JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management
Transcript of JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
JENA: A Java API for OntologyManagement
Hari Rajagopal
IBM Corporation
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Agenda
Background
Intro to JENA
Case study
Tools and methods
Questions
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
The State of the Web Today
The web is more Syntactic (text based) thanSemantic (context and relevance based)
Goal is to make the content on the webmachine understandable and accessible
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
The Syntactic Web Is…A hypermedia, a digital library
A library of documents called (web pages) interconnected by ahypermedia of links
A database, an application platformA common portal to applications accessible through web pages, andpresenting their results as web pages
A platform for multimediaBBC Radio 4 anywhere in the world! Terminator 3 trailers!
A place where computers do the presentation (easy) andpeople do the linking and interpreting (hard).
Why not get computers to do more of the hard work?
[Goble 03]
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Semantic Web
“The Semantic Web will augment the existinghuman-readable Web with structured datathat's easy for software to process”
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Semantic Web -layersResource Description Framework (RDF): lets youassert factse.g. ‘Akbash is-a breed of dog’
RDF Schema: lets you describe vocabularies anduse them to describe thingse.g. person X is a LivingPerson.
Web Ontology Language (OWL): lets youdescribe relationships between vocabulariese.g. persons in schema A are the same thing asusers in schema B.
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Access to Web Resources
HTTP
FTP
SMTP
FILE (?)
One thing in common – ‘They all need torefer to a unique ID for a resource’
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Resources on the Web
A resource can be identified by a URI
Some examples
www.synergy.com/resources/domain/#a
www.apex.com/alpha/#list• And so on…………
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
URL - Definition
A URI +Protocol = URL
• While a URL may be used for a resource that you canbrowse to , a URI can be used for anything (literally)
• Implications – we can model far more than a webresource
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
RDF Basics
RDF (Resource Description Framework) is alanguage for representing information aboutresources
• [ A resource is any item of info that has a URI]
W3C standard
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Resource?
Which leads to the immediate response –
A resource is any entity that one wishes to referto, on the web a resource could be a web page,a link, a particular user identity, …..
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Resource
In the RDF world it is a bit more stringent
A resource is either a
Literal (any XML Schema allowed type)
A URI itself
A resource has
A URI
Properties that qualify it
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
The properties mentioned here have valuesthat are literals
Statements can be made about theresources and their properties thus linkingthem together
These form what are known as RDF graphs
Resource (Continued)
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
RDF Representation
Directed graph
Reasons for adoption:
Extremely easy to follow
Clear representation (in space) of the Subject-predicate-Object triplet
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
RDF – Directed Graph
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Usability of This Notation
Very easily understood
BUT
Not easily serialized or transported [this ismeant to be used on the web among other things
after all]
So, RDF/XML is used
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
RDF Format
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
RDF and XML Schemas
Define a schema using XSD
Reuse the XML data-types in defining theRDF description
The example in the previous page could berewritten as follows
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Use of an XML Schema
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
RDF Statements
http://www.example.org/index.htmlhas a creator whose value is JohnSmith
http://www.example.org/index.htmlhas a creation-date whose value isAugust 16, 1999
http://www.example.org/index.htmlhas a language whose value is English
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Corresponding Graphs
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
RDF Validation and Visualization
http://www.w3.org/RDF/Validator
An online service for validating your RDFschemas and documents and graphing them
Uses the ‘ARP’ RDF parser
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
RDF Sample
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Node-arc Representation
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Model
A collection of these RDF graphs gives us aset of statements that can be queried andmanipulated
In effect :
A knowledge representation
OR
‘Model’
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
rattan
http://www.furniture.com/products/#chaise_lounge
is-made-of
Representation of a Statement
The resource ‘chaise-lounge’ has a property‘is-made-of’ with a value of ‘rattan'
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Point to note:
Just like resources, properties are namespaceand URI qualified too
Values can be just that – ‘literals’
However, if a value needs to be further qualifiedby properties and values, then it too must:• Be a resource (URI and all)
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http://www.furniture.com/#wicker
http://www.furniture.com/products/#chaise_lounge
is-made-of
rattan Indonesia
reed-type imported-from
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
RDF Models
Each model is made up of a number ofstatements
A statement asserts (not the same as a C++or JAVA Assert, there is no boolean outcomehere) a fact about a resource
A statement basically links a Subject and anObject together using a Predicate
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Ontology
Textbook definition of an ‘Ontology’ = aspecification of a concept’
To a developer
A system of declaring and defining meaningfulrelationships (aka rules) between domain objects
In the RDF-S world, these domain objects areresources
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Ontology Models
An ontology model is an extension of theRDF model that provides extra capabilitiesfor handling ontology data
Allows customization as to
Storage (disk vs memory)
Reasoning vs non-reasoning
Different Ontology formats used
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Today..Search for‘offenhauser’ and AMCand you end up with …
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
What We Really Wanted …
What the torque/rpm and hp/rpm curves forthe intake on a stock motor were supposedto be
How did we get so far off track?• No contextual search, simply a text keyword lookup
Even with Google???• Getting better every day
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Points to Note
We did not come up with any ‘inferences’
Everything was a direct conclusion
So, how would we achieve that ?
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Web “Schema” Languages
Existing Web languages extended tofacilitate content description
XML XML Schema (XMLS)
RDF RDF Schema (RDFS)
XMLS not an ontology language
Changes format of DTDs (document schemas) tobe XML
Adds an extensible type hierarchy• Integers, Strings, etc.
• Can define sub-types, e.g., positive integers
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RDFS is recognisable as an ontologylanguage
It has
Classes and Properties (and sub-classes thereof)
Ranges and domains for the above
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
OWL allows the characteristics of resources'properties to be expressed
So, inverse properties, like-as and similar-toare definable using OWL
This gives more relationship status to a RDFschema based model
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OWL Versions
OWL full
OWL DL (Description Logic)
OWL Lite
OWL DL is the one used in our examples
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
JENA
Open source
http://jena.sourceforge.net
Based on development done at the HP LabsSemantic web development effort andreleased into the open source community
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
What Features Are Offered?
A RDF API
Reading and writing RDF in RDF/XML, N3and N-Triples
An OWL API
In-memory and persistent storage
RDQL – a query language for RDF
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Using JENAGet the package (latestversion is 2.2) fromhttp://jena.sourceforge.net/downloads.html
The unzipped folderstructure is shown here
Eclipse is our IDE ofchoice
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All the examples to follow assume someknowledge of Eclipse and JDK 1.4.xx
Download the JENA 2.3 release
Create a project within the Eclipseworkspace with the jar dependencies
Using JENA (Continued)
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API
Jena has object classes to represent graphs,resources, properties and literals
Oddly enough, these classes are named:
Resource
Property
and
literal
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API (Continued)
The entire graph under consideration ishowever represented by the class ‘Model’
In JENA, Models can be
Created
Loaded
Saved
Operated upon and queried using plain JAVA
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Querying a Model
RDQL
Very SQL like, straightforward
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Case Studies
Once defined and refined, it may be used fordiverse purposes:
A designer creates an ontology forfurnishings, 2 uses that come to mind:
A web-enabled interior design application
A manufacturer can link the ontology to asupplier list to determine best prices for rarefabrics and hence lower his per unit cost duringmanufacture
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Architecture
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Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
JENA and OWL
JENA has a special model class for thispurpose
• OntModel
Using this JENA can derive meaningfulrelationships that the model does NOTexpress directly !!!
This is the true power of an OWL model
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JENA and OWL (Continued)
Using a Reasoner and a previously defined(or imported) model, JENA can inferrelationships
Swappable inference engines
OwlReasoner (micro, mini and regular)
Transitive reasoner
RDFS reasoner
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Reasoner
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Walk thru of implementation within Eclipse
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Practical Applications
Create a model (OWL ?)
Persist model
Import model
Process and perform operations on model
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Model Creation
Typically done using a standalone editor
RDF-Editor
Protégé
Protégé by itself uses a proprietary format• Plugins available for format as well as persistence
mechanisms
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Protégé Demo
Creating an OWL model
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Case Study – SofaWorld.com
An online furnishings retailer wishes to zoomin on customer requirements and tailor theirofferings to the customers tastes
So far the model has been to use a DBbacked catalog of offerings
Matching is done on a text-tag basis
Preferences of returning shoppers have beenstored as text
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
OWL versus RDF
When would you use one over the other ?
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Use RDF When…
You want a simple interoperable language
Assertion based model
Simple API to query, extract and use datarepresented
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Use OWL When…
You want to share the model
The usage reflects some amount ofinferencing
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Further Topics…
Pluggable reasoners
Performance issues
Applicability and persistence
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Questions?
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Resources
The JENA toolkit
http://jena.sourceforge.net
Protégé Ontology editor
http://protege.stanford.edu/
Infer->Ed RDF editor
http://www.intellidimension.com
Racer inference engine
http://www.racer-systems.com
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
References
Practical RDF• Shelley Powers, O’Reilly Inc., ISBN: 0-596-00263-7
Introduction to JENA• http://www-
128.ibm.com/developerworks/java/library/j-jena/index.html
The JENA Ontology API• http://jena.sourceforge.net/ontology/index.html
RDF primer http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer/
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Colorado Software Summit: October 23 – 28, 2005 © Copyright 2005, IBM Corporation
Hari Rajagopal — JENA: A Java API for Ontology Management Page
Further Info / Questions
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