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JEE4360 – Energy Alternatives

• Hydroelectric Power

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Types of Hydro Power Plants

• Impoundmentp

• Diversion

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• Pumped Storage

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Modes of OperatingHydro Power Plants

• Run-of-River• Run-of-River

• Reservoir

–Seasonal

Peaking

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–Peaking

• Pumped Storage

How a Hydro Power Plant Works

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Water flows from behind the dam, through a penstock, then through thethen through the turbine.

The hydraulic turbine resembles a large water wheel and

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converts the energy of falling water into mechanical power.

The wicket gates are a series of adjustable vanes resembling vertical blinds. They control the flow of water through the turbine.

The shaft connects the turbine to the rotor

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turbine to the rotor section of the generator.

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The rotor is a series of magnets where the magnetic field is created.

The stator is the stationary part of the generator made of coils of copper wire Electricity is

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wire. Electricity is produced as the rotor poles spin past the stationary wires.

The function of any water wheel is to extractis to extract power from water. The open water wheel served as the first turbine.

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the first turbine.

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Buckets or blades mounted on the rim were driven by flowing water. The resulting mechanical power turned machinery in mills and foundriesmachinery in mills and foundries.

The water wheel was widely used in the Middle Ages powering

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Ages, powering most industry in Europe.

The Francis Turbine was invented by James B. Francis and is a type of reaction turbine. It can be used to generate or pumpto generate or pump.

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The Francis Turbine is the most common turbine in use today. It is used in installations from ten to several hundred meters of headseveral hundred meters of head.

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The Kaplan Turbine was invented by Vikt K l dViktor Kaplan and is a propeller-type turbine. It can be used in both low and

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both low- and high- head projects.

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The Kaplan Turbine is used in installations with

id fwide ranges of head. Adjustable pitch blades maintain peak efficiency

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efficiency through the operating range.

The Pelton Turbine was invented by Lester Pelton and is an impulse-type turbine. It extracts energy from a jet

f tof water.

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The Pelton Turbine is most often used in i t ll ti ithinstallations with high head and low flow. Water is jetted through nozzles aimed at

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nozzles aimed at the buckets.

Other types of turbines include bulb Tyson and crossflow but arebulb, Tyson, and crossflow but are used much less often.

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Production by Country

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U.S. Electricity by SourceNet Generation

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Dams in the U.S.

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Hydro Power in the U.S.

Current installed capacityCurrent installed capacity•103,000,000 KW total•40,000,000 KW non-federal

Potential additions

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•30,000,000 KW practical

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Hydro Power in the U.S.

Current hydro production y poffsets

•Annually, 121 million tons of coal plus 27 million barrels of oil plus 741 billion cubic feet

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oil plus 741 billion cubic feet of natural gas combined

•CO2 equivalent of half of all cars in U.S.

Hydro Power in the U.S.

Issues•FERC Licensing

•Incentives

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•ISO/RTO operations

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Why Hydro Power?

Hydro power advantagesy p g•Acceptable•Quick•Flexible•Clean

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•National Energy Security•Recreation•Production cost

Production Cost by Source

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