Jazz Diplomacy

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Jazz Diplomacy


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American Made Music SeriesAdvisory Board

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Jazz DiplomacyPromoting Americain the Cold War Era

L E. Dp

University Press o MississiPPi Jackson


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www.up..m.u

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ISBN 978-1-60473-268-9 (lh : l. pp) 1. zzll

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L3918.39D38 2009

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http://www.upress.state.ms.us/http://www.upress.state.ms.us/


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Contents

Abb vi

Idu 3

Chp 1. Blg h Rd 27

Chp 2. zz Dplm Hm d Abd, 19541957 38

Chp 3. zz Fdm, 19571960 62

Chp 4. T dx zz Dplm, 19611966 89

Chp 5. zz Bhd h I Cu, 19611966 114

Chp 6. Bdlm m h Dd W, 19671968 129

Clu 145

N 151

Bblgph 199

Idx 213


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Abbreviations

ANA Am Nl T AdmC Buu Edul d Culul AC Culul gmNARA Nl Ah d Rd AdmSIS d S Im S

SIA d S Im Ag


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Jazz Diplomacy


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Introduction

I u 1965 zz Ngh h Blu Bd Yuh C w w ull wg. S lub mg ll md h lub l-l, d ud w ull ld b S ulul uh-. T dg ludd .S. ulul h E G. W,wh hd d zz Ngh wh l gup ppl h -

S d. W hzd h hugh hd ml u. H mmd h w d wd dml l d g pll uwd d x. I w pll llug gh wh h mll whglb lgh h w d[d] llum pu- K g b h wll h buldg.1

Id, hw, W u budd. A ug Ruump pld wh upud bll l Gllp. Suh dl-

pm d h dug mp Am jzz Sulu d . zz mbud h S bl wh uqu d bldAm lu, d h 1960 l Am fl pd h ubquu p jzz m S bl .2 l-ml, h pl jzz h S d E Eu-p hlpd dm h u h Cld W ulul lbw h uppw. B Gdm S Dpm u

h S 1962 w l hpg h l dmgd glbl mbl h .S.-S ulul hw h b-l m bu h l 1960.

Suh Am ulul u bm pbl 1954 w-hd .S. dm d g . I ul 1954 dDwgh D. Ehw, g Cld W mp, lld h wldwd ulul xhg pgm h p-mg mp h wld pp Am ulul

d pll l. A Nhl Cull h dl hw, ulul dpl-m bm p xp Am h h phlgl dm pw wg h CldW.3Cull pl w uh h h SIA, ml d ulul , d l mp hu Cld W dplm. Cull xpl h p h publdplm l mp du g

pl b ggg wh g publ ld p-


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4 introduction

lg, d, ulul dplm, xhg dplm, dl bdg.4 A h m m, wh Brown v. Board

o Education, h d S dd lgll d m l gg, h ulm lgl d gg- h d Ru 1877. Brown mblzd huhg lbl d wh gd . T, hudd pmg ld ud h glb p h .S. gm. A h l mm Cld W h, jzzdplm pudl hlpd hp pp h Am

d hughu h wld.5

T b xpl hw Am jzz um glbldplm dmll md uppw l h CldW jzz hpd h Am mg wldwd. I ll h jzz dplm wh h S d h g hwld m 1954 1968, lg h h p l h uppw ulul l. L Nhl Cull Te ColdWar and USIA, ud h l W ulul

dmhg h dbl d ppl S Cmmum hE bl hugh h u publ dplm, pll hG Summ 1955. L Wl Hx Parting the Curtain, p ulul pph dplm. T ud l xmplhw jzz dplm dmll ud pp h dS dm d .S.-S pll hmd l Cld W : h Ll R , h dpu

h Bl Wll, h Cub ml , h Vm W, dh S Czhl. I dd, l V E-h Satchmo Blows Up the World, p jzz pl CldW p d mphz h jzz dplm h dS mbl wldgm h h dul pblm dulu hd b ddd glbl x.6

Bu ul V Eh, gu h ulml h pblm ulu d jzz dplm Am g pl hd b d-

dd p m wldwd m d ml xg hhd dug h . E h md l Cld W d-pu, jzz dplm xd lm h dd -m d g p. zz bm h ubj hddb bu h g d ulul pp. , hgl g Cmmum md pmu hpg hu jzz dplm d pld Am pl d-

g l wh mgg w A, A, d L


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introduction 5

Am. T d S ddd h u d jzz glbl x l lg ulul pl wh -Cmmu-

gd w h Cld w, u S ulul ppgd,d d Cmmum.

zz dplm hu md pd bh Am ulullm d ulul dlm. I bm uqu d gmum dlgl d llul w. I h md ulul u h ludd hgh ulu, , hlg, h-l gup, d m h Am ulul pdu, jzz hld

uqu pl Am ulul pl. A h d S p-plld jzz w l , jzz dplm mdl bw d d bld Cld W pdx: hulul xp h m ppd mm mblz h ulul up Am dm.

The American Image Abroad

A jzz dplm pld pl l xulzg h .S.-S ulul l, jzz u d p h ulul dpll lu ug h d S whh jzz mu- p.7 Dug h Amzd Cu, h wld -gl uzd h Am mg h wld d l d ulul d. A wh Am lbddm dd b pw pp, bl Am ll ld

ud m lgl phd; d h d , lw l h Am h, l dm CldW dplm. T phm uld m wh W. E. B. DuB, pm bl d llul, dd h pblm h wh uh l l.8 T d S uld g h pdx h wld g bu udmd bl u S ulul d pm ululuddg bw .

Cp d ulu hughu h u dpl -ud pp h Am h hm d bd.I h , h d wh l up h dd Am- h d ulu Eup xpl udh h Nh Am. Impl, h d dmd l qul hgd, d, All Bllh dl hw, b h h-u ll Nh

Am, h gmz bl hd bm l -


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6 introduction

W d d hugh. Sl dd h Amml h d bm bl m. Suh

h h Hp Fl h llumd h w wld bg mg. E h Am Rlu ugd, hdglg d S b mbd l mg m-g ju pl h wld. R h x dd mpl Am ld l dm l plbu h dd gz bl Am z.10

A hm d bd, w Am bm dd

h h-u blm. Wh h Eg-ld pdm wld d hd Agl-Sx dl,h d S uh jud mg lglzd m l d l phd. Ol h d S d Sp hd ulwd l b h mddl h u. I w ul hg h Cl W d Ru d mh h mwh Am dd lgll g bl zhp dqul l mp.11

I h l h d l wh u, l D-wm pdd h hl ud W xp, Am mp bg mg. A h umuluu ulm- w wld w, d md h g d dpdmm d bl dm uggl, m Am ldgppld wh h qu hw l h lb dm- lu d pll d l lb wh hd d

wh l up. A h l gh mm bg, hd S xmd lgl blg d ph gh gd bl Am b h Th, Fuh,d Fh mdm h Cu. Wh h d Brown v. Board o Education 1954 d h pg h ClRgh A 1964 d h Vg Rgh A 1965, h blgbm gul d. Rl l d pp pd,d h wld d h Am mg hm d bd b

hw wll h d S uphld d d l gh AAm z.12 T m l ju qulbm bhm b whh h S d h wld m-ud Am wlh, pl, d pw.

Tu h Am mg dug h Cld W dd m mg pu g w. F, h md h h uppw l, h d S bm h wld

dm pll, m, d ulul pw d p ugh


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introduction 7

m glbl upm hugh ulul m. g-, md hw S pw d d l

Cmmum, whh, Am , pd h hul ll ppl. Sd, w h ul wp- hd pw. Appbl, h wld d pwhld g w hd h p. Td, l ghd bl lb mm bugd hm, pd dl-z A d A dll hgd gpll l b-w h uppw. T dlpm hgd h u

l l h wh u. A h m hdh d S d bh Cmmum d h l l h mplx l x.13

A h d S gppld d pl p ulu m gg Cmmu, Cld W mp -d g mph, dd, h m lu hd S ubd hm: hlh l d h l lb. , Am hd bu -

l d ulul mg m dbl mg h dlgll pw B, F, Sp, ugl, Blgum, d hNhld.14

wd h d, d h d h Am hd bud l ulu dp pl l , h dS bg ppp bl ulul pdu, m bl

jzz, ulul u. l m gud h Am dm-

md uh pbl d h jzz, uqul Am m, w l Am ulul xub. Ibuldg up h ulul dm h Cld W uggl, d bmplg jzz xmpl .S. l p u Am l, Am Cld W dd h glbl pl ulul m. zz bm h um h m bu Am ulul d l d. Y jzz l mblzd g d h u mg m

l hd, h pdgm d ulu hd dugh Cld W. Bl p bu qul bg g- h dl Am hd. Tll, l quld g bm mblm Am dm. A I-gd p u, h dm d h h md W hugh h mbd d, ul, -dm, um, ubj, d pg. d bdl

h xp W hugh h Elghm.


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8 introduction

I h lm l gh, h m pll dm, qulb h lw, d ddul dm. A h m m, h

mdm pd d bu m d , b-, ddul, lm, bll, h um ,uh, pg, d gu.15

zz dplm l bm g m .S. fl whmd gl w h bl ld d llul hlpdm wldwd pp Am . bl,DuB, whm bgph Dd Lg Lw hz

llul pwhu, glzd m h m pmbl llul wh qud l. H Lu G .h dud hw h llul pd h whm DuBwuld ll h ld h.16

Alhugh md dl budd h, p, hdl hd b lzd A Am. N up-gl, DuB d h bl llul dud W m-plm, d umu bl d mu uppd h

u. I 1949 ul Rb, h pl A Am l-lulwh w l mplhd gw l hS jul Sovetskaia Muzyka whh h xpd h w hbl Am pul pld g l gg bhS d wld ulu.17 Rb w h m lbdA Am h S . Rd b h Sppl, h d h bl pdll ld h S

d dd wh m p S ulu d l.Bgg h 1930, d hughu Wld W II, AAm l Rb d uh bl ulul gu bx Lu dl hmpd h u bl lb hm d bd, pll h Il Ehp 1935. Ell . S h pd u h h pll gzdh A ppl d bg h w b h u- ul lz.18

Wh h Chm d h h .S.-S Cld W l, hw, w Cld W xg, bg-g 1947 wh h u h um D d hhll l, md h Am pph Cmmumd h l l. A 1947, h m -Cmmum, bl hd dp -Cmmu d du u- d u h h hd pul uppd. T bu d

l p g dm hm d bd ud-


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introduction 9

w d ulm, d h Cld W d hl 1950, m wh Am budl dd Rb d

DuB. B h md-1950, ppp pll p, - hd g m d -Cmmum. Id l dm, dlgl upm, d h xplm Am dm d bm h l ubl hm publ db. , h Am Cld W blhmgl dd h Am pblm mlu, u-uul dm Am . R fll bm pd

l u h h h mpu lhg.19

Bl llul, hl, dmll dd h d glbl x dug h pw . I 1948 DuB l-lumd h d wh h dld: I m h d, pd blgl , bu pd ulul gup, gdd xpdd b ulul dl.20 Y l, 1911, bl l-lul Al L hd dbd hw h d hpd pl-

l hg h d S. Sg u l Dwmd blgl h wh l up pu h b uhl h Ahu Cm d Gubu Te Inequality o

Human Races, L d h u [h] mu b lgl h .21 Suh h mu db h d- g ppl l d ulul dlpmb pplg um phlphl d gup wh

lzg h lu. Emplg ml pludd hppu ulul b h mgh ld m hulul up gup ppl l h.22

L pd h d ulul d hl -u. T d , h d, mgd wh pulgup xl blgl d ld hm h mmhl xp. Suh xp g wh h lld

. I h w, L mpld h h d u-ll pd mm hl xp mg l h gup, d h lmd h l d bd blglbu w ll. R ull ud l xph pd[d] l blgl h.23 L, l p- phlph Hwd dug h Hlm R-, mphll dd m ulu d hd.

Fhdwg DuB, h d h ulu llumd u-


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10 introduction

u ul, x, d ud h dmd hl qu l. F hm, Am d ulu

pul d h pm Am dm. R b-m l uddg h hgh p d pl h Am h. R u Amd.24

Smll, hl hlpd ugu phlphlh l l ud bw h w. A pll pj-ud Eup ld, ulmg h mg zm,

m w ddd b hl h ul d l. Y m wd bl pd h d S. I1944, h d Wld W II, Eup mp umbld,Swdh lg Gu dl ul xpudd up hpblm Am d lbd h pp g-g bl qul h Am x. I h pl ud, An

American Dilemma, whh h hughl dumd pll,m, d l dm g bl Am, h

l gud h wh Am wuld ull mb hd l qul. H w pudd Am l dlg l d g g mpu dml g-g h d S.25 Il p d l qul d bl zhp gd mmum dug hCld W, d dgg Am pgd uh. A -u h mgd llu h w l d ulul

u, bl llul xmd h w whh -md gl mp Am ulu, d w lxp pld l l ug bl Am ul-ul bd.

Culture, Internationalism, and the American Ethos

T wldw Am d h p l d

md l Am fl h -u h mg Am ulul d l l. Wh h - h uppw l, h .S. gm hpdh dg h d bdb dpg pmg Am ulul uwuld hghlgh lgu d-

lpm Am . I h 1970 hplg CldGz hzd d ppl h


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introduction 11

h , h, d qul . . . l, ml d h l d

md; . . . h udlg ud wd hml d h wld h

l . T wld w h pu h w hg hl ull , h p u, l, . I

h m mph d d. . . . T wld md m-

ll pbl b bg pd mg ul

whh uh w l uh xp.26

zz w pd bd uh xp

Am l. T u ulu p h uhgg Cld W h pd m ulul -lm h m pl lm h Cld W ululuggl. Culul lm ud wh []ddul dgup ppl m d ld . . . ugh dlp l- mmu d ppl h b h ululhg. . . . []h h gl ld h wldmmu d mmubl hd u uddg -

l . [Culul lm ] []h p bhdh d d h um h hm.27 I h -l x, fl p--p bw gl dd h Am h.28

Jazz and Cultural Containment

Cg h m Am h md m h jg,h ppgd h h S dmd hugh-u h wld bm l Am ulul . AlhughS l hld mplx w h d S, gg mulul , , u, d dm bldd d-lgl mu, h d x d b .S. gp h d Wld W II, lg wh h hg h Cld W, g mpu d -Amm

S g pl. S mpl mb dl hpdh l . T S hzd Am d gg d zd Am ulu d-d, ml, ml, d ddul. B 1950 h S hd d H Am mpg.29 S ppgd hgh-lghd h h h d S pd dm gh wh, whl ll dd h gh A Am.

Tu l dm h d S pdl dmgd h


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12 introduction

Am p h glbl uggl g Cmmum. A ul-ul pl m dd jzz pl hugh h pdgm h

.S.-S ulul l, l hg jzz dplm u-dbl . F xmpl, h dpd Fh WA 1960, wh A bm m l l p hCld W ulul uggl, h d S mpl-d Am ulul u h S wld-wd ulul , E Eup.

Addll, S ulul w -ug. T S

pdl pd h m m ulul xhg udh wld h d S dd h 1950 d 1960; l gdulul gm wh u ggph g hwld, ludg h d S 1958. Tugh ulul l,h S mpd gd h ppl mph Cmmu pl d dlg. Tugh h m md, hpmg , du, , d hlg, h S pd p pplg p S lm w d-

pd upp Cmmu gmgg dl-zg A, A, d h ddl E. I S dlg,ll lu mblzd h wg pl mpl-m d h mm dm h W. Ad m up S- wd jzz h mu h l ugglhugh jzz, ubju-gd bl lw l uggld l-xp d umm pl pp.30

I h md h S , Chm, xphb gh h Cmmu m wh b uug Am- ulu d , xbd h uggl l qul h d S. Chm bd Cmmu ub Am, wpg w mm d ubg ppl dm h Cld W mp. Am ph-b Cmmum pmd Am l,m lgu whp Hllwd m, m h m md

wg. Am d Wld W III d m uldu b h S . Suh , lqul uld bul B By the Bombs Early Light, md h Ammd, ld h Am h, d pmd h uulul h , g, b, m, d mu. Am-m dlg u, pm, d p,mpd b bl uh h wuld p dl


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introduction 13

Am lulw dmd h md wh Am-.31

Wg hugh uh um h Hu -Am A- Cmm (HAC), Chm dud ll m lgl, l, d m qul h d S. -dxll, mph l gh gd Cmmu ubd hd h bl h d S hd wd hd h. HAC dmd lm m l d ulul -m pdu Blh g. , h Fdl Buu

Ig (FBI) hzd h l gh mm Cmmu pd. Suh m ld h mpl upp- ulul d pll m.32

I w h mph h h Am gm bg pu uh bl d llul ul Rb, W. E.B. DuB, d ph Bh whm dd pllbd. T llul p u ludl g Chmd gl hwd mph h dl h S .

DuB lu wd Cmmum gw gl dugh .33

Hw dd uh dlpm mpg up Cld W ulul -? I h l , ulu xpll bm u-m h Cld W mp. Y h hl h w-h u, Am ulul l hd d l h p lbl dlpmlm. Lbl dlpmlm

mgd 19h u lbl wh h hl xp Am w dlpm, lg h bl d xp Am uqu hl m d um dlp-ml lw hugh b pplbl wh.34 Fuhm, uppd h w h h huld m Am hlxph xp h ppl. p lb-l dlpmlm l dd p d h xhg ulul pdu b m gm-pd

pgm d .35

Tu h pph ulul hgd dll dugh Cld W . p h d h Ax pw, h .S.S Dpm dbd hw wuld du dplm hmd -Cmmu m 1945 1954, bwulul d ml dh w guphd lhd up h p gm-pd ulul


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14 introduction

pgm d h blhm h D Culul Rl 1938. Culul dugd h u ulu pll pu-

p. T ugd h ulul lm m p mpl. T uppd h pw d l uddgmg d ulu h w hugh blg mmllul d ml u d whh hd mm lu.Culu d ug u mg ppl.36 Cl, -ml ugd ug ulu ll um CldW mp ulupl.37

I 1947, wh h Am m pl bg pAm pll hugh, h d bw pl dd dppd Am ulul pl. Cg l pdh Smh-ud A 1948, llg ulul xhg pph S Cld W . Addll, Am Cld Wpl bg g Eup d A, h m h ululmp h 1940 d l 1950. B 1950, wh h h K W, h u Nl Su Cul (NSC)

p #68, d h l Ch, h d S mlzd hu d[] gh h Cld W uh h gl h l-pl.38 T uld m p -Cmmum h Am- blhm, whh hwd h lbl d -lm. T d N Edul, S, d CululOgz (NESCO) w wd um dlglw hlp hw Cmmu xp. Nw ulul h-

pd m Am l. T ulmd whh h d S Im Ag (SIA) 1953,md xpll h pup dug ppgd hughu h wld dug pm.Nhl, Cull pu, h SIA dd dp xpll ppgd wh pmg bd.39

Tu h l 1950 Am ulul pl hgd g- w. F, h S Dpm xpdd ulul

g umb ggph g: h D CululRl hd b d 1938 pll ulul wh L Am d ul h g ulull mh g p mHl, ul, d p. Sd,h S Dpm hd p m ulul xpllppgd pup wh h h SIA. S ulul, lg wh Cld W xg G, u, d K-

, pmpd b Gg K Lg lgm (1946), h X -


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introduction 15

l Su S Cdu (1947), h um D, dNSC #68, pd h u ulu hw Cmmu xp-

. K hd gud h h d S uld u mlm S xp, whl NSC #68 ugd mplgm h w wd h d. Culu hu bm xplmp h Am m pl. Td, h S D-pm lld h xhg pbl d whulul pgm, dd b, lu, d h md.Culul pgm ll dd lud A Am. T

dlpm bm l h lu pw glbl dpl-m.40 Fuh, ulul xhg, whh hd b pd mlb h p , w gl pd b h .S. g-m.

A ulul m xpdd, h u Ch-mhugh lgd h md Am wll h1960dld wh d Dwgh D. Ehw dudS ph Ch 1954. Am Cld W ulul h-

mulul hgd h u h Cld W hd u, p, d . Fqu l d h 1950 dh 1960 ud dbl mbm h u d l-d fl w wd ulupl. Bl lm wldwdl ud Am pl m w w bl whu d mm .41 N b hd Am pl m- d h pll pdx: ulml, l d

d Am dm h udmd h bl mplm h pl ulul m, d dud h wld ppl l.

A jzz mu ld bd, h .S. gm, dl, l uld d ud h m blllul h dm d l . Sgl, , ulu, jzz, d glbl dplm bm d,Am glbl u gw gl gm. Alhugh

l dl g mpu ulul dplm, m-l pld h S Dpm Buu Edu-l d Culul A (C) bu -Cmmum pld hm g l gg Am wldwd ulul gd.T u , jzz, d lm dd mg ululpl ul h l 1960, wh h S gl hwdg mpdg du.


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16 introduction

Jazz in the Cold War

zz dplm pgl llumd Am ulul d lpdx h wld g. zz mblzd bl Am- l m Am . Y, h m m, lmgd uqu mbl h d ulul dmm Am dm. I xpd hw [] ulu h lud wh- h d g bl.42 Tugh

jzz, h wld gzd h wh DuB h lld pul -

g hd h md wh pp.43

A Am - dd bl bl, jzz m d wm d u hw ulul p, wldgg h h w ull pd qul Am l. I h wd Rlph Ell, Lu Am-g h md p u bg bl.44

A m g dm pw hugh ulul m,m jzz mud p hhm d blud d llmm pld wh h ppl ulul

lm md. Oh mbd lu lm.I h, lu l llwd h xm,whl ulul l jd xm d d Alm. Bh mphzd um d bl ulul d.45zz plhhm, p, ll mp, d m-ld l mgd pp wh mulg GuhShull ll h dmz hhm lu.46 R l-

bm xm, ug ml : jzz hllgd p h fm h hg b ugglg g -l pp p wh .47 T p g h l uqu bl h

jzz, mm ulg l u, d h m, du.I l pmzd h ml dlmm h DuB pu h 1903 Te Souls o Black Folk, h

h Ng h , b wh l, d gd wh -d-gh h Am wld, wld whh ld hm u l-

u, bu l l hm hml hugh h l

h h wld. I pul , h dubl-u, h

lw lg l hugh h h, m-

ug ul b h p wld h l wh mud -

mp d p. O l h w Am, Ng; w

ul, w hugh, w uld g; w wg dl


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introduction 17

d bd wh dggd gh l p m bg ud.

. . . H mpl wh m pbl m b bh Ng d

Am . . . whu hg h d Oppu ld ughl h . . . . T, h, h d h g: b -w h

gdm ulu.48

A h hw, h jzz h 1950 d 1960h gld g jzzbm ulul xpmd updd h , g h bdp

pll d l lm h dd h u ulul mlu.zz mu mbl mg h dd h jzzg wll h w- u.49

Donning the Mask

T lu hg jzz mu pllld h d ll h Am l gh mm. I h l gh, h

bl h mgd , ldhp, g, dpl gl w ml m p h gum , pw, h, d m h pl jzz. . . . Tl gh mm d jzz mu dw m mm du ( d) h hpd h w dpu w dd h w whh u u h pu d p.50 A p mbl , jzz mu m w

bm h l g h Am uggl l qul-.51 A Am lu hd, m jzz pm w hmu m bg bu l hg d ulull-dm.52 Suh jzz h Am B w h hpll mpl jzz w udbl. T mu hm-l d: Dd h hld pl h pw wld h hmp? Dd h l gh mm pm hm m upl Am ?53 Tu h mglg jzz xp

d pll m, whh hzd jzz l lu- h wh u, hd l juu h CldW .

I h 1920, Wld W I hllgd pl d hup W lz, h uggl d d ul-ul um bm ull ud A Am dhugh. Bl ulu, ll xp, m lu

mu, m d dm, m ulpu h m, bugd


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18 introduction

p l mm: h Hlm R. THlm R w A Am mbg up pl-

l, l, d wh b ,xp h pdd mpu h mul d -m h 1950 d 1960. T w dl md dd bl lu wd l-d hpd mg m h dd -l bd.54 T dd h u: b publ Ng, ml [], bu d h .55 L hml b-

ld ppgd . I h 1920 Ng hd S l[d] pul p pul ggph. H l-ul l, whl h m m, pl, h-ll, gll. I mp p wh w , m hg l ulu d h h m h ul h xp-.56

E h x gg h 1920, h 1950 d1960, g d l llb pl.

Bu bu gg bm hd h Am lldp, h bl hd d wh , whh w h wll.57 A llul, A Am gppld wh h whh huld pd ml - d hml. Tu m bl uggld wh h -p l dulm.58 g m l b ld p bmg. F w Lg Hugh, jzz pd

h pwul, xp h bl lw l. Y dlmm h m llul bld h d bmAm, bl hd dp w ulu wh uludl A Am ulu bhd. T w u m hw p d ld h h uld p h Am dm.F Hugh, hw, d h l d bw bld wh w d h g d bl xp h d S d l. Bl ull d

h bw d ulu Am, d, h wd Gg Huh, h w mdg d .59

I h 1930, h mh h G Dp, bl p-p h d S ld gl lud mg bl .60 Dug h w h bgbd , wh wg mu h mul ldp hmd bdjzz mu d bl mbd h d

l-dm, l h w Am Cmmu-


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introduction 19

.61 I h 1930 bl ulu bm ud wh Cmmu- dl, mg A Am ulu d d pudl

. Ipd b h Ru Rlu 1917, m bl,ludg ul Rb, ld h S d mbdbd l u. B ggg ulul bd,m, d jg h pul F g h g p m, pll Sp, m bl dl l bm h u bl ulul lm.62 Suh g bl xm h l u

bl xp bw h w . . . w mldd hugh mp h d md.63 Suh bl ulul gu h p d w Z Nl Hu d h w bl Am l ulu.64

A DuB d L l dul bm dd h jzz m l, jzz m mgd wh uh publ- Down BeatdMetronome. I h 1930 h ud h ml jzz blhm w ld.65 I h 1940 Wld W II

gl hgd h lhp jzz mu Amulul l h b-bpp mgd F-d S Nw Y C, h h h jzz wld. T 1920 mu LuAmg, lhugh ll ppul, bm hdwd b h wud uh jzz g Chl , Dzz Gllp, d BllE.66

Dug h w, b-bpp d w ulul d wh h

z u d h , pg hbl hp ulu hbugh h l h Am ulul . T w qu-l dmd h l d dug u b m h jzzblhm d zd b mldgju jzz w l zd h 1960.67 T w lhl hlpd ppulz jzz hughu h wld. Swg db-bp bd pmd bd, gl g p m-l. A h glzd h w hm, wg bd hd,

d h m jzz bd ugd. zz md pg pl-l mbl Am gh dm hm d bd.68

I h 1950, hw, jzz mu l djud h wdmd Cld W ulu. T ppl h mgg,u wh Am ubub mddl l d ppulzh mu pw Am m hgd. Tu jzz muud hml ugglg d h u h m

h mpd ppl pdl hg Am lu. Whl


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20 introduction

m jzz mu bm d pll , h w-ld wh h w Cld W pl d h m.69 Amd

h mgg lbl, -Cmmu u h gudd h jzzblhm, jzz mu bdd h m dl d h 1930 d mbd m h mu h d Amw hm jzz mu ld hlp gh h CldW, ul dpg l bld pph jzz. T -qu mgg jzz mm uld b uh upwh jzz hll S d N H d

m m md jzz mu m h 1930 d 1940 d ld h mg l u mg m jzz .70 Tulg jzz bm mbd b Am pl mwh dmd h d jzz dplm. B h 1960 jzzmu dd h w d ld glbl ul,mgz, dg, d hw, d u. zz hd p-ul ppl mg h uh.

I h pd d, plh w mu d

l ppd h jzz Nw Y, Chg, Nw Ol,d h hg ub . Sm jzz h d ,l Am B, xpd h w h h w g- mu, h xp h m buul lm h A-Am mul d, b uul d h hd b wh. B Gdm, Du Ellg Cu B,md h Kg Swg, h d.71 Nhl, h ug-

g jzz mu, h l w d h,ud h jzz wld. Tlu luzd p ld ud g p h ludd RdW, Hb Nhl, O , D Bub, Amhd -ml, d Bll E.72 Smulul, uh mu dumml Lw phdd Td Sm jzz b pg llhqu, hd pg, d ml p jzz mu.Ehg h E C h 1950, h W C mgd

w jzz l. H, l jzz bm p l- bp d d m h md d whAm. T d zz Qu bm ldg pp l jzz. Sgl, m h l jzz mu w wh,ludg G ullg, mm Gu, Shll , Sh Rg-, d D Bub. Wh d , h d u-p ml mul mp, d jzz l gmd

uh. T mul dppld h m -


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introduction 21

wh Am hugh m h mu hd hm l b-bpp wh hud m. T mu-

l d h bl bw b-bp, h jzz, d l jzzd.73

Oh mgg l jzz ludd hd-bp, p-bp, dul-jzz.74 x Rh bm h pm hd-bp dumm h d. H l mgd l jzz wh w We Insist!

Freedom Now Suiteh m plll xpl jzz p h .75Chl gu, h m hd-bp, dmd

uh mp Bh, Bh, d Dbu. H bm h m up mu h jzz wld h ud ll l jzz h w bllu, pwul mul l. gu wh l jzz h m hg w Ez ud, jzz hld G h pd.76 Y gu l pud b hwh m d h bl m h bm d pplg jzz wh h mm l qul.77 Em

jzz dumm Cz Cl lw lmd h l ud h

wd jzz bh d d ud h mul blhm.H dld h ll jzz mu d h p h hdd m h u whh h pld, pll hx gg. Wh mu hld m h jb. Smb, h d, ju gud jzz mu h w w ju ju hg. Cl gzd h jzz w gdd pu dw m h m ud.78

l m mm , h mu wh phddh w m jzz h 1960 jzz dd h wl ulu hugh l uggl, hg mpllmmg A g up m g ll ul. Tu h -mglg jzz xp, h l-dm,d p-ll m h hzd jzz l lu hwh u hd l juu. Dug h , h dlg ud h jzz mmu. Rh h d h

d l-bld l jzz, mu d upp h mu d wd bl u whh h d ul d bl mul lu. T mu udh um m gh m, m, dpp. T plzd h mu lu pl.79F jzz pm w mlgd h p h u-p.80 Exludd m pmg h lub, h d

udgud mm, pmg d llug . Sm


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22 introduction

mbd ulul lm d Lpld Sgh p -gud: bl ulu p m h h l ulu. L

h llul Fz F Te Wretched o the Earth, jzz mu,

[] h uld d wdu b h h d

bb, dd b uh d dl dp dw; d l u

m m, w wh h g dlgh h h dd h

h w hg b hmd h p, bu h dg, gl,

d lm. . . . T lm h llul luxu bu h pgm. T llul wh up

m dd h lgm d wh wd bg p

b u h lgm, wh wllg p hml d ud h

h h bd, blgd d h h h ppl.81

Amd h ulul dph d mplx h 1960, h m l jzz mdm d h xp h jzz llg-

ud lg wh h glblz jzz h wh -u. T l ppul jzz d h du uqul Am ulul h. Suh Nw Y mbddh muld h, whh bm d ll. I hmm, pm bdld Du Ellg lludd h dm- ulul d pll m wh h pd h Hlm:

I Sud mg. W llg m 110h S up Sh A-u, hdg h hugh h Sph d W Id ghbhd

wd h 125h S bu . . . . Ebd dl md.

Gg pl d pl, d h pp d h ,

dg ud lmp, l hp h. Sh, , dl

md. Yu m h pd g b, ul, u m gz h

pg h wh mg u Cl Rgh dmd. . . . Hlm h

h, . . . . Rb, R Rb, Ch u Tugd

hll, Cu Cull, Lg Hugh, Bll Rb.82

Ellg dd bl h bl jzz mu wuld h b-d h w ulu bm mmb h Am m-m, d h ud m hm h pllm w wd h gl.83

Bl jzz w uud b h bh llug m

d ghlub wld h hd uh Chg, S. Lu,


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introduction 23

Nw Ol, d pll h pp W Sd Nw Y. Al-hugh h l l p jzz mu m pmg m

u, mu hd ll m b d dml l m, dh jzz lub bm uul pl. O qud b wh ud-, uh lub Bdld d C S bm ppul gh-g p. pl m d, l, l, d du,

[u]d h lg lgh . . . h bl h w b h mu d

wh h hd, h d, bu h llu h mu

d: h l hm blg h; h p p. I bw d hg, whl h gl blu

dmp llb p wh xu hd h dmg mu h

d h h, h b p ldd hdh h hd.

Lugh d gl wlm d pm, d h

dg gu bl d bd.84

zz mu dulgd p lld Wlg h B:

h bd wuld d b, bdd bhd b,wh h um hd, d bg jm. A gup, hwuld wl b d h, wg p d hhm, blwgh h u , g l lw, g, mml -u hw. Aud md l u l h.85

lml, dp jzz wldwd ppl, w wd jzz -md mbl mplx bh hm d bd. A jzz mu

pmd h wld g h bdp Chm d hCld W, jzz gl pd pdxl p bu d Am dm: l hm d l qul- hll uld m h wg Am dmbu h dl hd b hd md Am l.Amd wdpd Cld W , bl ulul mbd hd mphz h Am, mpl h d A- Am, p Am bd. T u bl -

h x l d DuB pph wd m 1925,h

h wld lg, l h d, h m h g h h

m h m l; bu h u h wh wld l

m u h ld wld. I mpl h g l

Rld H h pd h Am. . . . [A] g ld hd

H d pu mp hm d mmdl Am wh ll m-


31/226

24 introduction

bb w up. W ppd H bu Ld, , d

Bl ppd hm d mpl bu h w g g.86

, jzz hd bm d wh h lw um

Am bu hd hd mg A Amd Cl bw 1910 d 1930 h md bhl d h ghlub l h d lgh d Sll, Nw Ol.Amd gg ulg m h d Plessy v. Ferguson 1896, jzz xpdd ml u udg ,

qul m wh dd. Am, bh bl d wh, -d jzz wh bl, h, dd, d ppl ll-pu.Fuhm, bu h d jzz w ppl lh ludd ll Rll , Bu h, d LuAmgjzz bm gmzd m.87

I dd, m jzz dd d d mu h Eup d. Rh, h ld pl d muhugh lg, mg ud, d pu gu. Cqu-

l, h d S, h S , d hughu h wld,m mul d wh pd hgh uluh,bll, p, d h mphgdd jzz lw mwh lw ulul g. Sm ppl qud lu .Dug Wld W I d Wld W II, jzz bm m mml wh mu bg d d ll jzz d zd hmu ppl m wh mul . Eh w

m jzz h w mll plzd.88

Y jzz h mbdd h dl wll. m, jzz l -d p bu h ulu d lu h md h d S d m whh h dd h u mg h u.89 l bu jzz pd m AAm xp g u h xp md gg, mblzd ulul dl: h h md l d, ppd ppl uld h ulul

g d xp dm. gdd jzz, m hbl h, lg ll Am uggl d-pd, hb llumg p wh jzz d h x-lld h mu uqu m Am ulul xp.90zz mblzd h u xp m l hd,g h pdgm d ulu h hd dug h CldW: bl gdd p bu qul m g h

dl Am hd. Suh pdxl p d h


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introduction 25

h md m mdm, l dulm, d h -d bl ulul pl dug h Cld W.

Ehg , d A Am hl Cl Wugg Te Future o the Race h h uggl dm,bl md w h h hd pbl p- bl hm h wld d u d pmdm d pp. I W w, bl jzz p-m md qul p Am ulu;h w h h w mm[d] . . . ull h ulul dph

bl d l d, m, h h mbd dmp wldg d ldhp whh hghlgh hum l-lbl d muul ubl, wll l-lz whpp mmu.91 A h bud h ulul d pll m, h pg llul bl

jzz, ludg h Cl, Lu Amg, Du Ellg, dChl gu, wg xmpl ul-mg dpul wlg whh llz h m pwul p

h hum d bl l.92 N upgl, h whlbd jzz hm d bd hd l hg whldmg gu Am ulul hm, - Am ulul pp.93 T h d S g pw dug h hu ld ulul mp hbh gd m d d h dmm jzz.

I h , h l Dzz Gllp, Lu Amg, D

Bub, B Gdm, El H, Chl Lld, Ad-, d m h ld Am mmm h mddl pg d p, d h hmlbm mdl h dmm dm m. A h CldW d, jzz dplm md p l mphm bu Am Cld W ulu. F, d h mg-g pl m b lg h , m lzd d Am . Sd, d h d h

wh l , ulu d l, m u, uldgd p d l hm. Td, xmpld hu mp mp h u A Am- h md l p. Equll mp, hu hlpd h Am pg d dbl bu hld ulu b h pl d . N upgl,hw, g h bdp gg l , h mg

h d S mpld hw Cmmum m-


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26 introduction

m ppd d dpl wd . Addg h , Am ulul fl ud jzz du wh

l d h h h udmd h f jzzdplm. Tu pp jzz u dd lw d gd upp Am pl.

lml, Am Cld W pl uul d mg, h, d h h hlpd hw Cmmuulul , h S ph. T muld jzzh gl ppld ppl ugglg dm

wldwd, d h wugh b Cmmum h Sbl. I uqu w, h wd Lw L, jzz gppl bd pw l. . . . I llwd [] hml d h lg d h lu, mmuuul wh hml d h p d h pp wll. H w whh h uld l pl dp hm d h p d wh h l, ul wh wbmmg up wh hm d wh h dpl dd x-

p.94 A jzz md b mbl bl dpll d ulul b, jzz dplm pld uppw -l mpld ulul x. zz dl dpd hl d pbl Am dm. I l gd hmg w Am h h wld g h b-ud h pplg Cmmu gm.


34/226

Chapter 1

Battling the Reds

T , h m Am h, h wld g

bgl d b h .S. b h Ru gu, ,

pbu ulu. . . .

I ppl h m h h Gm h gzd h

d blg h Rd h hghbw wh l h wld.

Variety, 1955

E b Am jzz mu bm ulul mbd,h d S luhd pmg u h S bl mp wh h Rd h ulul . A h S

mgd m h u Wld W II, d ph Sl mbdup pl pll d ulul xp h hllgdAm bd pm wld , Am ululpl m md d wh h hzd mhd p bu h u h lgd bd. T mhh qul md m Am l dlmm glhpd h l du dm, l gh, d

ulul dm h bm pbd h 1950.1

A W. E. B.DuB pd 1957, h whl ld wld, gh wh hwld lm d Cmmum, d g whh h dS dm h l wh upm d -ll mplm.2

, m u pll w h d S ulull b d mll mpud. T d S wqul plg Eup h mj mbl llm hugh

x wlh, up hlg, d l g.3 d wh h d S bd, ddll, m p-g ml d m , ulul l.4 T -p pd dp h h h 1950 d 1960, blulul pdupll jzz, d ll, d hhm dbluhpd h Am ulul ldp d pmd hulu h wld. Tu, bl mu md dp mp

h mg Am l, Am udmd


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28 battling the reds

Cld W hdx. Tugh mu, bl d wh hmd bd ugd l b hg mm l d

ulul xp, hb dg l bud.5

Ag h bdp, Am Cld W md dAm ulul lu hugh h p mu, Hll-wd m, p, p, d d. T bm gld h ulul bw dpl udpp d ulu hm d bd. Culul hpd ud, bdl ud bl m, d hlpd d-

m hw pd h wld. Culu l l udd d w l d hu hlpd dl whhu d p wuld d l -. B h h Cld W, h d S, lhugh h l , pud pl lmh d hll.6 Y h pw , h uqud w l h d umd h l wldwdp dm, Am fl lud h Am

m; h d h d h l qul d h ul Am lu w muull xlu d hd bm -l h ul h W wld.7

I h x, h d S bud mp mg b ppg mmu 1955h GSumm.8 T pl l , hld m ul 18 23, b-m l dg h ulul Cld W h md-1950.

Cu h dd ludd h d S, h S ,F, d G B. G gd lg Cld W d mbdd hp mg b ml -u bw h E d h W.9 T m p h um-m d ul g d Ehw pl OpS. Y h umm l ld h gudw p--p bw h h d S d h S bdg pl pll gu, pmg ,

ld, d m h. Ahu B, wg Variety,hd pd ju mh l h S ulul hwld w ug.10 Tu G hlpd h g uu

jzz u h S bl.I h mm, S pm N Khuhh d h m-

bl bu h umm. H xpd h w h h ul- g, h W pw w ll lu h b

mu lg h ud u p. H


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battling the reds 29

uh d h h G mg w pbbl dmd lu b bg. Sll, h mugl lld Ehw

ugg h, gdg , w uld wh hm w whm. lml, h bld h h umm w mpbhugh . . . h dplm d lmd h w hdblhd ul bl hld u w l g-.11

Equll, G mblzd S d puu pl pul x wh h W. A h dh Sl 1953

d ubqu pw uggl, ulul hw ud h S- h g md dm ulul . Amdh ulul p, W w llwd l bhd hI Cu h m h pw .12 T S l mbd up ulul u wh h W p qu -m Am hlg, pl, l, d ulu. I d-d b uh um d mul pm.T d S, l, dud ulul l wh h

S d xp h S ppl W d,uu h dmd dm d m p , dug lblm h S d h Cmmu bl.Lw, ulul pl md mph dhp,wmh, d g wh h S , wh h ulm hph h S ppl wuld ml Am lu. Bh dmphzd h mp hg muul uddg m-

p ll l.13

Wl Sl ., g f hg Eup , u-h jud ulul xhg wh h S b gug hh d Cmmu-dd ppl l wldg h d S d hlpd bl mp hm wh hAm w l. S ppl uld hu l p bu Am h d d l up ug hm.Sl l dd h ulul mgh dbu

S h h h d S pbl -ug h u bw h E d h W.14

Dp h udg bhugh uppw l,m Am gdwll mbd ug h S x-pd dm bu h l. I l Sl, mmb h Am h m d l mpl bu h f-l 1955. Sl uggd h h m m l

u publ mm d m gdg h m


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g hm h SSR. H d h lw wll, h , b md h S p -

ul . . . h p-w p wh Am ppl ulul xhg. H pd u h h S hd jumdd l mwh h gd d h uh xhg h .S.-S h mp pmd b h S g-m l bu h dd b uul uhgh ll pll m S Cmmum.15 Whl m Am- d ulul bhd h I Cu, m

md d upp ulul .16

I h , ulKpp, mg h Dl Rhhm B, uggd h h AAm gg gup pp h Am jzz Ru. H hzd h g h bl Amhm.17

O h m g ulul m h G- Summ w h u h S Gg GhwmulPorgy and Bess, g hw A Am ul-

u. Variety p Ig R. L pd u h h GSp, h S Culu d h bll h

Porgy and Bess u, ldg m S fl lm h h I Cu h mp Am ulu d. Sm Am fl, hw, wd h h mu-l dpd g mg A Am d umd h mgh mbl S p bu bl l h

d S.18

B h d h h , umu S udwldwd h m ppgg Cmmu lu d d.T d h Am d bu d Am mlm d ulul bwd h lgd hl .19 Impl, G l pd d- hm h S bu ld h h Khuhh du Sl h wh

Cg 1956, h S dd mpll m ubl b wh h p, ubl mu h ug d h dm- l h u d wh hd b hdd bu h -, h l, h b ul, h xu, d hg lh hd hppd dug Sl g.20 Khuh ph ud up h E bl, d d g ld.21

I ul 1956 d Ehw xpd h ud up-

p Am ulul h mm, wh dlp-


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m h h d h I Cu ll hw[d] h hg dm m[d] l d b. . . . F mxmum

uul, wd bu b Am z d Amp [w] l h w.22Variety d ime lwxpudd up ulul pl wh h pd h dS w Culul gm (C)Ehwd gmwhh pd uh gup bd hubl Sg d h hldlph Oh.23

A ulul u ud, l Cld W gl

hdwd G u d dll ld .S.-Sw wd ulul . Ampg l m-m Hug Ob 1956, h S upd hu mll. Khuhh hzd h wh p-mm, xllg h l u. H d h b hlpg hHug ppl uh h ulu mu w hpd h m m mpg h u h Slmp, gul d dug h Hug . Adg h

S pm, l u hd ppd h u-mul.24

T S udbl m wh d m hmd bd. Sm A Am qud h wh -l pp h uh d S.25 Oh uggd h.S. ulul hd hlpd g h bll.26 Smll, FdShg, Clumb A gm, d Rb O. Bl,

h Of E Eup A, dld h h d Smd g p - Am pmg h S , bu l publ g S -

Hug hd dd dw x h uh ppwuld dud g h Am hm.27 S S h F Dull bld h w l mp[] . . . S ld [h d S] g dppl h -.28 H dd w wh ulul l wuld um.

I l S fl Nl Bulg, Ehw p-lmd h h hd hg mp. mp,h mpld h h m hum d h u ph h S whdw S m Hu-g mmdl d pm h Hug ppl j dx h hum gh d udml dm fmd llppl h d N Ch.29

A h xbd l , h g -


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ulul l mphzd h h d Swuld d Hug qu u. H mmdd

h wh . . . um w d pgm ulul hg wh Hug, h [Hug] lg huldubm w mmd.30 I Nmb, Hld C. Vdl,ul mb, lmd h h gg udCzhl b pupd wh u d m[]bwd wd pl dm.31 E h mh b h, H . Lh, f hg Bl , hd

dugd l Hug, pg d dlpm .S.-Hug l.32

I h md h l up, Am fl hldbd ulul pl wh h Cmmu bl. h C. Guh, mb w, dd p -m h S , d h m xm jzz uldd S wh h hgh dg mul bl.33 Tgu mb dd u Czhl uh gup

Lm D up d h Clld Oh, -md u bu whh Am gup uld pm CzhlCzh pl dpdd Am pl wdh S. T Am mb d h h Czh -gm uld b d h Am gup w gg hS bu lmd m h h pl , wuld b pmd pm.34 wd h d, Rb Dwlg,

hm h bd h Am Nl T Adm,ld h S d Czhl g- u mul md. Llwll E. Tmp, fl w, pd h wh Dwlg p wh Khuhh, wl h dp h S pm mbl, h ppd ulul l. ml, h S d Am ppl g wll gh.35

Fqu g dd dpl Am S -

Am ppgd. Sm .S. fl bld h h S bwhd u wh -Am d. T Czhdud hg ug u [h] w.36Oh Am pl m upd h Cmmu - d hl mgh b g u ull Cmmu p-pgd dug h bd. Cqul, uh fl ugdxg mdu u wh g wh ppl m

h S bl.37


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I 1959, Khuhh d Ehw ppd h p-l umm d h ml up Bl

d, Rhd H. D, m-ul w, -d h mp pmg .S.-S ulul . Hbd h wh h Am p d ulp d hS , Am ulul mplhm [w] hl wll w h u, d ll h p Amulu, Am php h m uw. T, h lmd,uld p m h S p mpud d p

h pu S .38

T pu S dd d g hllg Am ppul ulu dl hd ppl bhd h ICu. Suh publ Variety, ime, d hNew York imespd h g ppul jzz h S .zz hd h m p ulul m. Wll Cluhd h jzz d ppul mu hw,Music USA, h V Am h S 1955, whl Rd w bg

pl jzz u d hhm d blu bd.39 Cbm w ll h S h jzz hw. T NewYork imes Magazine pd h bu h S ph h mu, jzz d w ld upul . . . udG, w bgg -wd dpm .40 S jzzmu l muggld jzz d h u m Wd E Eup d dd jzz d h bl m. T

lw ggd hd db bu jzz. A l h Sjul Sovetskaia Muzyka xmd h uml d lpl jzz d mu.41

zz ppul gw dp h h S fl wdjzz bdlm m h dd W.42 Rwd S wxm G hd ul xpd h p wd jzz h 1928 l T u h G, d h wp ub-qul bm fl S dm d g pl-

.43 Bu jzz gd mg ggd A Am, l mblzd h bdlm l : h mu h p-pd m pl xpg d d uhlg h pl pp. zz ppl h S b-m udbl h Khuhh mpd -p h mum 1956 1962.44

A jzz md g d S , h S

luhd m ulul A.45

A h m m,


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h pl Rpubl Ch l d h ulul m-p, plg g mph ulul h l 1950.

Ch ud Am fl d A hgh p ulul mpg d hghd Chulul xp h W Hmph. Am flgw d h, l h S, h Ch mgh u ululgup pd Cmmu ppgd d dlg. Cqu-l, h d S ugh p h g Op m p-mg Sg, Chl, d h p Suh Am. T

S Dpm ugd h L Am d h g u h gup. I l dd .S. mb l h flAm p bu h gup h gm.46

I h w, h d S uull ud Ch Cm-mu xpd ulull.47 O fl bld h -pg h mgl uu gup u mgh lgm[]Ch Cmmu udm h mm g -gm h h d N bdd . . . gg. H d

h uh up uld h dm b pg h bl K, w, d Suh A b hg mp-h gup A. H wd h h gup mgh bpp Ch h d N.48 , -ph S. E ., ul mb publ 1958, wd h h d S w lg [h] ulul CldW p, d h 1959 Gg . Hll, ul m-

b publ , dld h h d S w ppd mp wh h Cmmu ulul p.49

A h ulul Cld W A d, h wld ud db h pg l h d S.50 Suhdu gd mmum 1955 wh h mud Emmll u--ld b lld bg ud g wh wh wmuld dm d l lum. u-

l ump l D lld h h h dwh h md h hd Nw Y.51 A hm m, bl d h gm Bu B Dmb 1955, h pd h bl pllpph dm.52

Am ulul pl m w h dlmm mg h Cmmum d h l l bl


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ulul lm dmll ugd. I h w lgh uggl h d S, ug h llg A

ppl bm pl h Am m w h wld. Y m Am lbl hzd A pmd d lz.53 T llu h Cld W lbl-m hd h Am pll h h l h -u h mpd h dlg l Dwm. Tu Abm Cld W l p, h ll

h pup xpdg Am Cld W pl,

bug A pll m.54

A Am fl md -mp w h mph A , h qudA lm wh Cmmum d hu dd upp A- dm uggl. Wg h Cld W md p uppg dpd mm.55 T pl udmdAm mp pll d ulul p, d, u-pgl, Am ulul l wh A md pd pll d l udum.

Bl lm ud pg ud wld u- 1955, wh h Bdug C pl Bdug,Id, d 1956, wh h F Il Cg Cld W d A m . Suh dguhd bl Rhd Wgh dd Bdug. T Bdug C- w pd b Id, , Cl, Bum, d Id-. Dlg m w- dd, ludg x m

Am Egp, Ehp, Lb, Lb, h Gld C, d hSud (Agl-Egp)lg wh p m A dL Am, wll hl , h ld Yugl. Bfmg mmm l dm uggl d -ug pl lgm, Bdug pd h hdwld dggm m h pl h Cld W.56

Tugh W fl wd h h pd Bdug wuld ll ud Cmmu u, m, lud-

g S S h F Dull, lzd h . NwY p Adm Cl wll . hd ld h - dp S Dpm dud hm. EpugCld W lbl w, wll ugd dlg upp h qu d du Ch d Ru. Bdug dlg u-ul pud upp A-A ulul wh hCmmu bl d bd h d S dd l


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pblm. wll bld h b dg uh , h p h m uqull uppg Cmmu pll -

g.57

Sll, bl ulul lm ud Am plm b gg mpu wldwd m h Am qu. Wh E d W Eup, A, A, LAm, d m bl h S publl ddd hp l l d h dl l gh AAm, h dud wh h w hpl dd

bw Am h d Am l. Tu h qud pd pud h l u. Bl -lm l pplld g db buAm dlp mg buldg, pll wh h SIApd uh m bd Te Negro in American Lie, whhdpd hm l d dmp wh gd . T hm d h SIA fl Cld W pph h qu.58

, Cld W dum ud hdw ulul . Am pl m wh wd h d-lmm hugh h pdgm h Cld W ld f-l db bu ulul u. I 1955 whh Bl hlhm d h d S. u Ald plmd h u w Ng mu bd mm Am mph h whl [h] Nz Gm Bl

hlhm d u. Wh hmul hp.59

Shlh, l Cl D, h Nl A Ng u, I., Rhd Su, h Of Gm A- h Buu Eup A, ddd h u b gh h du w ld b d-Nz bul, d u-d Am lw uh mu w pmd d pm h d S. T S Dpm dd h wh h p. Su hld h h ulul

mbl Bl d xp gud b Gm gl.60

lml, h pl Cld W h dd h Am- pph blg h Rd h md-1950m bl,h G Summ, h Bdug C, h S Hug, d h Cmmu ulul Aldg Am pl. .S. pl m w -

g d hw fl mph wd bl l-


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m h Cmmu ulul xp d. Yh ppp bl d wh Am ulul pdu

u h S wldwd w mph Cmmull mm uwgl g mpu ulul l-m. Wh A Am pmd bd h G- p, h w uh fl Edwd A. Sm, h ld, gw gl ppul. Sm bld whlh-dl h fl pm A Am uld hlpmd ml pll bh d l gd mph

Am pl gl.61

Culul u hlpd mp wh hd S w h lg d guu mg Aml h xd h l .


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Chapter 2

Jazz Diplomacy at Home and Abroad,

19541957

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u dd bu bu pll W! Bu m

hw muh h dlg w, ug p up h g d bl u h jm h lm hu d

gh, jzz b hd whld h , pld h hm,

mg hugh bm wdw.

ph C. Kl, 1956

Wh -Cmmu hgh h md-1950, l p-

p h d S mm md h p - h S ph, dp mpg bu h mg Am dm.1 A W. E. B. DuB w l hd h wpp New imes 1954, T p ud Am m mpbl Am Ng xphml g h u ul h h -m wg ulm p h d S.2 I -

g h udum, h S Dpm, w jzz l dl g, lul bm jzz ll.d Dwgh D. Ehw hlpd l h ud

glbl jzz dplm h mh Brown v. Board o Educa-tion d h pdd mpu wldwd d SIm Ag (SIA) ppgd mpg. Rl l hm d bd ld pl m gz h d gw du dplm. Appl, SIA d h

xhg bl p bd dd dqul hlmg dlmm h d S. A w pph wdd, pll bu l w ud m d-mlg llm h h hg d h Cld W. Tulul xhg pgm pdd h pp lu.3 Tu ul 1954 Ehw bhd Cg ll ud CldW ulul xhg.4 I bm l h, Ehw, h

Cld W wuld b w h ll d. T, Augu


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jazz diplomacy at home and abroad, 19541957 39

1954 h .S. Cg uhzd h d Emg Fud p Il A. T Il Culul

Exhg d d F p A 1956 gd h udpm u, whh w md h d SplIl gm p Il A; lbm w h Culul gm (C). T 1956 ddll lld h Ad Cmm h A (ACA), mbud wh h pw hlp h h pgmpp d lu . Ill, h Am

Nl T Adm (ANA) d h S Dpm jldmd h C. I 1954 h S Dpm l ppdh l pl l Am pmg u bd h d S. T ludd pl dm,d, mu, d, l, jzz. Wh h mu pl m NwY C Ob 1954, Am fl ludd h Cpm pup: u Ru ppgd.5

T S Dpm md l uh ppg ll

mul d dm l d dd h um d- h l .6 I ud h pl ppl h b pmg h d S hd . wdh d, blhd g m h 1957, whh, h

, hlpd h g, pl bu, mul bl,d Am ppd Am u. T p-l lw lud ubl m pl h

d h l mup h gup.7

T d S ImS (SIS)SIA p hld h pbl dg h w glbl . T SIS pmd ulul hugh u ulul mdh p, bhu, p-, pmphl, ph, lm, d wl.8 , d dmg wh p wuld pm d whh hmpm wuld mphz. I l gzd p, jm -, d h l . I 1955 h d h SIA x-

pd h upp h dm w hp h ulul CldW d pll udd h mp ug S. H dld h

h b bj . . . mp h uddg g u-

d S ulul hm, hb u Communist

propaganda, d dm h ppl h wld h h d

S gul d h ulul hm w d


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40 jazz diplomacy at home and abroad, 19541957

h ppl. . . . [W mu] gh h lm wld p,

d [h] uddg d pp d ulu h d

S.9

Sgl, wh h luhg h C, h ld h wld ud w mg ulul l d mmu h h ulu. u S ppgd,h d S mpd ub lm h hd up- W ulu d lz. l m ugh mpl

h hlp d mpllg dlgl, pll, d -l ddb h md-1950 h wld hd ddd l d-lgl bl blhd bu h xg h Cld W.10dbl, h .S. gm pppd Am ulu h md pll uphl hm d Cmmu lubd.

The Back Door

Bl jzz mu h d S d h p d u-ldg m Cw, h b bw bl d whhd bm mblm h jzz wld. Y bh bl d wh

jzz mu p u ludl g dm d gg- d md dbl d ghg m. Il l-lb bm mp mp h gh ju.

Suh mu Lu Amg, Du Ellg, Dzz Gllp,B Gdm, d D Bub ugh g bljzz mu hugh h d. Numu mu p-pd mh, ud-g l gh gz,d h .11

Amg ld h wld-mu bd h All S h 1950 d1960, ug hughu p, Eup, A, d L Am.H l ld Gh ud p php 1956, wh h

pmd Kwm Numh, wh bm pm m upGh dpd 1957. Y wh h pld ggd u-d Kxll, , gup hlg hw dm h h wh h bd pmd. Amg ud h, hl, d h New York Postd h . Bmb Sp Shm. A fl g, w pd h h Wh Cz Cul hd gzd h d-


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u .12 Amg l ld Gh ud p p-hp 1956, wh h pmd Kwm Numh.

Amg xpd pp w Am ulu d l l h mg, Gl. H uddh mp l h wh mg pld gg h -l u bl jzz mu. H lld h mwh d, Dipper, A lg u l, m wh um blw h White Man (wh l u) d + wll puh Hd u huld d Tis is My N . . . d, C

Nbd Hm Y.13

Amg llbd wh uh d wh jzz mg d pdu Gl Ad BgCp, Gg W Fl du, d Gg A- Clumb Rd. All hlpd gz l u hS Dpm.

Smll, Du Ellg d h pl g whmg jzz. I h mm, h pd l pdx h m uh lhp. H w h

Lu Amg w h pm jzz d lw wll b. H w l

lg mum h mg Gl. . . . D pu

h b h h, h , d gl u mgh h Lu

w h h dg ll h pullg whl Gl w h d

h . Obul, m pl h h gld. . . .

Lu ll dd up h m, mb h h ll h ump

Gbl. . . . Gl whd Lu l h u h w, dw h h p w wll xd h h l.14

Ellg lw xpd pud dm Am l p-dx. I wh mulg u hld Ellg md xp g m wh h wg, Ellgmmd h .S.-S p . H dld h h -d S hd hd h u h S

bu l pjud hd pd h m g hhm hugh h hd pl d pg- u. H uh lmd h bu m Amp h h m , mll Ng d-pd pp hlg, dd h gh wh wll pdh x m, d h l hd d d h du- h pg h u.15


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I h m , Dzz Gllp mphzd h w Am- dm h md m Am l dlmm. H

hllgd gg wh h bm h bdld g h bd h pw . A h dud b-bp h wld d gdd hu mg wd pumAm, Gllp dmdd l m jzz p-. H hldd jzz l h mdz Ammu. A gl bg gz h w jzz l,h ugh lm gg lu mu .

Gllp l pd h hg pl h mu u, p-ull Nw Y, wh h mj jb jzz muBdw mul, bg bd, d w, d l udmblw wh pm.16

Ah mpu g jzz m m zz h hl-hm (A), gz ddd lmg dm- h jb h bm qull pm h gh ggg dug h Cld W. T A ld hughu Nh

Am, Eup, d A. Bgu b wh mg Nm Gz h 1940, h A ugh g jzz mu l -m b ug h mu ld l d d h b hl.17 mp, Gz bjd ggdud. T gz, whh l ludd dg d d-bu mp, pdud dbl umb jzz d h m. mu wh pld wh Gz bm m

h hgh pd h bu. Ellg xpd dm Gz h mm wh h d h Nm Gz h gu I h p ug h u - m d hugh l, gu wh h b h p uh w.18 A h ugh dml h b dm,Gz bm wdl pd h jzz wld. H bd h

dd m d mu wh d p

d dg g d h m hm g ud h b d whh g. I d udd h m. . . . I w l -bl

dm, w dm g mu. . . . I d h

m mu w b d wh h m p Ld B

Hz, bu h w ju gd bh m d mu.19

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m hll Hu, Gz md h g h


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d wh l d g l. Gllp mmbd uul h p, llg h bw , wd b h b,

hg d, plg d, d h m x, ll h mw h . . . . W w hg d h dg m;h dg m d bu p. T pl m d ull jl, ludg Ell Fzgld. Nm pu up bd d gu u. T d bd h m, d I ld hm m mw Lu Amg. Gllp bd l ud ml d-ul Chl, Suh Cl, wh Gz hd dmdd

h b ld whu gd m, d. I K C, wh h gup d h Hl C-l, h mgm ud llw Gllp wm h hlpl. Ol dpu dd Gllp b pm wm. Tmgm hl d h bd h hl hughh b d.20

Oh wh mg wh bm mbl p dugh Cld W ludd Gg W Fl du

d Gg A Clumb Rd. Bh blll bldh d h mu wh h dmd h ll d uu-g jzz m, dmll d ll, d h dh l wh xdg gl. A ll hd bl h mu d h w bl m mulg, wh h pl d uh jzz g B Gdm ld h xp hm d bd.

Lw, W xhbd p h d bl h mu. Y h m m, h hd u w hd h S Dpm h xpl Cld W plllm. H , wldg, d pud md hm gl hu jzz dplm.21

Wh jzz mu l p D Bub l ppd g-g p. Bub, xmpl, xpd g l: h pd hm m hg m h b mu-

h bu wh w bl. L Gllp d Amg,h l ld pm h bd pm gd bd. Bub pd Bdw mul, Te Real

Ambassador, 1961, whh md gm-pd ululu. Tugh h hw md Bdw, m h gw pmd pg bhd bu Amg hNwp zz Fl. Amg hml pmd l

h hw u jzz l d l dd l g m


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h hw. T mul llumd h h mgd whbl d wh jzz pd h d S Cld W

ulul mbd.22

B Gdm, h m uul wg-bd ld h , lw gzd h gg, p h bu h h ddd. H mmg p w b h Ru Emp, d Gdm hml w b d d Chg lum. Alhugh h hd ul dful pl,h, l ul h, ud mu bl h -

mpd ull gd bd d bg ld mu- . . . h d.23

Wh uh mg m h jzz wld, h SDpm Buu Edul d Culul A (C) dd ll p jzz ulul ujzz mbguu, pdx-l pu d d . Dp h glblz jzz, h mu pl mmb lmd h b. . . wd jzz xd h d S d h m Am

w hmd h mu. A hm d bd, m d wh h mg Am lw-l A Am-.24 , Am jzz l pd bl ulul -lm d pd lu hllg h u qu.

I h , Am fl d jzz d dbd hf pppg jzz d uul m mb Am- ll mu ulul . zz um

h .S.-S Cld W l d l 1955 d l 1956, h C ld h Am jzz d d mu hd g-, ddd, d d llwg h E bl. I h w h G Summ, V Cul E A. Ng pd p-m b h Czh Kl Vlh D Bd Budp, Hug.25H wd h h Am ulul u md gd l d h h d S uld plz wdpdppl.

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pp h hz, w b m, h um-b. T lud, , m , m mpd, m dg

h umb, h b w h p. T gup pmd uhu Ig Bl Blu S d Gg Ghw Rhpd Blu, wll g mdld L Bw l lg.27

Ng hull hzd h Czh h bd mmbl d xhlg. T d jzz x pplmg ug ppl wldwd, h lmd. Cqul, h ugdh h S Dpm mpl jzz bu Am ulul

. H d h

h Am pdu, Am udg bu h

m h wld d php u m ppul xp, m -

gull uxpld. I h m u ldg ppl d l

udd jzz u d , , hmd jzz mu.

I m u h pm Budp b Nm Gz zz h

hlhm up b h L Bw, Wd Hm, p-

ll h S K h wuld b wh m m ppgdd publ l dp h x w VOA [V Am]

bdg hgh ll .28

F Ng, Hug d Czh hug Am jzz ld h g ulul p h Hug gm.H plmd h h h uld l h ud h p

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Ah h hlpd pul jzz Cld W ululxhg ud Nmb 6, 1955. I -pg l, h

New York imes ud h h d S H S SWp, zz. I h qud wh h gm dd m-pl jzz ulul pgm pm dm d ugdwhlhdl h Am fl u jzz uu g dm bd, pll mg h uh.31 dd h ,mgz ludg ime d Down Beatl hghlghd jzzppgd lu. ime mmd h h ppgd lu jzz

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jzz pgm,Music USA. I d h h d hw p-mzd h p h d S.32 Smll, B l

wldgd h jzz ppld ppl ll g, wldwd.Y h ud h Am jzz u wuld b pd hg m h b p h l hg. Hmmdd h fl hdl jzz dll lu b wh mpg mmu ulu h Wd h E. mp, h ugd h h d S hwg p w mu b dg bd, dlg

h, php, w huld uh gl h ppgd p-gm. . . . [I] w gh wll ugh, llgl ugh, d u-ull ugh jzz hm, h w up h lgbd ud h wld w ju hw bll h mplh-m Am jzz m .33 Nw Y Cgm Adm Cl- wll . hd l bm l d ludg jzz ulul u.

dbl, wh h C h h Dzz Gllp h,

gd gup, h Am jzz bd p hd S bd u h ddl E, h umd d, hd p m bh h publ d mmb Cg.34 T d m bu h md mug CldW h ddl E h ull ld h uSuz d whh h wld ud h W ll.

A db bu h u ud, m Am hml

dppd h mu l. T C pd h h g-m hd ppd um $92,000 dll -w u.35O ddul mpld h S Dpm ju . . . wgm Dzz Gllp, whm h lld ld h ump-.36 Ah b dld h h Gllp bd d$2,150 p w h um h h pd l. Sll,h z dml dmdd w h m h w-mdd ddul ddul pbl h ml w

h xp m. F I h hd h h S Dpmw h hdw m u h h Dpm Wh-g d h gg m. H uh xpd h d h h d pbl h w b dhgd. . . . I uh

u hudd h bh ju gd h md h l bu $25.00 p w d xp.37

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h l u, xpd bh dlgh d up, hu pdl gdg pd hm. I h mm, h lld

hw h h, ll, bu h hd m ppl huld h h p h S Dpm h u. I l hghl hd, d I l h d bg bd hwuld m m . . . d I l h d p-g Am, bu I w gg h plgz h pl Am. Tu p h du bl dllul h publ ld hm p h .S. gm

bd.38

H d p hPhiladelphia News, I w hw E h Ng d ll gh h.39

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l Am ll mu, lg L Am, hddl E, d Suh A.40

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mpmpu hw h udd d mpd ll . Wllmlld h h mgul pl wh Gllp

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jzz d h Gllp pd pmg w .45 L-w, hll S, p Down Beat, d h ll

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A h u gd mmum, h bd ud bu h

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Gllp hd bm w dm m u h h l l jzz h.50

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d ulul .62 Gllp l hd h gl wh hpmd C d Bu, dg S.

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h.64 Awd, jzz d l dpl pd b h. Kl ludd h Gllp pm hd bm umph h W xlld l-xp dg Am ulu. Yug d ld l bud, lppd,whld, d dulgd Gllp bld . . . lgh hdb, u Cmmu l.65

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l Am bu h gl xhbd Eu-p mul u. Tugh m Yugl ud d dld Gllp mu, h, ludg p Re-

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blh g hld Am jzz h u. Tu hdl pd Gllp l pmg ulul m Yugl d, mulul, ll E Eup.66

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hd h jzz dplm. I pmg ulul -m, Gllp l ld h , m lzd d Am l d bud h mg Am -l. Adgl, h S Dpm h bd ub-qu u L Am h m , wh h jmmd whmu uh pl Qu, Eud; gd ugph; ddlghd ud uh Ququl, Eud, d -

d, ugu.70

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dg Dzz Gllp h $141,000. . . . I


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hlp bu l h m lppg up mpjb.74

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w?75

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wh d Ehw bwd h plqu ll hmu. Dug h m, Gllp w mmd -

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fl m p l pjud h dS, Gllp bm dmd gh g l pjud

d d ll h p ulg ud h wld.83

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hull hzd hm pplg l hmm qu.85 T Clumb Bdg Cmp (CBS) p$25,000 p Amg A, wh, m h mm hwld dw h pl p, h Gld C glmd wh 22-- j. Tugh m hd ughd hm up u xm,Amg p h mpu. H pd ldl wm Ahm Cllg d uh u Rl Gd Blu.86, whl Gh hgh-l bd lbd h , h l

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jzz wld.90

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ml lm Vm h 1960. A g dmd bFh u d wugh wh pll uml, Suh A

m bl md hbd h Cld W Cmmu -mpd m pw h g. Sm fl ddh Gdm dpbl u dd ulul mbu hlpd mp Am ulul lu A ppl.Smll, ud ld h h d S w whm h ju .91 L Gllp, h h Gdmpld wh gd bd d h bd mbl ppl.

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w gd h Rl l b d ud bu1,500 d d ud Cmbd gu plu wh huld h b

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Bu lgl pblm, Gdm bd dd h


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muh u Suh K, dg h AO. Lw, -, fl lld Gdm hduld pp h

ll lh mb hd l Gdm pmdu h bd uhduld p p.96

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h pl Kg humphl Adul, wh ld h mu muhh h d h mu pl u jm . T bd lpmd h hm T mu d d dpld uhbd d ud pp d hwhm. Smulul, h gup ld l Tld gudwd. T pm T g ld ud. A h

d lub d d hll, bd mph d uddgmgd. Sm bd mmb hull ld w h

m T.97 Lw, Variety pd h dug GdmSwg-Dg Sgp, hugh h pld dug Sgp hl-d, ud dpl ppd h mu. T- hudd hud Gdm jzz dug h , d h mu p-

d ll mu. E lub Sgp hd jm h gup.98

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mbd d mbl Am xub. L Gllp, hbd d w ud jzz d blhd mp ul-ul ll Cld W g. Gdm dh mg Am ulu mg Suh A ppl. Aug h d S, Gdm mpd u -l u h S . wd h d, h dS mp Dm Shh d S fl hKh B S E Nw Y C. H l

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m, d ulul hg.100

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h Bh pd Gh m dpd, d Ghgd lg-wd dpd h 1957. Kwm Nu-

mh w ugud h pm m Gh d bmh A ld bg h u dpd hpw .101 I h w h mm, h S Dpmgl gzd Numh gm ppl. H dld pl ul h Cld W d bm h m pwulld h A .102

I u h llg Gh d h A -

, h d S pd Wlbu D Nw Ol zzBd, ll-bl gup, A u. A Amjzz mu plmd ulul f wh A d lxpd h m h mu.103 Y ulul -ld wh, Alg, pll d dm uml g b-u h Alg l w d D l h pp-.104 Rgdg h , Ehw w h d h h . . .hp[d] h h d S uld d m w md h

ul uggl.105 , Suh Rhd, h Amul, wh ud mp mp mull p,pd l Ng h u d pl- Wllm Wld hlp dpl pl ulul d lpjud.106

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md Elbhll (Lubumbh).107

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h hum D gdd, Cuhm C. Rld, h AO,


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d h Am, l, w ll ulhwdlghul u d h l A gh d h

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d h Sud d u, h mbd md h h bdbm h p Am pm ppD b-m h wh Sud jzz , pll h ud. T -

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bd D mu.A fl Add Abb, Ehp, mll bld h D

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h wuld h b ld.114

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h Eup Hpl Fud. T bd l hd puggm bu l wuld h pmd d hlpd m

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ulu d dlg h pd h hgh h Cld W, h C, hd bm plu h d S dub dl m whh ub d d-l w hzd u-Am.

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ld xhg, h pdd l .119 I ub-qu , Gl G. Wl, d h C , plmd

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Chapter 3

Jazz Means Freedom, 19571960

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jazz means freedom, 19571960 63

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64 jazz means freedom, 19571960

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dd h gd wll uul bhd h I Cu.19


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m. O m ul h u uh bgud.24

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ulu, d hlpd d h Am dlmm whu hl gm d mpl jzz.

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d l dg whh w ppl uld mul. Wh hpdd qu bu Am l, dg fl p, h ld ld wh g g h ugu- h d h d S xpd h dp hph h .S. pblm wuld b ud.29

Ad l mpd h g Bg h luhd hm mmbl ulul Tld h w. m-zd b h g d dm bl, h g llwd

h h h hd publ, gu h w Tum. Addll, wh ug T gl w h p-pd Tld Yug Wm Ch A (YWCA)bull, h pd Ad ul. T ug pll x-pd h pp bl Am pul h, h,l ludd h d bl pp. Suh g md hh whh w d h ppl l b. T ug gl l

mmdd Abhm Ll.30

Ad lw mblzd h uhlg l b- Rg, wh h mb dd h h pmdd umb Bum ld (m php h m) ppu m ul udg Am Ng.H mpl, d pul, h hghl -md mg h Bum, w mmd d pp -p. . . . [Sh pd] ppu dd b dm

.31

T g m wh ud u Sg, dg Tm D. Bw, ul mb pll , CldW ld uh.32 I Nh Vm, ud h ld-hp H Ch h, Cmmu l hd bgu h qu l h Nh d h Suh. A h Nh VmCmmu dd h Fh Dbphu 1954, h E-

hw dm gl ml d d m-


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d Suh Vm. Wh .S. upp, Ng Dh Dm bmh ld h Suh d uld ul h w d 1963.33

T hdwd h pll d l V-m h plul lpd h Cld W l h 1960.

Ad bd Rd Sg V Vm bmh xp h ul h Am g huld b hd h hl.34 Sh l d ug mp dg m pu huj Twhud w ml Eup d Am. Equll mp,

Ad m wh d Ng Dh Dm. Awd, Bwlmd h h b m Ad u . . . w b-d ml h ulul pm h h; h Adpl d h hm h p w l wh hppd, whh w dplm p ugmp, d h pd h d Am h b mgblw.35

I d, Ad pm qull mpd h Am-

mg, dg h Am ul. Ag, h pl m-p pd dpbl. Sh bm m hd h Am- h , h pd.36 O h m u w h ppd hHindu Nmb 1957. Dbg h glwg m, h wpp xlld h mddl-l upbgg hldlph wll h g hm mg lbl. I dld h h h hd b dw pjud g

u lu, l d x. T l l hghlghd h ug dlg wh h d 1939 Cu Hllh Dugh h Am Rlu, wm gup, hd p-

d h m pmg bu h w bl.37

I l, fl pd h h lm[d] muh lg hh dl Ll R, whh ll, wll p, wh Ad ll m.38 TPhilippines Heraldlw pd h h pl m d h, whh pld ll b-

, h l pjud.39 Smll, hManila Chroniclebd h h d S ll jubx d h p-g Ad d h u p h wld mgup Ol Fubu. H bb d . . . u dg, buh l Am, wll h h gd wld, hl Ad.40 Lw, l xld Ad wh pg bu h h All N Wm Gup . Sh d


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p hwg Am gd-wll d h p bh-hd, mhg whh l dld h l pd.41

A Ad u, m bu h l, Te Lady romPhiladelphia, w md Edwd R. uw See It Now pgm,whh ppd CBS l. ppludd h lm, ludgAd buldg bd d bdg ppl h wld gdl l d um. H ppul d.42T Saturday Review dbd h u glwg m. I mph-ll plmd h Ad, dpd Te Lady rom Phila-

delphia, dl pmzd Am dl h x -Cmmum: h d h d h ml l whm m h W w w h w m hbw h Cmmu d u. T m pd h ld p pul lu wuld ul wl dpdu h Cmmum Am du d ulu.Ad pmzd h pm h hugh h ug g d h mpd . Sh mblzd h p-

l W lz umph S h uw ppgd umph.43

Ah ppgd umph h hlpd g p bl w h u h Fld A& l A 1958. A h A md wd dpd, hgup pld Add Abb, Ehp, wh, dg SphW. Bldz, ubl A Of (AO), Hl Sl, h ld

Ehp, xpd h plu g A-Am uh lg umb m. H bd h Sl gll xhb-d lg f wd A Am wh d h.44

Bu F. K ., AO C, lw mmdd h gupwh h bldl d h h g mp md b h gupw p--p b h h ulul . Wh- h w, h w gzd Am Ng d w

gd wh wlm. T w l u h u(m pl) . . . bu l wh h gup wld hugh h C.45

K l dld h ug bl m wg h A-A uh md g wh h gupd l m bu Am l.46 Lw, h Fld A& l w mbbd C ; d Gh,


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H A. Dulp, AO, d h h b qu buh h pp h l Gh hd bl

h d S, l ulull bu l ll.47

T h u, hw, dd hlp dpl h pdx , whh d ludl h wld g. Wl C. Fl, m-bd Gh, pu h h w h h Am pl dg bl pm ulul p mgh h b-d. H dugd dg bl h g, gug hmd bl pm uld d d h pgm. H

dd h

Gh . . . l Am wh ll h mhg ,

gdl h g. I , h -p dg h h

Gh m h h w d dm g hm

b dg umb p m h gup u ll pp-

h ppul h d S. E m hughul

Am Ng wh h d h h xpd m m -

bu h mph l wh w hg Am m h ulul p. Sm hm h l, d I m

l g, h w dg h Am Ng hml d

wh w d md Ng h ulul p.48

Lw, Apl 1958 Cuhm C. Rld, AO Khum,dld h

wll w h h h d S h l pblm

d h Sud. T lmbl d Ll R l dd muh

u wld h pblm d u wdpd -

dm h m h Ng h d S. I wll

hw h ppl w pbl h w l g b lg-

l, b h m, md h l l dm.

Bu wuld m h b g u d plm

h w h gdwll ll m, w m b dwg muh h d hu dg u pup. . . . W lg h

Khum b lg l Ng m h Sud.49

Tu Rld, l Fl, lmd h mphzg h uld udm h gl ulul m. H uhd h , wuld m h ppl h h

h d l, d wll udubdl bg h m


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h u m m Sud d. Rld ugd hh d S d wh pm A d p

bl h ulul pgm d p h d Sm l.50

T h mph bl mu wh pmd mh h jzz l uld p m h d h mp bl xp bd. T C gzd h xp g-l bud h u wg l mg dhb mpd h l . T p-

dxl mplx h ulul hpg h pl ululm xpdd m u. I L Am, phB, wh hd bm z F, pl zd h pblm, d h l 1950 h S Dpm d g-m h g b h pm.51 Addll, hAm mb mphll dd h qu - wh d Ehw, pdg h uh mguld l h dml . Wh h mb md h

d, d h h p d bu mwd h d S wuld m m h uwgh p-bl m h mgh m.52

A hm, xp l W. E. B. DuB d ul Rb hdh pp d h l 1950. Rb hd zdAm lm h K W bu bl p whugh K dd fl g h l.

h p ddd h p.53

DuB w dd dd wh h ud g S Dpm dum d-g h h w Cmmu.54 Wh h S Dpm dh pp, h pd h [w] uu Am, hd S lg hl, , ul pm,h ml pg h bl m. N l d h l. . . . Id dg g xmpl h u dm d h pbl hum bhhd Am h

h pl wul xmpl pll d lu.55 Suhd uh gd DuB bl h u S l-m. A h pp w d 1958, h d h S, d l h g d hLiterary Gazette, hw:

F h xp, I d wh bd hd b h ml h

h S Sl Rpubl, b g . . . . I w h h


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ml h b mplhd h h md m l

lzd h wld ludg m w; h h b -

d dggdl h md m b d u ldd bg l whh hd dph m whh h wld h

ldm b. . . . I m hd h wlh bl d

gh d ml ug whh h S h g h wld

h wh Cu.56

A DuB pll phlph ld, h pud h bl

h bl Am huld h w wh .Sgg uld b p, h d; g, hw,md d dl, ud h l wh u-pm.57 h G. D, d mb h Hgu,gdd DuB plu l . Wh hhd DuB p h Cul h A Spmb 1958, hhzd h ph b, pdl dld, d ull h h d S. Rpdl, DuB d -Am-

m, d h dl h h .S. gm w d plm.58

Shl h, Ob 1958 DuB dd h I-l Cg A d A W h, zb-.59 Ad gu, h mb bd h h hd d upp- h S , m whm lmd h h b gh h lud ppl h d S l publl dld

h h l u h hp h p d m h ll d ppd m, bu l ugh g dm d h p uh mg h w p-pl.60

I h m , g Ruh R pd u Eup, dg h W. , lb h Ol.H gw d bu h mphzd h g p Am l ph h Ol dug

p u, zg uh gm d wh upmguph Ku Klux Kl d Wh Cz Cul. Sh dh 530 g Ng h Suh . . . hd g u-puhd. T ludd bmbg hl, huh, hm, dggu. Sgl, dg , R dd bluh m wh u h g md m l,uh hl g. H plmd h h l h gl

mp uld d pp h Ng


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h d S. Sh xd Ehw hdlg h L-l R , pg h h d S huld wp b

w d b zg h.61

l m lw bld h Rb mp EEup d h S ppd mu, pll l Cld W hd bgu: h hd dpu b-w h d S d h S h pll d-

Bl. Rb bm du upp Cmmugm d ld Bl 1960.62 T Am mb

Bl bld h Cmmu gm pd m Rb pp, ludg Bl. A pg f- d h Rb hd bm mmb wh h w ub gz, uh h Cul A A-, h A Am Cul, d h Cl Rgh C-g.63 Rb l xpd upp h S z Bl h Td Aul Fl A, wh h g FhldN Em Shll T Yu. dd h , h hd llg-

dl lmd h bl Am wuld up m gh S . H dd dm p- d whmmg Ll R d h h wuld h d hu-d Ng m ll h .S. g h md d h wu hg wuld h hppd.64 Tugh h Am mb Bl dd bg Rb pm, umdh dwg h pll uld p updu.65

Hwd , h h E Eup A D, ugh du Rb mp b dlg h h w p- m bl Am. H gud h Rb mgh hg ppl A d A.66

Rb l ld w 1960, wh h ggd u-mu d llul : h ppd S l-

, dd m mg dul pl, d ld dg w b A Ch. Addll, h md p-

S h Wld Cul.67 Llwll E.Tmp, .S. mbd w, pd Rb - pm S-bl p hugh pul d jzz.Suh S wpp hLiterary Gazette d rud, h d,pd Rb d pll d, Rb lxpd dm Khuhh. rud hu dld hRb pd bgh hlgh [h] . . . llumd h

ph w wld, wld whu w d hum ug.68


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I m bu Am l, Rb pdlhd lmd h

w d g ju h pp qud wh -

wh Apl l lhd Ng Chuu . T

Am ppl huld udd h u l bu

b dm wh u u uh hg hpp. . . . Null,

h S l dm uhbl hg. Yu u-

d hg pbl d h u A d A. . . . [I

h d] p wll qu w.69

N upgl, Am l ud d h bl xp d pp bd Am ulu-l pdx. Ofl m l d Sgp wh d hd S xpd h bl h p h gAm gmu. Appl, Am fl -ludd, l umd h h w m bu h Am-

h h []w bu hml.70

T hpd h x h ld pl m -ull mphz h d p wh gup jzz u.W. K. Bu, ul publ Nw Dlh, mmdd wh pmG ullg u.71 A fl Rqud uh jzz gup Wd Hm bd, whl h m-b Czhl pd h ppul D Bub.72

I ld, Edwd A. Sm, h Ww, bld h ppgd d ulul pup, wh jzz gup wuld dlwg m d gl lhp ll l.73lml, Am mb hughu AmSgl h Cgmd umu qu jzz, pll Lu Amg, h C h D Bub p hu h x jzz u.74 Bub gup w ll-wh, xp h A Am b pl, Eug Wgh. N up-

gl, m bl jzz mu hpl ppd h C h.75 Adp jzz pl hd ll mgd.

Bub ld bd h C 1958 g h bdp u Cld W dpu, h mu mbdg h whmm lu Cld W Am h hd m d hpm mml jzz h 1950. Sgl, h gupld ld, Suh A, d h ddl E, bu dd u

A. T pl m bu p bu h Ehw d-


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m ud d l wh Eup p h wh A d ugh bu ulul m

h S ph. L Gllp, h mu gdd p h g d hlpd b dw Cld W ulul b u-l .76 T SIS pd Bub jzz h hl hgh uluh md mu h d S.77Amd h Ll R, jzz pl l d DuBpp h ll ppgd d mu b, dp hwlg h pu.78

I h 1958, wh Bub Cl h-mmd jzz m ld, fl p pd h hll w-h p h gulg u.79 Bub ppl ppd l h ud Nw Oll jzz. Rm Wh,h mp ld wh dud m h g p-m, d h d Am h jzz hu ud. zz d pll jd Bubm md l, d ug ppl d h -

, m ld l, lhugh puzzld h ud jzz,xpd dp f h mu. A mg wh d lhmu, dg h ulul h, Bub pmd ud d uh Kw, wh lld h Rud Audum hm.80

Addll, h L Club, h ghd h db hd. T mph bm hgd wh uhul d u-

upd hum. Aud l ml wh jzz mdlgw l h mpd gm uh lbd mld S. Lu Blu d Sm D Wll Cm. zz ggdd w d pd ppl md llgug.81

Impl, h Am ulul h mphzd h jzzppul mg lh uh md jzz l ulul pdu: jzzmd uqu mbl h dmm Am Cld W

h. Bub jzz gd pbl d ld h ml dd d udbl ld wh hlgm.Tu Bub hlpd upd jzz ld, l gl ul-ul m.82

Bub l bud Am A, Ibul,d Izm, u, wh, dg h AO, h d w bh pll d mull. A h bd dpd, w

b wh hd g h p d hg h h pl,


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d [] ug Fh h pl, wh ug dw h hd, I bl, bl! W l hld whu h w

h h . . . g!83 Tugh ll h mhdh m h ll , m ld h ud dllhd h mu. T bd dd p d ml l,d mgld wh uh mu d mp. Bub lm jzz hu u lg ub .84

I Id, l, Bub mm ud b-u d du Am l h hd

h w Ll R. T pll d Amfl. Id md h wld lg dm d dld pl lgm h Cld W, mg llg -l h Cld W l. , m l w ml wh jzz, d W. K. Bu, ul publ ,dld, I m ll d ml.85

Nhl, Bub pdl hlpd d ulul dpll b h u d pld pl l hpg

h Am mg. Wh h pmd d, m ppld jzz mph ulul m d d-lghd h pu j g l d Gh ud.T bd l hld jm wh mp mul gu.Lw, Bu md h Clu, lhugh bh h g- d jzz hd b hdld, Bub gddbl jzz, hb hlpg h pl ul-

ul bj. Bu hzd Bub h p p bg Am jzz Id h m. H ph, hu, d h mp[d] . . . mld[] d hhm[] hgh-d h m ppl.86

Smll, u 1958 h gup bm mh h Bmb.Dug h , h ppld wd pum Id, whhludd hd jzz l, d h mgd hm ll mu, wh gl w l bw md jzz d

ll Id mu. T mb gd mj -dum, d h bd pld Rj ld p uhdb mu h . Sgl, m ug -dd h , m whm wd l wh h bd.T l b Bub dumm, ll, Bu lld, bm hhm h p h ud udd whu x-pl u. T dumm wzd . . . pd b


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l[g] p d wd. zz hd bm l wxp Rj.87

T bd mmb ggd g wll. T hldmg d dm wh ll mu, dug whhh mu pul mpd Id um lh d h b.88 Tughu h u, h bd d pmm xllg h g d wh h . Rd lldx ppl.89 Bub lw pmd E Gm d A-gh, bh l S ulul mp. Oll,

Bu hzd Bub bd h m gl gup hhd ud d d Bub h b pgjzz.90 Bub pd h xub Am ulu whllg p h dl lm.

Alhugh Bub hlpd d h pl ulul -m ubul Cld W g, h dud mdu hd-hp up ug hm. A ll dpu h ud u h jzz wld. Bub hduld pm

gup uh u, bu h ld h dbu Bub b pl, Eug Wgh, w bl. T llghd dd ul h puld h l bd uld p-m h mpu. Bub pudd h ll wh lu h b ug pl Wgh wh wh mu.91 Hl pd $40,000 dll ul h ll. Bubhml xpd h dm h d, llg uu-

l d dulu; h d h ll w w h uhp u w , d llw ud h gd guppl u mu whu md pu.92

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dm d wuld g l pjud h Suh.94H l xph pl, ul Dmd, gd, d Wgh l-md h hm w g l ll h wld d h pblm d m hm d h uh ll pblm.95 Suhpdxl d d h l d ulul dh w h p jzz dplm d h Am h h g m.


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N lg , jzz mb gd ud h -d S 1959 d d plh bd. H bd hlpd h

d S mplm ulul m m Bh p- wll h ll p A.96 T wld hd h g d A Cmmu d -Cmmubl h

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