use of agrochemicals while maintaining

environmental safety

1. Capacity development of the officials on

follow-up, monitoring & evaluation on extension

programs implemented in the field

2. Re-commencing pre-seasonal training on a

regular basis at relevant In-service Training

Institutes

3. Capacity development of the extension staff on

communication and extension methodology

4. Capacity development of the extension agent to

play the role of farmer facilitator.


4-18

3. Crop

Diversification

4. Off Farm

Income

1. Unstable crop yields and

market

1. Poor coordination among

organizations involved in

promoting off farm income

generating activities

1. Facilitation for selection of crops and crop

varieties that are adapted to the climatic

conditions of the area

2. Facilitation for selection of lands that are

suitable for diversification

3. Facilitation to work out economies of

diversification based on profitability,

production costs and marketability

1. Facilitation for participation of representatives

of all such organizations in PMC meetings

conducted by IMD in order to formulate

integrated development strategies.

Chapter 5


5-1

M-01 Basic Data Collection M-01-01 National level basic data collection

Purpose To acquire information on government policy on marketing of agricultural products, crop diversification, rates of import tariffs, etc. so as to understand the general circumstances of the agricultural sector.

Working

Group

Irrigation Department (ID) Head Office Department of Agriculture (DOA) Head Office Provincial Government Office

Output List of Import of Agricultural Commodities List of Export of Agricultural Commodities Rates of Import Tariffs National Production of Agricultural Commodities by each provinces Relative prices of Rice Price Fluctuation of Agricultural Commodities Agricultural Credit Schemes

Work

Procedure

(1) Data collection: Necessary data should be collected at various institutes such as Department of Customs, HARTI (Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training), BOC (Bank Of Ceylon), CBSL (Central Bank of Sri Lanka), NSB (National Saving Bank), Department of Census and Statistics, CRCS (Comprehensive Rural Credit Scheme), FAO (United Nation Food and agriculture Organization) and various Webb-sites through Internet Service.

(2) Study Team members: Team members should be appointed from Working Group for the purpose.

(3) Analysis of data and identification of the background and long-term trend, etc. for the Project.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Secondary data and information

FORMATS

Tips

(1) A huge amount of information is available from websites nowadays. Utilization of the Internet in an

intelligent manner will enable access to accurate and updated data.

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Final Report Chapter 2, National and Regional Background

⇒ Annex D Marketing Aspect, Chapter 1, 1.2 Macro-level Market Information


5-2

Samples of data collected and analyzed

Sample 1: Rice production, Imports and Consumption Year ①Production*

(‘000ton) ②Imports (‘000ton)

③Import ratio (②/①) %

④Consumption (‘000ton)

1994 1,745 58 3.3 1,709 1995 1,826 9 0.5 1,728 1996 1,340 341 25.4 1,749 1997 1,455 306 21.0 1,770 1998 1,750 167 9.5 1,794 1999 1,856 214 11.5 1,821 2000 1,859 14 0.7 1,847 2001 1,751 51 2.9 1,873 2002 1,859 95 5.1 1,901 2003 1,996 28 1.4 1,925 2004 1,717 314 18.3 NA

Note: * Production figures are of milled rice calculated as 65% of paddy production. Source: Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute)

Sample 2: Imports of Agricultural Commodities (unit: metric ton)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Maize 123,112 157,402 94,595 136,698 148,866Green gram 6,767 8,717 7,121 8,200 12,700Black gram 7,332 7,891 6,939 7,597 NAChilies (dried) 23,364 25,898 25,337 27,686 24,323Kurakkan (millet) 552 816 1,134 610 1,829

Source: Department of Census and Statistic

Sample 3: Rates of Import tariff imposed on Selected Agricultural Commodities Tariff (%)

Products 1986/88 1994 1996 1998-2005 Rice Maize Potato Red Onions B Onions Green gram Black gram Dried Chilies

25 5

100 5 5 5 5 5

35 or Rs 7/kg 45

35 or Rs12/kg 35 or Rs 9/kg 35 or Rs 9/kg 35 or Rs10/kg 35 or Rs10/kg 35 or Rs20/kg

35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35

35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35

Source: Sri Lanka Custom Notifications, Department of Customs, (1986/88; 1996; 1998), Report of the Presidential Commission on Tariff and Trade- 1994.

Sample 4: Relative Rice Prices

Ratio (Rice price/input prices, consumers prices) 1982 1992 2002 Rice / Fertilizer (Rs/kg) 1.37 0.70 0.78 Rice / Labor charges (Rs/hour) 0.80 0.69 0.45 Rice / Kerosene oil 0.81 0.89 0.66


5-3

M-01 Basic Data Collection M-01-02 Provincial level basic data collection

Purpose To acquire information on agricultural production, marketable surplus, and pricefluctuations at the provincial level so as to understand the general circumstances of the agricultural sector in the province.

Working

Group

Irrigation Engineer (IE) Agricultural Instructor (AI) Resident Project Manager (RPM) Farmers’ Organization (FO) Development Officer (DO) at Agrarian Service Center (ASC) Department of Census and Statistics Development Assistance (DA)

Output Production and marketable surplus of Agricultural Products, Average Monthly Price Fluctuation, etc.

Work

Procedure

(1) Data Collection: Necessary data should be collected at various institutions such as District Offices, Department of Census and Statistics, Agrarian Service Center Offices and etc.

(2) Study Team member: Team member should be appointed from Working Group for the purpose.

(3) Analysis of data and identification of the background and long-term trends, etc. for project planning and/or implementation.

(4) Collected data and information should be owned jointly among the target group.Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Various data and information

FORMATS

Tips

(1) In order to analyze the overall situation, collection of various information from multiple sources and

comprehensive analysis are important.

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Final Report Chapter 3, Present Condition of the Study Areas, 3.5 Marketing Aspect

⇒ Annex D Marketing


5-4

Sample 1: Productions and Marketable Surplus of Paddy in the Study Areas in Maha, 2004/2005

Total production (MT) in Maha

2004 /2005

Save for seed Payment for labor Self-consumption and other use

Marketable surplus (MT)

Crop

Nachch Raja Nachch Raja Nachch Raja Nachch Raja Nachch Raja Paddy 13,397 25,705 7% 5% 12% 10% 26% 20% 55%

(7,370) 65%

(16,700)Note: Nachch=Nachchaduwa, Raja=Rajangana

Source: Department of Census and Statistics, Anuradhapura, District Agriculture Office, Anuradhapura and Agrarian

Service Center Office, Rajangana.

Sample2: Average Monthly Producers’ Prices Table Average Monthly Producer price of Paddy in

Sri Lanka 2000-2004 (Unit Price:Rs/Kg)

Table Average Monthly Producer price of Paddy in

Anuradhapura district 2000-2004

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Aver 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Aver

Jan 12.10 12.72 15.02 14.32 14.45 13.72 Jan 12.25 12.19 14.44 15.26 15.32 13.89

Feb 10.67 12.10 14.86 12.86 14.04 12.91 Feb 10.93 12.26 13.38 11.15 14.79 12.50

Mar 10.25 12.21 13.18 12.08 13.63 12.27 Mar 7.94 11.98 12.38 11.08 13.23 11.32

Apr 10.77 12.12 13.17 12.08 14.40 12.51 Apr 10.83 10.75 12.71 10.95 11.88 11.42

May 10.54 11.52 13.45 12.14 14.97 12.52 May 9.54 11.68 13.02 10.45 13.64 11.67

Jun 10.57 12.28 13.67 12.42 15.01 12.79 Jun 10.50 11.53 12.76 12.05 14.14 12.20

Jul 11.09 12.32 13.22 12.45 16.10 13.04 Jul 10.43 12.09 12.25 11.01 15.23 12.20

Aug 11.64 12.49 12.82 12.08 16.03 13.01 Aug 12.75 12.24 12.54 10.71 15.80 12.81

Sep 10.66 12.17 13.46 11.85 16.92 13.01 Sep 10.06 11.77 11.99 10.87 18.01 12.54

Oct 10.32 12.73 13.84 12.05 16.87 13.16 Oct 10.48 12.49 12.25 11.42 15.47 12.42

Nov 11.51 13.36 13.76 13.06 18.05 13.95 Nov 10.38 12.24 13.65 13.37 15.25 12.98

Dec 12.68 13.66 14.28 14.02 17.85 14.50 Dec 11.59 12.88 15.00 14.10 16.30 13.97

Ave. 11.08 12.47 13.76 12.60 15.66 13.11 Ave. 10.64 12.01 13.03 11.87 14.92 12.49

Sources :Department of Census and Statistics Sources :Department of Census and Statistics

Sample 3: Average Monthly Paddy Price Fluctuation


5-5

Sample 4: Paddy Production and price fluctuation in Anuradhapura Province.

Table1.2 Average Monthly Producer price of Paddyin Sri Lanka 1995-2004 (Unit Price:Rs/Kg)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Aver

January 8.45 8.22 11.27 12.48 11.84 12.10 12.72 15.02 14.32 14.45 12.09

February 8.07 8.49 10.59 10.02 12.66 10.67 12.10 14.86 12.86 14.04 11.44

March 7.38 8.14 10.06 9.98 12.50 10.25 12.21 13.18 12.08 13.63 10.94

April 7.44 8.54 10.08 9.74 12.59 10.77 12.12 13.17 12.08 14.40 11.09

May 7.78 8.79 10.11 9.99 12.90 10.54 11.52 13.45 12.14 14.97 11.22

June 7.95 9.59 10.13 10.32 12.90 10.57 12.28 13.67 12.42 15.01 11.48

July 8.20 10.16 10.41 10.21 13.09 11.09 12.32 13.22 12.45 16.10 11.73

August 7.33 10.60 10.83 9.90 12.80 11.64 12.49 12.82 12.08 16.03 11.65

September 7.83 11.08 10.97 9.60 12.40 10.66 12.17 13.46 11.85 16.92 11.69

Table 1.1 Extent cultivated & Production of Paddy in October 7.42 10.99 11.46 9.97 12.77 10.32 12.73 13.84 12.05 16.87 11.84

Anuradhapura district as compare to Sri Lanka November 7.85 11.59 12.03 10.61 12.60 11.51 13.36 13.76 13.06 18.05 12.44

Season/Year December 8.18 11.84 11.96 11.12 12.83 12.68 13.66 14.28 14.02 17.85 12.84

Extent Production Extent Production Annu Aver 7.83 9.95 10.80 10.25 12.66 11.08 12.47 13.76 12.60 15.66 11.71

Cultivated Cultivated Sources :Department of Census and Statistics

(hectares) (1000 MT) (hectares) (1000 MT) Table1.3 Average Monthly Producer price of Paddy2000 Maha 549246 1781 56543 192 in Anuradhapura district 1995-2004 (Unit Price:Rs/Kg)2000 Yala 328748 1079 21213 68

Total 877994 2860 77756 260 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Aver

2001 Maha 478986 1613 40799 146 January 7.00 8.42 9.98 12.02 11.60 12.25 12.19 14.44 15.26 15.32 11.85

2001 Yala 319273 1082 17507 62 February 6.60 7.52 8.78 9.37 12.27 10.93 12.26 13.38 11.15 14.79 10.71

Total 798259 2695 58306 208 March 6.75 7.73 9.42 9.11 12.39 7.94 11.98 12.38 11.08 13.23 10.20

2002 Maha 510403 1774 47191 164 April 6.46 7.87 9.41 8.92 10.25 10.83 10.75 12.71 10.95 11.88 10.00

2002 Yala 342126 1086 12347 40 May 7.46 7.98 10.30 10.67 12.58 9.54 11.68 13.02 10.45 13.64 10.73

Total 852529 2860 59538 204 June 6.98 8.70 10.25 10.16 11.62 10.50 11.53 12.76 12.05 14.14 10.87

2003 Maha 601584 1895 66055 219 July 7.12 10.05 10.67 10.64 11.91 10.43 12.09 12.25 11.01 15.23 11.14

2003 Yala 381033 1177 23570 68 August 6.78 10.39 10.79 10.55 12.07 12.75 12.24 12.54 10.71 15.80 11.46

Total 982617 3072 89625 287 September 6.81 11.89 10.54 10.10 12.25 10.06 11.77 11.99 10.87 18.01 11.43

2004 Maha 520662 1670 39098 102 October 6.63 10.08 11.66 10.19 12.23 10.48 12.49 12.25 11.42 15.47 11.29

2004 Yala 257887 939 3088 10 November 7.00 11.59 12.09 10.70 12.38 10.38 12.24 13.65 13.37 15.25 11.87

Total 778549 2609 42186 112 December 7.30 10.85 12.04 11.34 12.55 11.59 12.88 15.00 14.10 16.30 12.40

Average Maha 532176 1747 49937 165 Annu Aver 6.91 9.42 10.49 10.31 12.01 10.64 12.01 13.03 11.87 14.92 11.16

Yala 325813 1073 15545 50 Sources :Department of Census and Statistics

Annual 857990 2819 65482 214

Sources :Department of Census and Statistics

Sri Lanka Anuradhapura

Average annual extent cultivated of Paddy 2000-2004(Hectares)

857989.6

65482.2


Average annual production of Paddy2000-2004(1000MT)

2819.2

214.2


Average monthly retail prices of Samba grade 2 (Rs/Kg) 1995-2004

25.0026.0027.0028.0029.0030.0031.0032.0033.0034.00



Average monthly retail price of country Rice Par-Boile(Rs/Kg) 2000-2004

20.00

21.0022.0023.00

24.0025.00

26.0027.0028.00

29.00



Average monthly producer prices of Paddy (Rs/Kg)1995 -2004

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0




5-6

M-02 Paddy/Rice M-02-01 Paddy/Rice Marketing

Purpose To undertake intensive study of paddy and rice marketing routes for the maximization of farmer benefits. Problems and issues should be identified for the actions to be taken by the officials and farmers.

Working

Group


Output Paddy/Rice Marketing Flow and its volume

Work

Procedure

(1) Questionnaire: the Target Group in consultation with other relevant institutions should prepare a questionnaire for the assessment. (A sample questionnaire is attached [FORM M-01] for reference.


(3) Survey: Questionnaire survey should be conducted by PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) with farmer leaders. Additional interview survey at random to stakeholders such as Farmers, Commercial Rice Mills, Village Rice Mills (Custom Mill), Collectors/Middlemen, Mudarali, Wholesalers and Retailers.

(4) Data Compilation: Collected data through the survey should be compiled and summarized by the Study Team.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS FORMATS FORM-17 (Sample Technical

Specification and Questionnaire

Tips

(1) Not only the Marketing Flow of agricultural commodities, but also the volume of each flow is useful

to grasp the real Marketing Flow in the target area.

FURTHER INFORMATION


⇒ Annex D Marketing⇒ Final Report


5-7

Sample 1: Marketing Flow of Paddy/Rice and its volume

95% 5%

10% 25% 60%

Paddy

20% 90% 10%

95% 5%

95% 5%

Private Sector Government Sector

Commercial Mills locate in Anuradhapura and Maradagahamula

Government Stores/ mills and processing units in

Anuradhapura

Retailers

Consumers Institutional consumers

Farmers Commercial Farmers

Small Producers/ Farmers

Outside traders Village collectors Rice millers Coop.

CWE (Coop. Wholesalers

Establishment)

95%

5% 50%

30%

Local Mills

80% 20%

Wholesalers


5-8

M-02 Paddy/Rice M-02-02 Price Formulation

Purpose To undertake intensive study of price formulation system in paddy and rice marketing for the maximization of farmer benefits. Problems and issues should be identified for actions to be taken by the officials and farmers.

Working

Group


Output Price Formulation from farm-gate to retailer. Several varieties and parboiled and

raw rice should be included for comparison.

Work

Procedure



(3) Survey: The questionnaire survey should be conducted by PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) with farmer leaders. Additional interview survey at random to stakeholders such as Farmers, Commercial Rice Mills, Village Rice Mills (Custom Mill), Collectors/Middlemen, Mudarali, Wholesalers and Retailers.


Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Questionnaire (M-01)

FORMATS

Tips

(1) It is very difficult to obtain accurate information on price formulation from the stakeholders;

consideration and analysis from every possible angle are necessary.

FURTHER INFORMATION




5-9

Sample 1: Study result of Price Formulation

Samba (Rs/kg) Nadu (Rs/kg)

Paddy prices; Farmers’ selling price to Mudarali

11.0~12.0 10.0~11.0

Paddy prices; Rice millers buying price including collectors’ margin & trans. cost

14.0~17.0 13.0~14.5

Milling cost and margin 9.0~12.0 9.0~12.0 Rice prices; Ex-Rice mill 23.0~29.0 22.0~26.5 Wholesalers’ buying prices including transport and handling cost

25.0~31.0 24.0~28.5

Wholesale price 37.0~41.0 28.0~30.0 Wholesalers’ margin 10.0~12.0 2.0~4.0 Wholesalers’ margin (%) 25~30 % 10~15 % Retailers’ buying prices including transport cost

39.0~42.0 29.0~31.0

Consumers’ prices in Colombo 43.0~46.0 33.0~34.0

Retailers’ margin Approx. 10% Approx. 10%

Source: Study team basing on price level of March 2006 in Anuradhapura for paddy and in Colombo for rice.


5-10

M-02 Paddy/Rice M-02-03 Issues and Approaches

Purpose To undertake intensive study of Problems/Issues and Approaches to be taken in Marketing and Price Formulation in Paddy/Rice to improve the situation for the maximization of farmer benefits. Through analysis of problems and issues, the approach to be taken should be identified.

Working

Group

Irrigation Engineer (IE) Agricultural Instructor (AI) Resident Project Manager (RPM) Development Officer (DO) at Agrarian Service Center (ASC) Department of Census and Statistics Development Assistance (DA) Farmers’ Organization (FO)

Output Capacity development approach for marketing sector Proposed lists of Approach to be taken

Work

Procedure



(3) Survey: Questionnaire survey should be conducted by PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) with farmer leaders. Additional interview survey at random to stakeholders such as Farmers, Commercial Rice Mills, Village Rice Mills (Custom Mill), Collectors/Middlemen, Mudarali, Wholesalers and Retailers.

(4) Project Cycle Management (PCM) Workshop: PCM should be held to identify Problems, Objectives, Alternatives and Project Design Matrix should be discussed and concluded by participants (See Manual C-01).

Necessary

Materials and

Sample Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS FORMATS Refer AP-01-01

Tips

(1) Problems and Issues can be obtained through the intensive questionnaire survey, but the approach

and activities to be taken require broad and comprehensive research, knowledge and experience.

PCM workshop and group discussion including brainstorming among the study team and working

group is useful.

FURTHER INFORMATION




5-11

Sample 1: Problems/Issues and Approaches for Paddy/Rice Marketing

Category Problems and Issues Approaches

Paddy General and Common Points 1. Many farmers sell

paddy at low price for settlement of credit

2.Shortage of paddy

storage 3. No market available for

paddy and rice 4. Inactive group

marketing for stronger bargaining power by farmers

5. Poor quality control of

paddy 6. Insufficient paddy

purchased by government

7. Deterioration of Feeder

roads.

1. Improve the situation by farmers’ own efforts and

outside support . 2.Construct storages and capacity building for operation

and management of those storages. 2.1 Multipurpose storage for Agrarian Service Center for

storing paddy/fertilizer/etc. 2.2 Multipurpose storage for Farmers group (FO) for

storing paddy, paddy seed, other grain and salable resources like coconuts fibers. (Participatory construction approach will enforce farmers’ ownership)

3. Study the setting up of an Open Paddy/Rice Market

(OPM) for necessity and effectiveness in increasing farmers’ income.

3.1 Arrange study tour to Thailand where OPM is effectively functioning for the benefit of farmers, rice millers and collectors/middlemen.

3.2 Apply to donor agencies including JICA to conduct feasibility study.

3.3 Introduce auction system for paddy sales by farmer groups to rice millers/brokers

4. Facilitation of farmers group for collective activities 4.1 Capacity building of government officers for the

facilitation of group activity to farmers. 4.2 Extension of awareness training of the benefits by

group activities to farmers. 4.3 Training of management skills for group activity. 5. Improve post harvest-processing technologies of farmer.5.1 Extension of post-harvest technologies 5.2 Awareness training to farmers, rice millers and

middlemen for the benefits of high quality paddy. 6.1 Approach government to increase the budget 6.2 Approach local ASC to increase purchasing and storage

capability. 7. Planning of road maintenance and its execution. 7.1 Increase government budgets. 7.2 Communal repair works


5-12

Category Problems and Issues Approaches

Particular Situation in Rajangana Major Scheme 1. Selling price of paddy is

low due to limited direct access to rice mills.

2.Number of commercial

rice mills is low.

1.1 Direct sale to large-scale rice millers at better price

through bulking and quality control of paddy. 1.2 Awareness training to farmers for the benefits of

bulking and collective sales. 1.3Construct paddy storage and quality control training

and machine input. (Participatory construction approach will enforce farmers enrollment in the scheme)

1.4 Facilitation of farmers’ group activity by government agencies.

2. Create incentives to facilitate the commercial sector to invest in new commercial rice mills.

Sample 2: Capacity Development Approach and Activities for Marketing of Paddy/Rice

Problem Cause

Selling paddyimmediately afterharvesting at low price

Debt in cultivationloan

Limited storage facilityfor paddy

No opern paddy/ricemarketBrokers playing

mediator role in paddymarket

Low quality of paddy

Limited purchase bythe Government

No much significantquality factor

・Government budget allocation・No consolidated policy of national paddy purchase and stockpile for the emergency

Poor group activityresulting lowerbargaining power offarmers

ApproachActivities(Projects)

Improvement ofFinancial condition

Construct multi-purpose storage &working space for FG

・Establishment of Open Paddy/Rice Market (OPM)・Improve post-harvest handling practice through OPM・Paddy quality standard & its dissemination to stakeholders

Central Gov.

Activation of groupactivities in themarketing

・Money　Saving　Activity・Women's Bank・Micro Credit

・Storage planning for Gov. assets・Tech. Corp. through partitipately approach (Community Contract)

・Study tour to Thailand・Pilot project by Tech. Corp.・Paddy quality standarization・Study on auction system for paddy

In addition toStorage/working spaceconstruction, pilotprojects should beintroduced in:・Pilot project on paddy bulking・Pilot project on OFC bulking・Maize sheller renting & bulking


5-13

M-02 Paddy/Rice M-02-04 Rice Processing and Marketing

Purpose To increase value adding activity to generate income for farmers

Working

Group

Irrigation Engineer (IE) Agricultural Instructor (AI) Resident Project Manager (RPM) Development Officer (DO) at Agrarian Service Center (ASC) Department of Census and Statistics Development Assistance (DA) Farmers’ Organization (FO) Farmers’ Group

Output Plan of promotion of Rice Processing Village or Cottage Rice Mill

Work

Procedure

(1) Identification of villages/farmers groups who wish to start rice-milling activity. (2) Study Team Members: Team members should be appointed from Working

Group. (3) Feasibility Study by the study team

Following information should be collected and feasibility study should be made by the team: ① Milled rice market, price, quality and quantity ② Milling technology and equipment available ③ Investment plan ④ Financial plan/loan and repayment plan ⑤ Operation and maintenance plan ⑥ Management and accounting plan

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Feasibility study

FORMATS

Tips

(1) Feasibility study requires not only an investment and operation plan, but also an acquisition plan for

the market, which is very important for the project to be successful.

FURTHER INFORMATION




5-14

Sample 1: Feasibility Study of Cottage Rice Mill Condition

1. Annual Processing Amount of Paddy 40MT/year (planned); 380kg/day x 3days/week x

4weeks/month x 12months/year

2. Cost of Paddy Rs15.0/kg

3. Milling Recovery 70%

4. Milled Rice Price (sales price) Rs30.0/kg

5. Depreciation period 6 years for machines, no reserves for cottage

Investment Plan Description Units Price Remarks

1. Parboiling facility (Soaking vessel,

Steaming pan, Sun-drying yard)

1 lot Rs.

2. Rice Milling Machine 1 set Rs.

3. Husk Aspirator and pipes 1 lot Rs.

4. Electric Motor & Cable works 1 lot Rs.

5. Machine Foundation works 1 lot Rs.

6. Auxiliary equipment 1 lot Rs.

Total Rs.

Operation Cost

1. Wages 1 lot Rs.

2. Repair fee 1 lot Rs. Calculate as 5% of machines

3. Consumable spare parts 1 lot Rs. Screen, etc.

4. Electricity, Water, Fire-woods, etc. 1 lot Rs.

5. Taxes, Loan Repayment 1 lot Rs.

Total Rs.

Total Expenses: Rs xxxxx Income Plan

1. Rice Sales Rs 840,000 40 ton x 0.7 x Rs30/kg x 1,000

2. Rice Bran Sales Rs.

3. Others Rs.

Total

Operation Profits Plan: (Income) – (Total expenses) = Rs 00000.


5-15

M-03 OFC/Vegetable/Fruits M-03-01 Marketing

Purpose To undertake intensive study of OFC/Vegetable/Fruits marketing route for the maximization of farmer benefits. Problems and issues should be identified for actions to be taken by the officials and farmers.

Working

Group


Output OFC/Vegetable/Fruits Marketing Flow and its volume

Work

Procedure



(3) Survey: Questionnaire survey should be conducted by PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) with farmer leaders. Additional interview survey at random to stakeholders such as Village Collectors, Transporter, Collectors/Middlemen, FSC (Forward Sales Contract), Wholesalers, Dedicated Economic Center and Retailers.


Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats


Specification and Questionnaire)

Tips

(1) Not only the Marketing Flow of agricultural commodities, but also the volume of each flow is useful

to grasp the real Marketing Flow in the target area.

FURTHER INFORMATION




5-16

Sample 1: Marketing Flow of OFC

Marketing Flow of OFC in Nachchaduwa

Marketing Flow of OFC in Rajangana

Farmers

Local Traders Outside Traders Companies Farmers’

Retailers Wholesalers

Consumers

15% 10% 70% 5%

40% 60%

Farmers

Village Collectors Outside Traders

Commission agents in Economic Centers at Tambuttegama, Dambulla and Anuradhapura

Wholesalers

Retailers

Consumers

40% 20%40%

10%

40% 40%

10%

40% 40%

20%


5-17

Sample 2 Marketing Flow of Vegetables

Marketing Flow of Vegetables in Nachchaduwa

Marketing Flow of Vegetables in Rajangana

Farmers

Individual Farmer or Farmers’Groups to Dambulla economic center, directly

Village collectors

Wholesalers

Anuradhapura Pola

Retailers/Local Pola

Farmers

Individual Farmers or Farmers’ Groups to

Tambuttegama

Village collectors send directly to Colombo wholesale market

Outside traders from Nochchiyagama,

Puttalam and Chilaw

Tambuttegama Economic Center

Colombo wholesale market Nochchiyagama,

Chilaw and Puttalam areas

Pola and markets in Kegalle and

Kurunegala areas

Pola and markets in Chilaw and

Puttalama areas

Pola and markets in Colombo and suburbs

Wholesalers

Retailers

15% 80% 5%

20% 20%60%


5-18

M-03 OFC/Vegetable/Fruits M-03-02 Price Formulation

Purpose To undertake intensive study of the price formulation system in OFC/Vegetable/Fruits marketing for the maximization of farmer benefits. Problems and issues should be identified for actions to be taken by the officials and farmers.

Working

Group


Output Price Formulation from farm-gate to retailer. Several commodities such as

perishable and non-perishable products should be studied.

Work

Procedure

(1) Questionnaire: the Target Group in consultation with other relevant institutions should prepare the questionnaire for the assessment. (A sample questionnaire is attached [FORM M-01] for reference.


(3) Survey: The questionnaire survey should be conducted by PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) with farmer leaders. Additional interview survey at random to stakeholders such as Village Collectors, Transporters, Collectors/Middlemen, FSC (Forward Sales Contract), Wholesalers, Dedicated Economic Center and Retailers.


Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats



Tips

(1) It is very difficult to obtain accurate information on price formulation from the stakeholders;

consideration and analysis from every possible angle are necessary.

FURTHER INFORMATION



Source: Study Team, Data collected in November 2005.

Price Formulation of Some Fruits in Colombo


5-19

Sample 1: Price Formulation of OFC/Vegetable/Fruits

Price Formulation of Some OFC in Colombo Marketing channel Kurakkan(mil

let) (Rs/kg)

Maize (Rs/kg)

Black gram (Rs/kg)

Green gram (Rs/kg)

Cowpea (Rs/kg)

Farmers 30 15 30 40 50 Collectors’ margin and trans. Cost 10 10 10 15 12

Wholesalers buying cost 40 25 40 55 62 Wholesalers selling price 45 40 60 65 90 Wholesalers margin 5 15 20 10 28 Margin rate 11% 38% 33% 15% 31% Retailers buying price 46 41 61 66 91 Retail price Colombo 48 45 65 70 92 Price difference between Farmers’ and Consumers’ in Colombo (times)

1.60 3.0 2.17 1.75 1.84


Price Formulation of Some Vegetables in Colombo Marketing channel Chillies

(Rs/kg) Eggplant (Rs/kg)

Bitter gourd (Rs/kg)

Pumpkin (Rs/kg)

Cucumber (Rs/kg)

Farmers 70 20 30 13 5 Collectors’ margin and trans. Cost 6 10 10 4 3

Wholesalers buying cost 76 30 40 17 8 Wholesalers selling price 85 33 46 19 9 Wholesalers margin 9 3 6 2 1 Margin rate 11% 9% 13% 10% 11% Retailers buying price 86 34 47 20 10 Retail price Colombo 96 38 60 22 12 Price difference between Farmers’ and Consumers’ in Colombo (times)

1.37 1.90 2.00 1.69 1.84

Marketing channel Banana (Rs/kg)

papaw (Rs/kg)

Mango (Rs/nut)

Coconut (Rs/nut)

Farmers 13 15 7 10 Collectors’ margin and trans. cost 7 2 5 3 Wholesalers buying cost 20 17 12 13 Wholesalers selling price 21 24 15 15 Wholesalers margin 1 7 3 2 Margin rate 5% 29% 20% 13% Retailers buying price 22 25 16 16 Retail price in Colombo 25 30 20 20

Price difference between Farmers’ and Consumers’ in Colombo (times) 1.92 2.00 2.86 2.00



5-20

M-03 OFC/Vegetable/Fruits M-03-03 Issues and approaches

Purpose To undertake intensive study of problems/Issues and approaches to be taken in Marketing and Price Formulation in OFC/Vegetable/Fruits to improve the situation for the maximization of farmer benefits.

Working

Group


Output Capacity development approach for marketing sector.

Work

Procedure



(3) Survey: Questionnaire survey should be conducted by PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) with farmer leaders. Additional interview survey at random to stakeholders such as Farmers, Village Collectors, Transporters, Dedicated Economic Centers and Retailers.


Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats



Tips

(1) Problems and Issues can be obtained through the intensive questionnaire survey, but the approach

and activities to be taken require broad and comprehensive research, knowledge and experience.

PCM Workshop and group discussion including brainstorming among the study team and working

group is useful.

FURTHER INFORMATION




5-21

Sample 1: Problems/Issues and Approach for OFC/Vegetables/Fruits

Category Problem and Issues Approaches

Marketing and Processing of OFC, Vegetable & Fruits

1. Price

fluctuation

・ Price fluctuation of vegetable and fruits

・ Free competition among suppliers

(i) Systematic recording of such fluctuation and its dissemination to farmers for their benefit.

(ii) Zoning policy for specified products

2. Inactive group

activity

・ Group marketing activity is rare (i) Facilitation of farmers groups for collective activity.

(ii) Construct a consolidating station.

3. Low prices of

perishable

products

・ Farm gate prices are low but wholesalers and retailers’ margin is high on perishable products due to very high post-harvest losses

(i) Extension of gentle post-harvest handling practice for minimizing damage to perishable products

(ii) Introduction of plastic boxes, carton boxes and cold storage practices

4. Lack of

know-how

on fruits

harvesting

products

・ Farmers lack know-how in appropriate fruit harvesting

(i) Dissemination of appropriate technologies and training

5. Forward sales

contract in

made by

individual

farmers

・ Forward sales contract in made by individual farmers

Facilitation of farmers group for collective activities

(i) Capacity development of government officers for the facilitation of group activity to farmers.

(ii) Extension of awareness training of the benefits by group activities to farmers.

(iii) Training in management skills for farmers group.

6. High

post-harvest

loss

・ Post-harvest loss is very high (i) Extension of post-harvest technologies to farmers and traders.

(ii) Extend plastic boxes in the marketing with system for returning boxes to suppliers.

(iii) Construct carton box factory for low cost box production utilizing local available materials.

Particular Situation in Nachchaduwa Major Scheme and Thuruwila Medium Scheme

・ Many farmers started vegetable cultivation and supply produce to Dambulla directly and there is no cooling facility and buffering function

(i) Study pre-cooling facility and cold storage

(ii) Study the buffering function

Particular Situation in Rajangana Major Scheme

・ Thambuttegama Economic Center (wholesale market) is not lively in business, resulting in relatively low trade prices

(i) Incentives should be applied for active transaction to all stakeholders who use this facility


5-22

Sample 2: Capacity Development Approach and Activities for Marketing of OFC/Vegetables/Fruits

Free competitionamong suppliers(farmers, collectors)

Price fluctuationdamages farmers'profit

Low prices ofperishableproducts

Low prices ofOFC

High post-harvestloss

Lower tradingprices inThambuttegamaeconomic center

Not enoughinformation on supply& demand situation

Damages causedduring marketing bystring bag

Lack of know-howon fruits harvestingby farmers


No gentle handing

No cooling facility

Not many buyers visit

No arrangement toactivate the marketby Gov.

Improve marketinformation and itsdissemination system by forcusing Supply &Demand situationthrough past records and present situation

Minimization of post-harvest loss


ActivateThambuttagamaEconomic Center

Study on production zoning

①　Awareness of post- harvest losses from farms to consumers②　Establishment ofPlastic Box circulation system③　Carton Box Factory utilizing locally available materilas④ Study cooling facilities

In addition toStorage/working spaceconstruction, pilot projectsshould be introduced in:・Pilot project on paddy bulking・Pilot project on OFC bulking・Maize sheller renting & bulking

Study incentive foractivating the center suchas reducing Parking Fee,more public information

Zoning policy forspecifiedproducts

・Study & analysis of price fluctuation and Supply & Demand・Study information dissemination within the society

Problem Cause Approach Activities(Projects)


5-23

M-04 Other Income Generation M-04-01 Other Income Generation

Purpose To enhance value adding activities and utilization of available resources for income generation of farmers

Working

Group

Irrigation Engineer (IE) Agricultural Instructor (AI) Resident Project Manager (RPM) Development Officer (DO) at Agrarian Service Center (ASC) Department of Census and Statistics Development Assistance (DA) Farmers’ Organization (FO) Farmers’ Group

Output Plan of promotion for value adding activities and utilization of available resources for income generation of farmers.

Work

Procedure

(1) Identification of FOs or farmers groups who wish to start value adding activities.(2) Identification of available resources in the area for income generation (3) Study Team Members: Team members should be appointed from Working

Group for the purpose. (4) Feasibility Study of various planned activities by the study team.

The following activities should be studied by the team: ① Pulse Processing. ② Grinding of rice, chili and others. ③ Coconut fiber marketing by bulking activities. ④ Cow-dung collection and manure production. ⑤ Any other activities, which are available and feasible.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS

FORMATS

Tips

(1) The Output requires broad and comprehensive research, knowledge and experience. PCM

workshop and group discussion including brainstorming among the study team and working group is

useful.

FURTHER INFORMATION




5-24

Sample 1: Problems and Approach Analysis

Category Problem Description Approach

Other income generation through Marketing & Processing

1. Value adding

activity is

not active

・ Value adding activities on agricultural products is not active

(i) Comprehensive approach by technical, financial and social supports are required.

2. Available

resources are

not utilized

・ Available resources are not properly utilized

(i) To construct storage facilities and marketing activities by group.

Sample 2: Capacity Development Approach and Activities for Other Income Generation

Problem Cause


Value additionactivity is notactive

Utilization ofavailable resourceis not active

Insufficientextensionservices andfacilitation work

No storage facilityfor bulking

Poor farmerseffort

ApproachActivities(Projects)


・Comprehensive mobilization and facilitation for the value addition・Bulking, Quality control, Marketing・Rice Processing Village

In addition to Storage/working spaceconstruction, pilot projects should beintroduced in:・Pilot project on paddy bulking・Pilot project on OFC bulking・Maize sheller renting & bulking

①In addition to Storage/workingspace construction, pilot projectsshould be introduced in:・Pilot project on Pulse Processing or any other processing・Pilot project on coconut fiber,Cow- dung collection, other resources bulking.②Holistic supporting by Gov. agencies for value additionactivities③1 village 1 product activity④Promotion of direct linkage of

d d

Chapter 6


6-1

FO-01 Survey of Farmers’ Organization

FO-01-01 Method of survey for the condition of FO regarding basic information

Purpose To explore the condition of Farmers’ Organization (FO), in particular regarding basic information, activities, and problems faced in order to understand the conditions and to formulate a basic approach.

Working

Group/ Study

Team

Working Group Resident Project Manager (RPM) at Irrigation Management Division (IMD) Institutional Development Officer (IDO) at IMD Development Assistance (DA) at IMD Irrigation Engineer (IE) at Irrigation Department (ID) Engineering Assistant (EA) at ID Assistance Government Agent (Divisional Secretary) Land Officer Grama Niladhari (GN) Divisional Officer (DO) at Agrarian Service Centre (ASC) Agricultural Research and Productivity Assistant (ARPA) at ASC Agricultural Instructor (AI) Other related agencies

Study Team

Resident Project Manager (RPM) at Irrigation Management Division (IMD) as a Team leader for Large Irrigation Scheme

Institutional Development Officer (IDO) at IMD Development Assistance (DA) at IMD Irrigation Engineer (IE) at Irrigation Department (ID) as a Team Leader for

Medium Irrigation Scheme Engineering Assistant (EA) at ID Agricultural Research and Productivity Assistant (ARPA) at ASC

Output Basic information on related FOs Material based on basic information for considering basic approach.

Work

Procedure

(1) Formulation of the survey objectives and questionnaire with establishing working group: The survey objectives formulated by IMD and/or ID are confirmed by the working group. The study team formulates the survey questionnaire, and the working group could suggest improvements to its content.

(2) Implementation of the survey: The study team carries out the survey based on the questionnaire to target FOs.

(3) Data collection and analysis: The study team produces a data collection table and analyzes the data.

(4) Sharing result of data analysis: The study team shares the results of the data analysis with the working group, other related agencies, and the FO.


6-2

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Existing survey reports of FO

FORMATS Questionnaire referred by the result

of “Study on Irrigation Management of FO” and “Field Survey of FO”.

What is basic information for FO ?

The basic information has to be a common standard. This is simply because the basic information has

to show the common conditions of the target FO, that is, the number of FCG, number of members, year

established, and so on. In other words, the contents of the basic information cannot depend simply on

its objectives.

The basic information can be divided into the following three types:

1) Condition of the number of FCG and establishment, including legal condition

2) Condition of the membership and the officials

3) Condition of official meetings

General questionnaire format

The general questionnaire format for basic information is proposed here, but the format can be modified

by referring to the FO’s background and objectives. Major points for formulation of a questionnaire are

as follows:

- - Clearer objectives and word meaning

- - Time of questionnaire (one and a half hours is reasonable, but sometimes three or four hours)

- - Data collection for comparative method by using numbers

- - More precise information by referring various document under FO

-

1) Condition of establishment including legal condition

The following questions should be directed to representatives of the FO:

1)-a: Name of FO. Name of villages mainly covered including percentage of villages covered.

1)-b: How many FCG do you have? How much irrigated extent (ha)?

1)-c: Do you have official registration under the Agrarian Act? If yes, please show internal regulation.

1)-d: Any changes since original regulation? If yes, describe it.

With respect to 1)-c, the procedure for official registration has to involve formulation of internal

regulation, and it is then not necessary to ask the year that internal regulations were formulated.

Standard Internal regulations formulated under the Department of Agrarian Development generally is

used for internal regulations. If there were any changes to the original regulation, the process of

changed regulation could be produced by the positive attitude.

There are many seasonal operators who are not members of an FO. That leads to difficulties to


6-3

encourage FO members to achieve unity or to accurately identify the numbers. Most of the FOs in the

study area do not ask the members for an annual fee, which makes it even more difficult to acquire

precisely the numbers including seasonal operators. If this is the case, another survey of all FCG is

required to establish the present number of operators.

2) Condition of the membership and the officials

The following questions should be directed to representatives of FO:

2)-a: How many members are in each FCG (male and female)? → total figure is the number of FO.

2)-b: Male or female? How many years has each officer serviced?

2)-c: Do you collect an entrance membership fee or annual membership fee? How much are they?

3) Condition of official meeting

FO

3)-a: Annual general meeting? Yes (1) or not (0)?

If yes, what are the agenda items? (1: Administration (election of the officers), 2: Water

management, 3: Maintenance of facilities, 4: Development activities, 5: Others).

What should be the attendance? (1: All of FO members, 2: A representative of each FCG, 3:

All FO committee members, 4: Others)

: Monthly committee meeting; How often? (1: Monthly or more often, 2: 5~6 times per year, 3: 3-4

times per year, 4: 1-2 times per year, 5: None)

What were the major agenda items at the last two meetings (1: Administration, 2: Water

management, 3: Maintenance of facilities, 4: Economic activities, 5: Others)

FCG

3)-b: Any regular meeting? Yes (1) or not (0)?

If yes, what are the agenda items? (1: Administration (election of the officers), 2: Water

management, 3: Maintenance of facilities, 4: Economic activities, 5: Others).

Data collection format

As mentioned earlier, one of the major points is to compare the FO with other FOs through the

questionnaire. In addition, identifying average figures is also an important point. It is then quite

important to collect data based on numbers. The data collection format can be divided into two types,

such as FO and FCG, because the number of FCGs is sometimes more than 10.

For the purpose, the following formats are suggested.


6-4

Data collection format for FO

FO

General Information Office Bearers

Extent Official Presiden Secretary

Name Village FCG (ha) Registration Changes Age Service. Age Service

A (%) Num. Num. 1 or 0 1 or 0 Num. Num. Num. Num.

A FO B (%) Description

B FO

Data collection format for FO

FO

Office Bearers Membership Fee Official Meeting

Treasury Entrance fee Annual fee General Meeting Committee Meeting

Age Service Yes/No Fee. Yes/ No Fee Agenda Attend. Often Agenda

Num. Num. 1 or 0 Num. 1 or 0 Num. 1-5 1-4 1-5 1-5

Data collection format for FCG

A FO

Name Extent Office Bearers Official Meeting

(ha) President Secretary Treasury Regular Meeting

Age Service Age Service Age Service Yes/ No Often Agenda

A FCG Num. Num. Num. Num. Num. Num. Num. 1 or 0 1-5 1-5

B FCG

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Final Report Chapter 3 Farmers’ Organization (FO) ⇒ Annex-C Farmers’ Organization ⇒ Project Management & Consultancy Services, May 2005, Study on Irrigation Management of

Farmer Organizations in Nachchaduwa Irrigation Scheme (JICA, Colombo)


6-5


FO-01-02 Method of survey for the condition of FO regarding activities

Purpose To explore the condition of Farmers’ Organization (FO), in particular regarding basic information, activities, and problems faced in order to understand the conditions and to formulate a basic approach.

Working

Group/ Study

Team


Study Team




Output Activity data of related FOs Material based on activity data for considering basic approach.

Work

Procedure

(1) Formulation of questionnaire: The survey objectives formulated by IMD and/or the working group confirms ID. The study team formulates the survey questionnaire, and the working group could suggest improvements to its content.



(4) Sharing result of data analysis: The study team shares the results of the data analysis with the working group, other related agencies, and the FO.


6-6

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats




What is activity data in FO?

Activities of Farmers’ Organization can be divided into two types as follows:

- - Operation & Maintenance of Distribution and Field Canal under FO

- - Development activities

O&M is a necessary activity of all FOs, but some FOs do not undertake it properly. There are two major

reasons for improper implementation of O&M: i) lack of unity, and ii) lack of funds. Development

activities of FOs are introduced for multiple purposes. Economic and welfare activities under FO are

both regarded as development activities. Group purchase and selling, management of micro credit, and

marketing, including storage management, are economic activity. Support of basic human needs, such

as construction of a community hall or nursery school are welfare activities. It is possible for the FO to

support welfare activities by arranging funds provided by economic activities.

Activities questionnaire format

Questionnaire format for the operation & maintenance and economic and welfare activities is proposed

here, but the format can be modified by referring to the FO’s background and its objectives. Major

points for formulation of a questionnaire are as follows:

- - Clearer objectives and word meaning

- - Time of questionnaire (one and a half hours is reasonable, but sometimes three or four hours)

- - Data collection for comparative method by using numbers

- - More precise information by referring to various documents under FO

-

1) Condition of the operation & maintenance for D-canal and F-canal

These are some of the questions that should be asked to representatives of FO or FCG:

1)-a: Condition of regular collection fee for O&M. What are the collected funds used for?

1)-b: What kind of activities for O&M do you carry out?

1)-c: Any support from ID? (1: technical, 2: financial (how much), 3: others)

1)-d: Do you implement rehabilitation work based on community funded by ID? If yes, when, how much

for last work?

1)-e: How do you think about ownership of D-canal or F-canal? (1: FO, 2: ID, 3: FO, but with ID support,

4: others)

1)-f: If you do not feel ownership of the canal, why, any suggestion for building ownership?


6-7

From 19-a to 1)-d questions draw focus on the present condition. Though O&M of D and F canals is

legally handed over to FO from ID, some FOs do not build their own ownership of the D and F canal.

Thus, 1)-d question is quite important.

2) Condition of economic activities

These are questions that should be asked to representatives of FO:

2)-a: Do you implement any economic activities? If yes, what type of activities? (1: group purchase, 2:

micro credit, 3: storage management, 4: group marketing, 5: others)

2)-b: Any planned economic activities? If yes, what type of activities? (1: group purchase, 2: micro

credit, 3: storage management, 4: group marketing, 5: others)

2)-c: Do you face any difficulties in implementation of economic activities? Please describe.

2)-d: How do you think of economic activities under FO? (1: very active, 2: good, 3: not good, 4: not

necessary) Why? Please describe.

3) Condition of welfare activities

These are the questions that should be asked to representatives of FO:

3)-a: Do you implement any welfare activities? If yes, please describe.

3)-b: Any planned welfare activities? If yes, describe.

3)-c: Do you face any difficulties in implementation of welfare activities? Please describe.


The following formats are proposed in line with the questionnaire:

Data collection format for O & M

O & M

O & M Fee O & M Activities Support Rehabilitation Ownership

Name Y/N Fee What Y/N D F ID Y/N when Cost D F Suggestion

A FO 1/0 1/0 1-3 1/0 1-4 1-4

B FO


6-8

Data collection format for economic activities

Economic Activities

Name Y/N Activities Y/N Activities (plan) Difficulties Attitude Why

A FO 1/0 1/0 1-4

Data collection format for welfare activities

Welfare Activities

Name Y/N Activities Y/N Activities (plan) Difficulties

A FO 1/0 1/0

FURTHER INFORMATION




6-9


FO-01-03 Method of survey for the condition of FO regarding problems it is facing

Purpose To explore the condition of Farmers’ Organization (FO), in particular regarding basic data, activities, and problems faced in order to understand the conditions and to formulate a basic approach.

Working

Group/ Study

Team


Study Team




Output Activity data of related FOs Material based on activity data for considering basic approach.

Work

Procedure

(1) Formulation of questionnaire: The study team formulates the survey questionnaire, and the working group could suggest improvements to its content.



(4) Sharing result of data analysis: The study team shares the results of the data analysis with the working group.


6-10

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats




What are problems facing the FO?

As mentioned earlier in FO-01-02, there are several questions on problems faced. Apart from problems

related to general management and activities, particular issues, or objectives of the survey, FOs can

also simply identify other problems. In other words, basic information in FO-01-01 and activities in

FO-01-02 can be a standardized questionnaire, but a questionnaire for problems faced may need to be

specifically formulated.

One of the objectives of the JICA Study was to explore the condition of the Pre-Kanna meeting, Kanna

meeting, PMC, and ASC. Moreover, the relationship between government agencies and FO, and land

issue are other issues. Thus, the condition of the official meeting, the relationship between the agencies

and the FOs, and land issues were explored in the Study.

Particular questionnaire format

As mentioned earlier, particular issues mentioned in the objectives of the survey are used to individually

formulate the particular questionnaire format. The following questionnaire formats being formulated by

the above three issues are discussed here as an example.

1) Condition of official meetings

The following questions should be asked to representatives of the FO:

Pre-Kanna meeting

1)-a: Do your representatives regularly attend it?

1)-b: Do you face any problems? (1: no proper action based on agreement, 2: improper agenda

selection, 3: not problem solution oriented, 4: improper shared information, 5: others)

1)-c: Any suggestion?

Kanna meeting

1)-d: Do your representatives regularly attend it?

1)-e: Do you face any problems? (1: no proper action based on agreement, 2: improper agenda


1)-f: Any suggestions?

PMC

1)-g: Do your representatives regularly attend it?

1)-h: Do you face any problems? (1: no proper action based on agreement, 2: improper agenda



6-11

1)-i: Any suggestion?

Agrarian Services Committee

1)-j: Do your representatives regularly attend it?

1)-k: Do you face any problems? (1: no proper action based on agreement, 2: improper agenda


1)-l: Any suggestion?

2) Condition of the relationship between the agencies and the FOs

The following questions should be asked to representatives of FO:

2)-a: What kind of services do you receive from the agencies? (from IMD, ID, ASCD, AD, DS)

2)-b: Do you face any problems?

2)-c: Any suggestion?

3) Land issue

The following questions should be asked to representatives of FO:

3)-a: What types of land title do you mainly have in your FO? (1: LDO permit, 2: Private ownership, 3:

Swarnaboomi, 4: Jayaboomi, 5: Others)

3)-b: Do you have any problems related to land? (1: Land border issue, 2: Land fragmentation, 3: Illegal

filling, 4: others)


The following formats are suggested.

Data collection format for official meeting Official Meetings

Pre=Kanna Kanna PMC Agrarian S C

Name Y/N Problem Sugges. Y/N Problem Sugges. Y/N Problem Sugg Y/N Pro. Sugg.

A FO 1/0 1-5 1/0 1-5 1/0 1-5 1/0 1-5 .

B FO


6-12

Data collection format for the relationship

Official Meetings

IMD ID ASCD Agrarian S C DS

Name Act. Pro. Sugg. Act. Pro Sugg. . Act. Pro. Sugg. Act. Pro Sugg Act. Pro. Sugg.

A FO

B FO

Data collection format for land issue

Land Issue

Name Title Problem

A FO 1-5 1-4

FURTHER INFORMATION




6-13

FO-02 Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation for Farmers’ Organization

FO-02-01 Method of survey for integrated monitoring and evaluation of FOs

Purpose To formulate a format for data collection for integrated monitoring and evaluation of farmers’ organizations.

Working

Group/ Study

Team

Working Group Resident Project Manager (RPM) at Irrigation Management Division (IMD) Institutional Development Officer (IDO) at IMD Development Assistance (DA) at IMD Irrigation Engineer (IE) at Irrigation Department (ID) Engineering Assistant (EA) at ID Assistance Government Agent (Divisional Secretary) Land Officer, Grama Niladhari (GN) Divisional Officer (DO) at Agrarian Service Centre (ASC) Agricultural Research and Productivity Assistant (ARPA) at ASC Agricultural Instructor (AI) Other related agencies Representatives of FO

Study Team



Medium Irrigation Scheme Engineering Assistant (EA) at ID Agricultural Research and Productivity Assistant (ARPA) at ASC Representatives of FO

Output Data of Monitoring and Evaluation related to FOs Material based on the data for considering further plan and activities.

Work

Procedure

(1) Formulation of integrated M & E questionnaire: The study team formulates the questionnaire, and the working group may suggest improvements.

(2) Implementation of the M & E: The study team carries out the M & E based on the questionnaire to target FOs.

(3) The M & E data collection and analysis: The study team produces the format of the M & E data collection and analyzes the data.

(4) Identifying problems and constraints: The study team identifies constraints and solutions for the problems analyzed by the data.

(5) Formulating further action plan: The study team formulates an action plan with the working group in response to the problems.

(6) Implementation of an action plan: FOs implement an action plan with the collaboration of related government agents


6-14

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Existing M & E survey reports of FO

FORMATS The integrated M & E questionnaire

refers to the results of the “Study on Irrigation Management of FO” and “Integrated Monthly Progress Report at Ag. SC”.

What is integrated Monitoring and Evaluation for FO ?

Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation is a process of plan, implementation, M & E, and plan as shown in

the following Figure:

Implementation

Plan M & E

Sharing problems

Figure: The process of integrated M & E

Monitoring and Evaluation leading to further action plans and its implementation for solving problems is

essential to the integrated Monitoring and Evaluation. In other words, the objective of the integrated M

& E is not to carry out the M & E, but to try to solve problems identified by the integrated M & E. Thus,

the team leader has to be a conditioner to make a bridge between the problem and a solution.

Involvement of the process of integrated M & E is vital to build the capacity of FOs. There is a process

of involvement in a participatory way arranged by the agencies so that the FO owns the decision,

depending mainly upon the capacity of the FO. It is expected that the FO will ultimately be able to

operate the process of integrated M & E with the cooperation of related agents in the field of the FO’s

activities and O & M of D and F-canals.

Organizational management requires discussion and decision-making among official bearers and FO

members in meetings1, financial management, and implementation of activities under the FO. The

characteristic of management and activities can be changed from basic and simple to complicated and

income generation oriented, depending mainly upon the level of organizational capacity. Thus,

exploration of changing in terms of official meetings, financial management, and type of activities

certainly contributes to an understanding of the level of the FO’s capacity (more independent activities).

Plan

There are two types of plan, that is, a long-term plan, and a problem-solving oriented plan. The

long-term plan is to achieve objectives over a long-time. The problem-solving plan is to solve present

problems being faced. Problems identified by the integrated M & E can be grouped according to

1Most important issues are discussed and agreed in informal meetings. But it is almost impossible to explore the contents of informal meetings due to private conversation.


6-15

whether they are best addressed by a long-term plan or a problem-solving plan. It is also quite

important to solve problems considering the objectives of the long-term plan instead of interfering with

the objectives of the long-term plan by including present problems. For example, providing materials to

the FO for solving present problems sometimes interferes with capacity building of the FO as a

long-term objective.

M & E

It is quite important to carry out regular M & E in order to explore time-series of change in the FO. In this

regard, the DO under Ag. SC has fortunately implemented an integrated monthly progress report.

Related agents have to share the results of the report. It seems that there is a space to attach

conditions of other activities such as water management, maintenance of canal facilities, and

development activities. An additional integrated monthly progress report will then be proposed.

Sharing problems

Identifying problems by M & E is useless if there is no procedure to solve the problems. For the purpose,

it is quite important to share problems among related agents and FOs.

The M & E questionnaire format to FO

The M & E questionnaire can be an additional integrated monthly progress report. There are three

items in the E & M questionnaire format as follows:

1) Condition of official meeting

2) Condition of financial management

3) Condition of FO’s activities

1) Condition of official meeting in last month

The following questions should be directed to representatives of the FO and FCG:

General meeting

1)-a: Do you hold general meetings?

1)-b: How many participants (male and female)?

1)-c: What are the agenda items? (1: administration including election, 2: water management, 3: O & M

of canal facilities, 4: development activities, 5: others)

FO Committee meeting

1)-d: Do you hold committee meetings?

1)-e: How many participants (male and female)?

1)-f: What are the agenda items? (1: administration including election, 2: water management, 3: O & M


FCG formal meeting

1)-g: Do you hold any formal FCG meetings?


6-16

1)-h: How many participants (male and female)?

1)-i: What are the agenda items? (1: administration including election, 2: water management, 3: O & M


Any other official meeting

1)-j: Do you hold any other official meeting?

1)-k:How many participants (male and female)?

1)-l: What are the agenda items? (1: administration including election, 2: water management, 3: O & M


2) Condition of financial management in last month

The following questions should be directed to representatives of FO

2)-a: How much income and expenditure?

2)-b: How much in cash and bank deposit?

3) Condition of activities in last month

The following questions should be directed to representatives of FO and FCG

FO and FCG

3)-a: What kind activities did you carry out? (1: administration, 2: water management, 3: O & M of canal

facilities, 4: development activities, 5: others). If possible, which FCG?

3)-b: How many participants for each activity?

3)-c: If development activities, what kind activity? (1: micro credit, 2: group purchase, 3: group

marketing (storage and selling), 4: welfare activities, 5: others)

With respect to micro credit programme, the difference between the programme arranged by Ag, SC

and FO’ own arrangement and fund has to be clearly distinguished to understand properly the level of

FO capacity.

Data collection E & M format

The following formats are suggested.

Data collection format for official meeting

Official Meetings under FO and FCG

General meeting Committee meeting FCG formal meeting Other formal meeting

Name Y/N partipa.agenda Y/N partipa. agenda Y/N partipa. agenda Y/N partipa. agenda

A FO 1/0 M (F) 1-5 1/0 M (F) 1-5 1/0 M (F) 1-5 1/0 M (F) 1-5

B FO


6-17

Data collection format for financial management

Financial Management

Name Income Expenditure Item Remark

Last balance in cash (bank)

A FO

Final balance in cash (bank)

Data collection format for FO activities

Activities

Name Type FCG participatory development

1-5 M (F) 1-5

A FO

B FO

Chapter 7


7-1

AP-01 Formulation of Improvement Approach

AP-01-01 Preparation of Approach to Improve Present Condition

Purpose Identification of problems, issues to be categorized Analyzing causes corresponding to those categories Preparation of approach and associated activities

Working

Group

Relevant government officials Relevant institutions Representative of Farmers’ Organizations (FOs)

Output Improvement Approach for each Sector

Work

Procedure

(1) Identification of Problems and Issues: Based on the sectoral study in the preceding steps, the present conditions and related problems are tabulated. In order to prepare the approach, those problems and issues are categorized as subject-wise and/or scheme-wise.

(2) Analyzing causes Corresponding to Problems: Each problem has its own causes. To prepare an approach, analysis is undertaken to clarify the causes related to each problem.

(3) Preparation of Approach: Based on the causes clarified, an approach is prepared to mitigate those causes. A target group is also considered for each approach. In addition, activities associated with the approach are studied and listed along with its implementer.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Data collected in the preceding

step of the study

FORMATS See figures in the next page

Sample of Approach

The relationship between problems, causes and approach are not straightforward. Rather, they

have interlinkages. In order to explain this, a pictorial format is useful to facilitate the stakeholders’

understanding. Some examples of problems, causes and approaches are illustrated as follows:

The figure shows the approach for the irrigation sector. Problems and issues are firstly categorized into

four: (i) function of main facilities, (ii) function of D- and F-canal level facilities, (iii) water management at

the main level, and (iv) water management at D- and F-canal level. Such categorization is made based

on responsibilities among stakeholders. Then, causes and approaches are analyzed and prepared

corresponding to problems and issues.


7-2

FUR

THER

INFO

RM

ATION

⇒

Final Report C

hapter 5

Water Management

Facilities Function

Government side issue

Governm ent s ide issue

1. Function of Main Facilities

Unfunctional facilities Low quality of cons truction1.1 Phys ical condition

1.2 Government budget for O&M

Insufficient O&M by thegovernment

Shortage of governmentbudget

Shortage of budgetallocated to main

irrigation O&M by thegovernment

2. Function of D- and F-canal Facilities

2.1 Phys ical condition

2.2 Handing-over of sys tem s to FOsUnsatisfactory handing-

over to FOs

Unfunctional facilities Poor m aintenance by FOs

Deterioration by excessivedischarge

2.3 Government field staff

Insufficient M&E

Lack of num ber of staff

Insufficient capability ingovernment field staffFOs side issue

2.4 FOs' capability and attitude

Dependency attitude

Makeshift farm turnoutUnpreparedness of D-

and F-level facilities

3. Water management at main level

Discharge not measuredat the head of D-canals

Deteriorated measuringdevice

4. Water management at D- and F-canal level

4.1 Handing-over of sys tem s to FOs

4.2 Government field staff

FOs s ide issue

4.3 FOs' capability and attitude

Dependency attitude

Unsatisfactory handing-over result

Lack of communicationamong government field

s taff and FOs

Rotational dis tribution notpracticed

Incapable FOs inmanaging facilities

Not measured dischargeat D- and F-level

Insufficient follow-up bythe government

Insufficient knowledge inwater m anagem ent

among FOs

Lack of participation inrehabilitation by FOs

Insufficient trainingbefore handing-over toboth government staff

and FOs

Insufficient awarenessprogram to FOs before

handing-over

Lack of communicationmeasures

Capacity developmentthrough rehabilitation

works

Financial managem entimprovement

Rehabilitation throughcommunity participation

Increas ing the number ofstaff (to b e attended b y

the governm ent )

Capacity development onM&E of D- and F-level

facilities by thegovernment

Farm turnout constructionthrough comm unity

participation

Measuring devicerehabilitation

Capacity development inwater management of

main system

Capacity development onthe facilitation of

community participatorywater management

ID / IMD

ID / IMD

ID / IMDFOs

ID / IMD

ID / IMD

ID / IMD

Development of M&Eguideline to support FOs'

water management

ID / IMD

ID / IMD

Capacity development forcommunity participatory

water management

FOs / Communityorganization

Insufficient awarenessand capability of

government field staff

Increas ing budget forirrigation (to be attended

by the government)

FOs / Communityorganizations

3.1 Water management decision-makingprocess Limited M&E by PMC in

water managem ent

3.2 Gate operation

Top-down organization

Limited FOs' participation

PMC activities in M&E forwater management

ID / IMD and other relatedagencies /

FOs

Main facilities'rehabilitation, capacity

developm ent program forgovernm ent s taff throughthe rehabilitation works

ID / IMD, other externalsupporting agencies

Review financialmanagement procedure,

strengthening auditingsystem


Participatory D- and F-canal level facilities

rehabilitation,Monitoring and evaluation

ID / IMD, other externalsupporting agencies ,

NGOs

Instruction and Advice toFOs in water

management


Rehabilitation ofmeasuring device,

capacity development forgovernment s taff in water

management


Support communityparticipatory water

m anagem ent, capacitydevelopment for

government staff onwater managem ent


Awareness and trainingfor FOs ' participatorywater managem ent


Chapter 8


8-1


T-01-01 Training Program Preparation

Purpose To review the present training programs in the relevant institute To identify necessary training areas to support proposed improvement approach

Working

Group

Irrigation Training Institute (ITI), Galgamua In-service Training Centre (ISTC) Field Crop Research Institute (FCRI) Regional Director of Irrigation (RDI) Office Institute of Post Harvest Technology (IPHT) Representative of Farmers’ Organizations (FOs)

Output Training programs and their contents

Work

Procedure

(1) Review of proposed approach: The improvement approach together with activities (projects) is prepared in the preceding steps. In this stage, these are reviewed and necessary training corresponding to supporting those activities is considered. The following activities and information would be useful in this step: (i) interviews with field staff and FOs, (ii) questionnaire to find out constraints, (iii) personnel records, if any, (iv) training records, existing training approach and module as well as assessment of prior learning kept at relevant institution.

(2) Workshop Organization: A site workshop is carried out to confirm opinions from stakeholders consisting of the government field staff (IE, EA, WS and WIL) and FOs (representative and member farmers). Training trial and examination is also useful for confirmation of the effectiveness of rectification measures.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Improvement approach (problem –

cause – approach analysis flow)

FORMATS See sample in the next page

Sample of Training Program Contents proposed under the JICA Study

Training program contents—which are divided into two categories by the target groups of

government officials and FOs—are prepared for each sector based on present situation analysis, problem and constraints identification, and improvement approach formulation. Some are

categorized as common to the whole sector. Such training areas are listed below to support

improvement approach.

Site Workshop and Training Examination By gathering the government field staff and the representative of FOs so as to finalize proposed training


8-2

List of Training Course Proposed for Integrated Management in Irrigation Sector Sector & Category Farmers’ Organization Government Officials Common Common − Training of Trainers (TOT) Programme for

Training (planning, training methodology, execution, monitoring & evaluation)

Basic Management Approach

− Awareness Programme of FO & FCG − Institutional Strengthening of FO & FCG − Financial Management of FO & FCG

− (TOT for Awareness) − (TOT for Institutional Strengthening) − (TOT for Financial Management)

Strengthening Social Capital Approach

− (Particular Programmes in each activity associated with Awareness Programme)

− (Self-Monitoring Programme)

− (Particular Programme in each activity)

− (Follow-up and Monitoring & Evaluation) Irrigation Function of Main Facilities − (Awareness Programme) − Irrigation Rehabilitation

− Financial Management for Irrigation Function of D- and F-canal

Facilities − Community Participatory Approach in Irrigation

Rehabilitation − Community Participatory Approach Facilitation

in Irrigation Rehabilitation Water Management at Main

Facilities − Organizational Management for PMC − (Awareness Programme for Water

Management on Main Level Facilities)

− Organizational Management for PMC − Water Management on Main Level Facilities

Water Management at D- and F-canal level

− Community Participatory Water Management − Community Participatory Water Management Facilitation

Agriculture Common in Agriculture − (Awareness Programme, Self Monitoring) − (Facilitation, Transfer of Technology, Follow-up

and Progress Monitoring) Paddy Production − Procurement of Credit, Inputs & Machinery − (TOT for Procurement and Bulk Purchase) − Tract Demonstration of Paddy Cultivation − (TOT for Subjects in Tract Demonstration) − Seed Paddy Production − (TOT for Seed Paddy Production) − Quality Improvement of Paddy − (TOT for Post Harvest Technology) − Farm Mechanization − Field Adaptability of Farm Machinery OFC, Fruits & Vegetable

Production − Awareness and Adaptation Programme of

Crop Diversification − (TOT for Awareness and Subjects on Crop

Diversification) Other Farm Income − Awareness Programme − (TOT for Facilitation) Marketing & Processing Marketing & Processing of

Paddy − Facilitation of Money Saving − Operation and Maintenance of Warehouse − Open Paddy Market (OPM), Operation &

Management

− (TOT for Facilitation of Money Saving) − Operation and Maintenance of Warehouse − Open Paddy Market, Operation &

Management Marketing & Processing of

OFC, Vegetables & Fruits − (Dissemination of Zoning Policy) − Market Information System & Dissemination

− Minimization of Post-Harvest Loss − Group Activity − Management of Economic Center

(Thambuttegama Wholesale Market)

− Zoning Policy for Vegetable and Fruits − (TOT for Market Information System &

Dissemination) − (TOT for Post-Harvest Loss) − (TOT for Group Activity) − Management of Economic Center

(Thambuttegama Wholesale Market) Other Income Generation − Value addition and food processing − (TOT for Value addition and food processing)

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Draft Final Report Chapter 4 (Improvement approach analysis flow) ⇒ Draft Final Report Chapter 5 (Training areas and those contents)


8-3


T-01-02 Training Program Implementation Mechanism

Purpose To identify related-agencies for the implementation of proposed training programs

Preparation of proposed training program implementation mechanism Working

Group

Irrigation Training Institute (ITI), Galgamua In-service Training Centre (ISTC) Field Crop Research Institute (FCRI) Regional Director of Irrigation (RDI) Office Institute of Post Harvest Technology (IPHT) Representative of Farmers’ Organizations (FOs)

Output Training program implementation mechanism (flow and reports)

Work

Procedure

(1) Identification of relevant agency: The relevant agency to provide the proposed training program is investigated. The work includes (i) inventory of training institute, (ii) collection and analysis of existing training programs (syllabus) in candidate institutes.

(2) Workshop Organization: If necessary, a workshop is organized by gathering officers who would be involved in the implementation of the prospective training program. The workshop agenda generally consists of: (i) improvement approach for each sector (irrigation, agriculture, marketing and so forth), (ii) training list to support improvement approach, and (iii) training implementation mechanism. The workshop is to confirm and find out the function of the relevant institutes, any constraints, and to revise the implementation mechanism accordingly.

Necessary

Materials and

Sample

Formats

NECESSARY MATERIALS Training syllabus

FORMATS See sample in the next page

Sample of Training Implementation Mechanism proposed under the JICA Study

The training implementation mechanism prepared under the JICA Study is illustrated below.

Various organizations are related to the mechanism. Overall management is carried out by the

Training Advisory Committee (TAC) consisting of Ministry, NCP and other agencies. ITI Galgamwa

would be a coordinating hub for implementation. Training is implemented at the irrigation scheme

level as well as the D&F canal level like a cascading system with feed-back, monitoring and

evaluation.


8-4

The principle of training mechanism is a needs-based approach. The program is carried out from

needs assessment followed by objective setting, training design, training implementation and

monitoring and evaluation (M&E). The feedback of lessons and information is emphasized through

field-based activities to suit the actual needs. Although this mechanism is shown at the

comparatively large national-level, the principles would be the same when the training is carried

out at the micro-level. What are your resources for training implementation?

Tips (1) Evaluation is to assess the effectiveness of the training program. Through this, you will have

the chance to put right some of the problems inherent in the original proposed training. (2) Field-based exercises are important within training mechanism. Why? One should not lose the

fact that training is only useful if the knowledge and skills to be taught are transferred to the field.

FURTHER INFORMATION

⇒ Draft Final Report Chapter 5

Workshop Organization to Confirm the Mechanism By gathering relevant officers, proposed training mechanism is explained and discussed. Fe

ed b

ack,

Mon

itorin

g &

Eval

uatio

n

Training Institutes (Coordinated by ITI Galugamuw a)- Preparation of Training Course, Organizing Training, Training Management

External Source- Monitoring & Evaluation- Training Needs Assesment based on M&E

Training Feed Back ofLessons & Info.

Irrigation Scheme Level: Site Staf f- IMD/ID: Situation Analysis, Problem Identification, Formulation of Approach, Initial Training Assessment, Progress Monitoring- ID: Support & Supervision in Irrigation Management- DOA/DAD/DS: other Technical Support

D&F Canal Level: FO & FCG- Implementation of Approach through Participatory- Training & Practice in Pilot Area

Training Advisory Committee (TAC): Overall Management & Coordination of Training

Ministry NCP

Tra

inig

acc

ordi

ng t

o N

eeds

fro

m t

he F

ield

Other Agencies

Feed Back through Activities

ITI Galgamuw a ISTC MI, FMTC, IPHT,RRDI, FCRDI

(Project Monitoring Committee)Staf f at Site & Representative of FOs

FO & FCG

Training Feed Back ofLessons & Info.

Feed Back through Activities

Proposed Training Mechanism

Figure

Agriculture

Farmers' Organization

Irrigation & Water Management

Figure-1 Sample of Problem Tree"Problem Tree" prepared by "Isuru" and "Mahanama" Farmer Organizations of Nachchaduwa and Turuwila Irrigation Schemes

Increase the Indebtness

Low Employment Opportunity

Low Income from AgricultureLow Household income Insufficient Irrigation Water Water Blocking Due to

Invasive Aquatic Plants

Limited Capacity of Tank

Poor Structure Designing

Structure Damages in Irri. System

Poor Maintenance

Tank not Feed Properly In Proper Time UsingMahaweli Water

Silting of Tank

Decreasing Water LevelDue to Political Influence

Cultivation In ReservationEncroachment &

Cattle ,Elephants ,Crabs

Crossing Tractors

Deterioration with time

Damage by People

Weak FO

No Funds

Difficulties in Implement of Rules And Regulations of FO

Poor Farmer Participation

High Labour Cost

High Cost of Agro Chemicals

Land Fragmentation

High Cost of Agric. Equipments

Weak Extension Service

Weak Market

Environment Problem

Disuse of Traditional Systems – “Attam”

No Funds

Cultivators Changing f S S

Lack of Contribution from Younger Generation

Lack of Knowledge in New Technology

Insufficient Advice from Govt.. Officers

Insufficient Support from Agrarian service Officers

No Awareness Progm. On Improved Verities

Agric. Demonstration for Specific Group

Lack of Storage Facilities

Poor Road Condition

Restriction on Paddy Selling

Insect Problems

Problems With Wild Animals

Infertility of Soil

Water Pollution Around Nachchaduwa City

Salinity Problems

Lack of Govt.. Fund

Poor Participation in Maintenance

Lack of Labours

Insufficient of Machineries

Lack of Team Work

Political Influence

No Tangible Benefits For FO

Weak Membership For FO

Lack of Recognition in the Society For the Farmers

High Cost of Agriculture Production

Cultivators Changing from Season to Season

Environment

Marketing

F-1

Environment

Agriculture

Marketing

Farmers' Organization

Irrigation & Water Management

Figure-2 Sample of Objective Tree "Objective Tree" prepared by "Isuru" and "Mahanama" Farmer Organizations of Nachchaduwa and Turuwila Irrigation Schemes

Decrease the Indebtness

More Employment Opportunity

High Income from Agriculture

High Household income

Strengthen FO

Sufficient Water Reduce water blocking

Increase the Capacity of Tank(Irri. Water)

Propper Structure Desighning

Improved Structure in Irri. System

Proper Maintanence

Rebuilt Traditional Systems – “Attam”

Issuing Mahaweli Water In Time

Desilting

Minimisze political influance

Minimize Cultivation In Reservation & Encroachment

Minimized Animal Damages To Crops

Rehabilitations Of System

Tractor/Vehicle Crossing Minimized

Minimized Dammage Caused By People

Adequate Cov. Funds

Increase The Participation of Farmers

Minimize Cost of Agriculture Production

Creating FriendlyEnvironment

Decreasing Insect Problems

Decreasing Problems With Wild Animals

Increase Soil fertility

Decreasing Water Pollution Around Nachchaduwa City

Increase Ammount of Machineries

Usage of Machinary

Decrease Cost of Agro Chemicals

Decrease Cost of Agric. Equipments

Decrease Labour Cost

Increase Storage Facilities

Propper Road Condition

Minimize the Restriction on Paddy Selling

Providing Knowledge in New Technology

Getting sufficient Advice from Govmt. Officers

Getting sufficient Support from Agrarien service

Awareness Progm. On Newly Improved Varities

Maximizing Agri. Demonstration for Every Farmers

Develope Team Work

Minimized Political Influence

Creating Tangible Benefits For FO

Giving Membership For FO

Increasing Interest of Officers

Strenghthen Market

Strenghen Extension Service

Minimized Difficulties in Implement of Rules And Regulations of FO

Increase Funds

Increasing the Participation of Farmers

F-2

Three Blocks

All Target Six B

locks

Step-1Data Collection, Processingand Digitization

CAD (Nachchaduwa)

Satellite Imagery(Rajangana)

Preparing base map by dataconversion and digitization

Step-2Field Confirmation

Collecting supplementaldata on the field forfinalization of base map

Step-3Detailed Field Survey

Assessment of facilities, land and FOs'Activities Survey, and soil Survey

Output

Figure-3 General Work Procedure for the Preparation of GIS-basedIrrigation Block Mapping

Compiling using GIS

Aerial Photograph(Thruwila)

Map Review

Site Reconnaissance

Detailed field survey Survey format andquestionnaire

Data for Base MapPreparation

GIS layers (Facilities,Land and FOs activitiesand soil characteristics)

F-3

Name of ProjectProject Area Duration Date

Executing Agency Target Group

Overall Goal 1.1 1.1 ●

1.11.2 1.2 1.2

Project Purpose ●

2.1 2.1 2.1

Outputs 3.1.1 3.1.1 ●

3.13.1.2 3.1.2 ●

3.2 3.2 3.2 ●

3.2.1 3.2.1 3.2.1●

3.2.2 3.2.2 3.2.2●

3.2.3 3.2.3 3.2.3

3.3 3.3 3.3

3.3.1 3.3.1 3.3.1

3.3.2 3.3.2 3.3.23.3.3

3.3.3 3.3.3

3.3.3 3.3.3

3.3.4 3.3.4 3.3.4

3.3.5 3.3.5 3.3.5

Activities Inputs ●

4.1 Foreign Donor Sri Lankan Side ●

4.1.1 ● (1)4.1.2 ● ● ●

4.1.3 ● -4.2 - - Pre-conditions

4.2.1 - - ●

4.2.2 - ●

4.2.3 ● ●

4.3 -4.3.1 (2) ●

4.3.2 - ●

4.3.3 ● ●

4.3.4 ● (3)4.3.5 ●

Project Design Matrix

Narrative Summary Objectively Verifiable Indicators Means of Verification Important Assumptions

FOR

M-1

Name of Scheme:

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th

1.

2.

3.3.1

(1)

(2)

3.2(1)

3.3(1)

(2)

3.4(1)

(2)

(3)

4.

4.1

4.2

4.3

5.

Inputs Remarks

Plan of Operations

Activities Expected Results Schedule (Year) Agenciesin Charge

FOR

M-2

FORM-3 (1/3)

DRAFT TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

FOR

WATER QUALITY SURVEY

ON

INCREASING THE CAPACITY OF INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT

IN

IRRIGATION SECTOR

IN

SRI LANKA

1. GENERAL 1.1 Objective of the Work

Objective of the Work is to examine the impact of farming practice to the source water such as effluent of fertilizers causing contamination in downstream water. The quality shall be analyzed from the viewpoints of irrigation and drinking water use.

1.2 Study Area The study area is Nachchaduwa, Rajangana and medium irrigation schemes in Anuradhapura District. Sampling sites will be selected by the Study Team from the viewpoint of irrigation water use; inflow to the tank, convey canals, and return flow to the river water.

1.3. Scope of the Work

The Contractor shall carry out the Works as specified below:

(1) The Contractor shall propose and submit to the Study Team the schedule and procedure before the commencement of the Work. The plan is necessary to be approved by the Study Team.

(2) The Contractor shall carry out water quality analysis of 84 water samples (28 sites x 3 times). The parameters of analysis of water, method of water analyses and quantities of the Works are described in sections 2 and the Attachment.

(3) The Contractor shall submit the Study Team the reports including all the results of laboratory analysis according to the formats and specifications given by the Study Team.

2. METHODOLOGY OF THE WORK 2.1 Sampling Sites and Frequency

Samples for the water quality analysis will be taken from the river, canals and existing wells. Number of the sampling sites is 16 for irrigation water and 12 for

FORM-3 (2/3)

drinking water and it will be conducted three times as described in the Attachment. The exact location of sampling sites will be indicated by the Study Team.

2.2 Parameters of Water Quality Analysis

The parameters to be analyzed in the water quality analysis and quantities are shown in the Attachment.

2.3 Methods of Water Quality Analysis

Methods of analysis for each parameter shall be selected in accordance with the standard methods adopted by the Government of Sri Lanka. It should be approved by the Study Team before the commencement of the Work.

3. OUTPUTS The Contractor shall submit the following reports in hardcopy and digital form to the Study Team.

i) Laboratory test results of Water Quality Analysis 5 copies

ii) Explanatory report on water analysis results 5 copies

(description on sampling sites and sampling method, situation of sampling with photograph, laboratory testing analysis method with copy of test manual, result of analysis and discussion)

4. WORK SCHEDULE All the works shall be completed by the first week of March 2006. The Contractor shall follow the plan and schedule approved by the Study Team.

5. SUPERVISION OF THE SURVEY

The Study Team has the right to supervise the Work and to approve the plan of operation, work methods and progress of the Work. The Study Team also has the right to accept and reject the result of the Work. Usual and emergency contact address of the Contractor shall be reported to the Study Team before commencement of the Work.

FORM-3 (3/3) Number of Sampling Sites: Scheme Irrigation Water Drinking Water Rajangana 0 6 Nachchduwa 12 4 Thuruwila 4 2 Total 16 12

Sampling frequency: Month Dec-05 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mar-06 Week W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 Sampling + + + Report +

Proposed parameters: Parameter Abbr. Unit Irrigation Drinking Method Temperature + + DO meter Diss. Oxygen DO mg l-1 + DO meter Conductivity EC µS cm-1 + + EC meter Total Sus. Solids* TSS mg l-1 + Gravimetry pH pH + + pH meter Alkalinity Alk mg l-1 + + APHA Turbidity Turb. NTU + Titrimetry Sodium Na mg l-1 + + AAS Calcium Ca mg l-1 + + AAS Magnesium Mg mg l-1 + + AAS Potassium K mg l-1 + + AAS Chloride Cl- mg l-1 + + APHA Sulphate SO4

2- mg l-1 + + APHA Hardness* Hd mg l-1 + APHA Total Solids TDS mg l-1 + + Calculation Fluoride* F- + Colorimetry Nitrate* NO3

- μg l-1 + + APHA Nitrite NO2

- μg l-1 + + APHA Ammonium NH4

+ mg l-1 + + Total Phosphate* PO4

3- μg l-1 + + APHA Disolved Phosphate PO4

3- μg l-1 + + APHA Total Iron Fe mg l-1 + AAS Manganese Mn + AAS Copper Cu μg l-1 + + AAS Zinc Zn μg l-1 + + AAS Boron* B μg l-1 + AAS Sodium Absorption Ratio* SAR meq l-1 + Calculation BOD5 BOD5 mg l-1 + + COD5 COD5 mg l-1 + + No of parameters 23 26

FORM-4 Outline of Soil Survey Report

1. Introduction

Purpose of the survey and general methodology (see box for some example of soil survey item), schedule and team organization, limitations of soil survey (if any)

2. Soil maps and mapping units

General specification of the maps is explained. The classification of the area, delineations, on a soil map represent combinations of soil series that occur in predictable patterns on the basis of landscape. Such predictable combinations are soil map units and are defined by a unique name and symbols. *soil mapping units

3. Soil characteristics and Findings related with land use and water management, irrigation and drainage (1) Soil characteristics (2) Irrigation and drainage and water management (3) Fertility levels

General soil maps: A general soil map which gives a broad picture of the type and distribution of soils that occur in the area. Interpretation should be elaborated based on the survey results, referring to behavior and response of soils related to human activities including irrigation and drainage, irrigation water management, fertility level.

4. Land use

Soil survey result lead to future land use to be explained in this chapter. Common interpretations are (i) land use capability classification, (ii) wind and water erodibililty classification and thereby judging future (iii) proposed land use. *land suitability units

5. Recommendations

Future plan on soil survey such as soil monitoring plan Preliminary cost and schedule for such proposed plan Institutional linkage necessary to materialize propose plan

Box: Some example of soil survey items: Items should meet the different requirement, however, general items contained in the soil survey are: - Alkalinity / Acidity - Permeability - Available water

capacity - Horizon thickness

- Depth to bedrock - Salinity and/or sodicity

- Degree of erosion - Slope gradient - Depth to water table - Soil color - Soil lime

(carbonates) - Soil organic matter

- Soil structure - Soil texture - Stoniness

FORM-5 (1/2)

Facilities’ Assessment (Canals) Serial Number : A- I. General

Map Coordinate Name of Canal Location Purpose Irrigation / Drain / Others A-1

Date of visit (member)

Access Good Moderate Bad

II. Dimension and Conditions Upstream Canal dimensions and conditions

Canal name B

hH

B: (m) H: (m) h: (m) b: (m)

Concrete Lined Earth

Downstream-1 Canal dimensions and conditions

Canal name B

hH

B: (m) H: (m) h: (m) b: (m)



Canal name B

hH

B: (m) H: (m) h: (m) b: (m)



Canal name B

hH

B: (m) H: (m) h: (m) b: (m)


III. Problems on the Canal and the Structure

1. Sediments none some

serious 7. Canal road

good moderate

bad none

2. Vegetation none some

serious

8. Others (specify below, if any)

none some

serious

3. Erosion none some

serious

4. Leakage none some

serious

5. Overflow none some

serious

6. Illegal checking none some

serious

IV. Evaluation A Fully functioning B Partly deteriorated, but functioning in a satisfactory range C Not functioning well and/or affecting the downstream flow D Completely not functioning

ｂ

ｂ

ｂ

ｂ

FORM-5 (2/2)

Serial Number : A- Canal Number of Photo A-2 Map Coordinate

photograph

Sketch with direction of the photograph

FORM-6 (1/2)

Facilities’ Assessment (Structures) Serial Number : B1- I. General

Map Coordinate Canal Name

Type of Structure

Turnout / Duckbill Weir / Diagonal Weir / Drop / Spillway /

Culvert / Field Inlet (Concrete) / Field Inlet (PVC) /

Others (Specify) B-1


Access Good Moderate Bad

II. Problems (II, III and IV is not required for PVC Field Inlet)

1. Structure Condition none some

serious

2. Others (such as measuring device)

none some

serious

III. Evaluation A Fully functioning B Partly deteriorated, but functioning in a satisfactory range C Not functioning well and/or affecting the downstream flow D Completely not functioning

IV. Photograph & Sketch

Photograph

Comment

FORM-6 (2/2)

Serial Number : B1-

Structure Assessment (Details) Scheme: Nachchaduwa Rajangana Thruwila Canal Name: Type of Structure Turnout / Duckbill Weir / Diagonal Weir / Drop / Spillway / Culvert

/ Field Inlet (Concrete) / Field Inlet (PVC) /

Others (Specify)


Assessment Point 1. Gate is available or missing? 2. Is it difficult to operate (open or close)? 3. Gate is seriously corroded? 4. Are there any cracks in any part of the structure? 5. Any leakage from the structure is found? 6. Downstream apron is scoured or damaged? 7. Measuring device is available or missing? No Item Condition

Good Serious Not

Applicable 1 Gate A B C D NA 2 Operation A B C D NA 3 Corrosion A B C D NA 4 Cracks A B C D NA 5 Leakage A B C D NA 6 Downstream

Damage A B C D NA

7 Measuring Device

A B C D NA

A: None, it is in good condition B: Partly, but not so serious C: Not functioning well D: Seriously damaged and structure is completely not functioning NA: Not Applicable

Land and FOs' Activities Assessment

Scheme.: Rajangana / Nachchaduwa / Thruwila

Tract No/FO.:

Canal No.:


Allotment Farm 1. Land Ownership 2. Land Use 3. FO ActivityNo. Lot No. Title Deed Allocated under LO 3-1 3-2 3-3

(ID) Original Descendant Tenant Lease Thattu-Maru Original Descendant Tenant Lease Thattu-

MaruNo. of

Operator 2-1 Yala 2-2 Maha Membership O&M FeeAttendance toShramadana(FO activity)

Registered NotRegistrere Registered Not

Registrere Index Paddy OFC Banana Others Paddy OFC Banana Others Yes No Yes No Yes No

Name of person in charge:

Signature:

FOR

M-7

FORM-8

Date:

Canal:

Measurement Point

Water depth (m)

Vertical point from water surface

Staff Gauge Reading at BP

Measurement 1

Dial number (1, 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100)=(a1)

Number of Buzzer (=b1)

Time (sec) (=c1)

velocity (m/sec)(=v1=0.086 x N (a1 x b1)/c1) +0.019)

Measurement 2

Dial number (1, 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100)=(a2)

Number of Buzzer (=b2)

Time (sec) (=c2)

Velocity (m/sec)(=v2=0.086 x N (a2 x b2)/c2) +0.019)

Canal base width (m) (=b)

Water surface width (m) (=B)

Discharge (m3/sec) (=3=1x2)

Current meter: Sanei-3,No. 6137 Name of person in charge: velocity = 0.086 N + 0.019N = (dial number) x (number of buzzer) / (time) Signature:(Applicable range: 0.120 m/sec - 1.997 m/sec)

Discharge Measurement and Calculation

Area of Cross-section (m2)(=2=((b+B)xD)/2)

Average velocity (m/sec)(=1=(v1+v2)/2)

FORM-9Plotting Sheet for H-Q Curve PreparationD

isch

arge

(Q m

3)

Water Level at BP of Canal (H m)

FORM-10Daily Discharge to D-Canal

Scheme: Rajangana

Tract: LB Tract 2Canal: D-1

Pilot Area

Date Time H (cm) Remarks


Signature:Note:1 Readings are to be taken at beginning point (BP) of D-canal once a day at 9:30 in th2 In the remarks column, any occurances such as gate closure, deviation from issue sch

misappropriation attempts are recorded.

FORM-11Daily Discharge to D-Canal

Scheme: Rajangana


Control Area

Date Time H1 (cm) H2 (cm) Remarks


Signature:Note:1 Readings are to be taken at beginning point (BP) of D-canal once a day at 9:30 in the morning.2 H1 is measured at the concrete weir (overflow depth) while H2 is at the staff gauge.3 In the remarks column, any occurances such as gate closure, deviation from issue schedule,

misappropriation attempts are recorded.

Daily Discharge to F-CanalScheme: Rajangana


Pilot Area Date:

FC No. Time Baffle Setting Water Level Duckbill / Diagonal WeirSpilling Over Remarks

FC_7 15 / 10 / 5 Yes / No Yes / NoFC_8 15 / 10 / 5 Yes / No Yes / NoFC_9 30 / 15 / 10 / 5 Yes / No Yes / NoFC_10 15 / 10 / 5 Yes / No Yes / NoFC_12A 15 / 10 / 5 Yes / No Yes / NoFC_12 15 / 10 / 5 Yes / No Yes / NoFC_13 15 / 10 / 5 NA NAFC_13A 15 / 10 / 5 NA NAFC_14 15 / 10 / 5 NA NA


Signature:Note:1 Readings are to be taken once a day in the morning between 9:30 and 10:30.2 Water level is judged by checking the level at the horizontal bar attached on

the buffle gate (see right). If the water level is almost same as that of bar, mark"yes". If the level is lower, mark "no".

3 If the water is spilling over appurtenant duckbill or diagonal weir, select "yes."4 In the remarks column, any occurances such as gate closure, deviation from

issue schedule, misappropriation attempts are recorded.

2. Water level measurement bar- How to check water level

FOR

M-12

Daily Discharge to F-CanalScheme: Rajangana


Control Area Date:

FC No. Time Gate Water Level (cm) RemarksFC_21 Open / Close Not measurableFC_21A Open / CloseFC_22 Open / Close Not measurableFC_23 Open / CloseFC_29 Open / CloseFC_30 Open / Close Not measurableFC_31 Open / CloseFC_32 Open / CloseFC_34 Open / CloseFC_36 Open / Close Not measurableFC_37 Open / Close Not measurableFC_38 Open / Close Not measurableFC_39 Open / Close Not measurableFC_40 Open / Close to be measured using Cut Throat FlumeFC_41 Open / Close Not measurableFC_42 Open / Close Not measurable


Signature:Note:1 Readings are to be taken once a day in the morning between 9:30 and 10:30.2 Water level is measured by staff gauge attached on the beginning point of each FC.3 Under the remarks column, any occurances such as gate closure, deviation from issue schedule, misappropriation attempts

are recorded.

FOR

M-13

FORM-14 (1/6)

AG-01 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENTAG01-01-01 Socio-economic Survey

Annexture 1 Sample Questionnaire

QUESTI0NNIARE

1 Name of farmer/operator Main Canal

Address D Canal

Name of Farmer Organization F Canal

2 Household Occupant No.Farmer/OperatorWifeChildren

Infant/school goingDependent adultIndependent

Other dependents

3 Farm AssetsLand Ownership

What was the original extent of farm holding ? (Ac / ha) IrrigatedHomestead

What is your relationship with the original holder ?

How many share holders are there for the land ?

How many operators are there in the block ?

Do you give part of your crop to non-operating share holders ?

If yes, what is the share ?

If no line ownership, what is your status as as operator ?

Tenant Lessee Thattumaru

FARM ECONOMIC SURVEY

Labour Contribution

FORM-14 (2/6)

3.1 Farm Holding (Ac. or Ha.)Irrigated Home- Other

Own Tenant Leased In Leased Out stead

3.2 HouseRooms Roof Walls Floor Toilet Electricity Water

3.3 Farm Machinery & Equipment (Nos.)4W tractor 2W tractor Thresher Sprayer W. pump Trailer

3.4 Home Appliances (Nos.)TV Radio Phone Sew Mach

3.5 Transport (Nos)Car/van Truck Mobike Pushbike

FORM-14 (3/6)

3.6 Processing MachimeryRice mill Food Processing: DESCRIBE Other

Capacity

3.7 Farm Buildings

Capacity

3.8 LivestockBuffalo Cattle Poultry Goat Pig

4 HomegardenPerennials No. of Unit price Qty

Trees Unit Qty Rs. SoldCoconutBananaMangoDrumstickJak

TeakNeem

Other Crops

5 Crop ProductionReserves for

Extent ha Prodn. Mt Extent ha Prodn. Mt Consumpn SeedPaddy

Crop

Other (specify)Food Processing

Production

Paddy Storage

Maha SeasonYala Season

FORM-14 (4/6)

4.1 Settlement of rents and loans in kind: (kg)Tenency ChemicalsLease Fertiliers Total

5 Household IncomeSource Rupees perM/S/YCrops Paddy

FruitsVegetablesCoconutField crops

Livestock MilkEggsPoultryPig/Goat

Off Farm IncomeCottage IndustryHire of MachineryMillingSelling Finished ProductsTradingMoney LendingSanurdhiHired Labour

Other (specify)

FORM-14 (5/6)

7 Household ExpenditureRupees perM/S/Y

Payment of InterestFood and BeveragesClothingTransportFunctionsHealthEducationEntertainmentOther (specify)

8 Loans Obtained This Year 2005Month or Source Amount PaidSeason 1 2

Do you have unsettled loans that were taken last year or before ?

If YES, what is the outstansing amount ?

9 Where do you sell your surplus produce ?

Crop Point of Sale Unit Quantity Unit Price

Purpose Interset

FORM-14 (6/6)

10 Do you hold membrship in rural organizations ?

Organization Position Held Membership Fee

11 What benefits do you get by being a member of the Farmer Organization ?

12 Observations

Date Name of Interviewer

FORM-15 (1/2)AG 02 AGRICULTURAL ASSESSMENTAG 02-01 Ageicultural survey by participatory method

Annexture 2: Guide to Semi-structured Questionnaire

QUESTIONNAIRE OF GROUP SURVEY: Agricultural Practices and Costs

1 Varieties of Paddy Cultivated in the area:1.1 Varieties in order of usage (if possible)1.2 Cost of seeds Rs/kg1.3 Source

2 Seed Treatment Practices: Description:Mandays

3 Land Preparation:3.1 Activities prior to ploughing operation

1 General land clearing Operation mandays2 Weedicide application

Chemical Cost Source Timing Mandays Description:

3.2 Machinery and Equipment Used:1 Machine 2 W Tr 4 W Tr buffolo neat cattle Description2 Equipment Mould B Disc Tyne Rotovator3 No of times 1st plough 2nd plough 3ed plough levelling4 Cost per operation5 Lobour used mandays

4 Sowing4.1 Activities at Sowing Time Mandays Description

1 Bund cleaning and plastering2 Seed bed preparation3 Sowing4 Seed rate kg/ha

5 Ferilizing5.1 Basal Application 5.2 1st Top Dressing

1 Mixed or straight 1 Quantity2 Quantity 2 Time of application3 Time of application 3 Cost4 Cost 4 Mandays5 Mandays

5.3 2nd Top Dressing 5.3 Final Top Dressing TDM1 Quantity 1 Mixed or straight2 Time of application 2 Quantity3 Cost 3 Time of application4 Mandays 4 Cost

6 Pest and Disease Control6.1 Pests 6.2 Diseases

1 Common pests cost 1 Common diseases cost2 Chemicals used a 2 Chemicals used a

b bc c

3 Sprayer 3 Sprayer4 Instructions/advise 4 Instructions/advise5 No. of times 5 No. of times6 Mandays 6 Mandays

FORM-15 (2/2)7 Weed Control

7.1 Common weeds1 Cultural methods1 Common pests cost2 Chemicals used a

bc

3 Sprayer4 Instructions/advise5 No. of times6 Mandays

8 Irrigation Describe:Mandays(per rotation)

9 Harvesting: Describe9.1 Timing9.2 Method9.3 Heaping9.4 Drying9.5 Mandays9.6 Cost

10 Post Harvest:10.1 Threshing 10.2 Winnowing

1 Method Buffalo 4 W Tr Thresher Big Thresh 1 Method Fan Wind2 Cost 2 Cost3 Mandays 3 Mandays

10.3 Bagging

11 General 11.1 Credit Amount Source Comment

11.2 Extension No. Visits No Contact Comment

11.3 Marketing Qty Sold To Whom Price Comment

Describe 6 and 7

FORM-16 (1/2)

AG-02 Agricultural AssessmentAG-02-04 Survey of Agricultural Staff on Field Constraints

Sample 1: Questionnaire

Please write down your comments: (a) in order of relative importance (b) in Sinhala or English

Name Age (Yrs) Range

Segment Scheme

Professional Qualifications

Year1

2

3

Years of Service as an Agricultural Instructor

Years of Service in the District

Mode of Transport Off.Vehicle Mobike Pub. Trans

In-Service and Other TrainingYEAR 2004

1

2

3

4

5

6

YEAR 2005

1

2

3

4

5

6

Do you think the present training programs are adequate to carry out your servicessatisfactorily ?

Yes No

If NO, what are the subject areas that you think need strengthening by further training ?

12345

AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTORS/SMOs/Segment AO

Period (Y/M/D)Institution & CountryName of the Program

Name of the Program Institution & Country Period (Y/M/D)

Institution Qualification

FORM-16 (2/2)

What are the major problems or difficulties you face in carrying out your usual duties ?

12345

In your view, what the major problems or difficulties the farmers in your area face in carrying out their farming practices

12345

FORM-17 (1/6)

[Sample of Questionnaire] TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR MARKETING SURVEY ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN THE STUDY ON INCREASING THE CAPACITY OF INTERGRATED MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION SECTOR IN SRI LANKA

SECTION 1 GENERAL

1.1 Objective of the Work

Objective of the Work is to provide basic information on marketing of agricultural

products in the target areas to the JICA Study Team. The basic information on

marketing of agricultural products shall be submitted to the Study Team in the form

of reports based on i) macro-level market information, and ii) detailed field survey

and case study of the current marketing situation in the target area.

1.2 Target Area of the Work

Target area of the work shall consist of Study areas; Rajangana and Nachchaduwa

irrigation schemes and the surrounding area, market centers; Colombo,

Dambulla, Maradagahamula (rice wholesale market), retail and consumer markets.

1.3 Agricultural Products

Agricultural products shall include raw, semi-finished and finished crop products,

animal products and fish currently produced in the Study area as well as other

products that have a potential for future development in the Study area. The

products are identified in Annex I.

1.4 Scope of the Work

1) Submission of Implementation Plan

The Contractor shall propose and submit to the Study Team an implementation

plan on equipment and materials use and staff deployment along with a work

schedule for approval by the Study Team before the commencement of work.

2) Preparation of Report

The report will contain two sections, namely the macro-level information and the

detailed study of the current marketing situation.

FORM-17 (2/6)

The macro-level information will consist of published data and information on

government policy issues on agricultural marketing, supply and demand situation,

export and import of agricultural products, product prices and price behavior over

the past 10 year period at the national level.

The detailed survey of the current situation will contain primary and secondary data

and information on seven items.

1) Marketing channels and agencies

1.1) Marketing channels for each product from primary producer to the

consumer/exporter.

1.2) Mechanisms of transferring ownership of products from the producer to

the consumer/exporter through the agencies involved in the marketing

channels

1.3) Volume of products (quantities) handled by each agency.

1.4) Consumer/exporter response to product quality

1.5) Product losses in the process of goods transfer from producer to

consumer

2) Pricing

2.1) Mechanism of price fixing of agricultural products, including the various

cost components at each transfer point in the marketing channel.

2.2) Price fluctuation of agricultural products at farm-gate, collector and

wholesale market over the seasons and over the years (Min. 2 years).

2.3) Method and terms of payment and the volume by each product handled at

the points of goods transfer in the marketing channel.

3) Marketing functions of the producer

3.1) Post-harvest practices from point of harvesting to selling for each

product including harvesting condition such as maturity, weather, moisture

content, etc., product preparation for the market such as cleaning, sorting,

packing, etc. and product losses.

3.2) Costs of product preparation including labour, machinery and materials.

3.3) Risk management and price decision

3.4) Transport of products from the farm to consuming areas including the

modes and costs to the farmer.

FORM-17 (3/6)

3.5) Production loans obtained from credit supply sources with sales

agreements.

3.6) Home consumption, reservation for seeds and sales to different buyers

4） Marketing facilities in and around the Study area

4.1) Local assembly markets or pola and public markets, their numbers,

present condition, locations, product type and volumes handled including

location maps and facilities available

4.2) Wholesale markets in Dambulla, Maradagahamula, Kurunegala,

Anuradhapura and Colombo, their capacities, present condition and the

facilities available.

4.3) Processing and storage facilities, their numbers, operational systems,

capacities, present condition, locations along with location maps.

4.4) Road and transport situation, the condition of the main marketing routes

and market roads in the Study area, time taken to transport goods

between two points, transporters operating in the Study area, type and

capacities of transport vehicles available.

4.5) Cottage level processing of agricultural products including raw materials

used, processes, finished products, marketing, involvement of farm

women.

5) Marketing support services

5.1) Marketing services including MIS provided by government institutions,

NGOs, private sector and community organizations

5.2) Capacity of the government officials engaged in providing marketing

services

5.3) Coordination of support services

6) Problems of marketing

6.1) Identification of the major problems and issues in marketing of agricultural

products in the Study area.

6.2) Suggestions to solve the main problems faced by farmers

7) Case study of group marketing of agricultural products

The report shall consist of text, tables, figures, maps and photographs, and should

FORM-17 (4/6)

be annexed with list of references, data sources, detailed records of individual and

group discussions and interviews and other supporting documents.

SECTION 2 Methodology of the Work

The work shall be conducted through instruction and discussion with the Study

Team. The methodologies of the Work are as follows:

2.1 Collection of secondary data

2.2 Collection of primary data through field surveys conducted in the target

area. Participatory approach may be adopted to collect data and

information by administering semi-structured individual and group

interviews supported by direct observation

2.3 The interviews conducted shall include producers, consumers,

intermediaries in the marketing channels and officials of the organizations

providing marketing support services.

2.4 Each interview conducted should carry the identification and location

(address) of the respondent

2.5 The specifications on the minimum numbers and type of interviews to be

carried out at in the survey are given in Annex II。

2.6 The data and information collected should be analyzed and presented in

the form of a report.

FORM-17 (5/6)

ANNEX I Detailed Survey of Agricultural Products

Category Products Number of Items

Cereals: Paddy, Maize, Kurakkan 3

Vegetables: Tomato, Eggplant, Bitter gourd, Snake gourd, 5

Loofah, Long bean, Okra, Radish, Chilli (green

and red), Onion (red and big) Capsicum, Cabbage,

Bean, Cauliflower, Beetroot, Carrot, Pumpkin,

Cucumber, Ash-plantain, Tibbatu, Batu, Kancun

Grain Legumes: Blackgram, Greengram, Cowpea, Soybean, 3

Groundnut

Fruits: Mango, Papaya, Banana, Melon, Citrus, 3

Pomegranate, Pineapple

Others: Sesame, Drumstick, Coconuts, Green Leaves 1

TOTAL 15 Case Studies on Animal Products

Category Product Number of Items Animal Product: Milk, Eggs, Poultry, Goats, Pig 2

Fish Products: Fresh fish, Dried fish 1

TOTAL 3 Note: In categories where the number of products exceed the number of survey items,

the most important products in terms of income generation and scale of operation should be

selected.

FORM-17 (6/6)

ANNEX Ⅱ: Specification of interview survey

Name of Product Interviewee Location Numbers Total No.

Rep. Of Farmers Rajangana 10

Nachchaduwa 10

20

Village Collectors Rajangana 3

Nachchaduwa 3

6

Commision Agent Colombo 2

Dambulla 2

Maradagahamula 1

5

Wholesalers Colombo 2

Dambulla 2

Maradagahamula 1

5

Retailers Colombo 2

Kandy 2

Kuranegara 1

5

Grand total 41

Note:

Name or company name, address of Interviewee and date(day/month) of interviewmust be recorded.

JICA報告書PDF版(JICA Report PDF) - THE STUDY ON … · 2006-08-23 · FINAL REPORT MANUAL FOR...

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