Javanese and the Javanese and the Languages of Java Languages of Java

Belong to the Pro-Drop Belong to the Pro-Drop LanguagesLanguages

Javanese and the Languages of Javanese and the Languages of Java Belong to the Pro-Drop Java Belong to the Pro-Drop

LanguagesLanguages

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE LANGUAGES OF JAVA LANGUAGES OF JAVA

– – ISLOJ SEMARANGISLOJ SEMARANG

HOTEL GRAHA SANTIKA, SEMARANG, HOTEL GRAHA SANTIKA, SEMARANG, 15-16 AUGUST 200715-16 AUGUST 2007

Endang S. SoemartonoEndang S. Soemartono

endasay@yahoo.co.ukendasay@yahoo.co.uk

Indraprasta University PGRI, JakartaIndraprasta University PGRI, Jakarta

TWO TYPES OF LANGUAGES IN THE WORLD:TWO TYPES OF LANGUAGES IN THE WORLD: PRO-DROP LANGUAGES PRO-DROP LANGUAGES have relative freedom in omitting their subjectshave relative freedom in omitting their subjectsCOOL LANGUAGES COOL LANGUAGES languages with empty pronounslanguages with empty pronouns pronouns can be omitted from a cool languagepronouns can be omitted from a cool languageDISCOURSE-ORIENTED LANGUAGES TYPEDISCOURSE-ORIENTED LANGUAGES TYPE topic is deleted topic is deleted because it can be inferred from the precedingbecause it can be inferred from the preceding sentence.sentence.CHINESE, JAPANESE, ITALIANCHINESE, JAPANESE, ITALIAN

NON PRO-DROP LANGUAGES NON PRO-DROP LANGUAGES have strict restriction in omitting their subjectshave strict restriction in omitting their subjectsHOT LANGUAGESHOT LANGUAGES pronouns cannot be omitted from grammaticalpronouns cannot be omitted from grammatical sentences from a hot language like Englishsentences from a hot language like EnglishSENTENCE-ORIENTED LANGUAGES TYPESENTENCE-ORIENTED LANGUAGES TYPE non-zero topic languagesnon-zero topic languagesENGLISH, GERMAN, DUTCHENGLISH, GERMAN, DUTCH

According to Jaegli and Safir (1989According to Jaegli and Safir (1989) ) null or empty subjects or null or empty subjects or subjectless sentences subjectless sentences

are permitted in are permitted in

all and only languages with morphologically uniformall and only languages with morphologically uniforminflectional paradigms. inflectional paradigms. languages have either complex paradigms like Italian languages have either complex paradigms like Italian oror none of them are complex but they are uniform like Chinese.none of them are complex but they are uniform like Chinese.

comparisoncomparisonof the different morphological forms of the different morphological forms

of the present tense of the verbs of the present tense of the verbs

English Spanish Italian Irish Chinese IndonesianEnglish Spanish Italian Irish Chinese Indonesianst pers sing I speak hab-lo parl-o labh-rann shuo bicarast pers sing I speak hab-lo parl-o labh-rann shuo bicara2nd pers sing you speak hab-las parl-i labh-rann shuo bicara2nd pers sing you speak hab-las parl-i labh-rann shuo bicara3rd pers sing he/she/it speaks habl-a3rd pers sing he/she/it speaks habl-a parl-a labh-rann shuo bicaraparl-a labh-rann shuo bicara1st pers pl1st pers pl we speak habl-amos parl-iamo labh-rann shuo bicara we speak habl-amos parl-iamo labh-rann shuo bicara2nd pers pl2nd pers pl you speak habl-ais you speak habl-ais parll-ate labh-rann shuo bicaraparll-ate labh-rann shuo bicara3rd pers pl3rd pers pl they speak habl-an they speak habl-an parl-ano labh-rann shuo bicaraparl-ano labh-rann shuo bicara 2 forms 6 forms 6 forms 1 form 1 form 1 form2 forms 6 forms 6 forms 1 form 1 form 1 form

Spanish and Italian Spanish and Italian have different endings for each of the six parts of the paradigm, have different endings for each of the six parts of the paradigm, they are all morphologically complex.they are all morphologically complex.Irish has the same present tense ending –rann Irish has the same present tense ending –rann Chinese has no different endings Chinese has no different endings they are not morphologically complex they are not morphologically complex they are morphologically uniform. they are morphologically uniform. Spanish, Italian, Irish and Chinese are also pro-drop languages Spanish, Italian, Irish and Chinese are also pro-drop languages because they have morphologically uniform paradigmsbecause they have morphologically uniform paradigms English has –s only for the third person singular English has –s only for the third person singular is not morphologically uniform is not morphologically uniform because it has mixed morphology and because it has mixed morphology and thus it is a non pro-drop languagethus it is a non pro-drop language

Indonesian, like Chinese, is not morphologically complex but it isIndonesian, like Chinese, is not morphologically complex but it is morphologically uniform morphologically uniform --

Javanese and the Languages of Java such Javanese and the Languages of Java such asSundanese and Madurese and even outside asSundanese and Madurese and even outside Java such as Balinese and the Sasak language of Java such as Balinese and the Sasak language of Lombok are like Indonesian, Lombok are like Indonesian,

they are not morphologically complex they are not morphologically complex they are morphologically uniform. they are morphologically uniform. they belong to the same family ofthey belong to the same family of Javanese: Javanese: the same three language levels: the same three language levels: the coarse, the middle and the refined,the coarse, the middle and the refined, the similarity of syntax the similarity of syntax

They, therefore, may be included in the Pro-Drop They, therefore, may be included in the Pro-Drop languages.languages.

To prove that they can be included in the Pro-Drop languages they’d betterl be put inTo prove that they can be included in the Pro-Drop languages they’d betterl be put in Huang’s test caseHuang’s test case

Huang’s test caseHuang’s test case Speaker A: Did John see Bill yesterday?Speaker A: Did John see Bill yesterday? Speaker B: a. Yes, he saw him.Speaker B: a. Yes, he saw him. b. *Yes, b. *Yes, ee saw him. saw him. c. *Yes, c. *Yes, ee saw saw ee.. d. *Yes, I guess d. *Yes, I guess ee saw saw ee.. e. *Yes, John said e. *Yes, John said ee saw saw ee.. * = grammaticality e = null or empty or missing* = grammaticality e = null or empty or missingJAVANESEJAVANESE(Coarse) Speaker A: Apa John wis ketemu Bill wingi?(Coarse) Speaker A: Apa John wis ketemu Bill wingi? Speaker B: a. Iya de’e wis ketemu de’e.Speaker B: a. Iya de’e wis ketemu de’e. b. Iya, b. Iya, ee ketemu de’e. ketemu de’e. c. Iya, c. Iya, ee ketemu ketemu ee.. d. Iya, dak kira d. Iya, dak kira ee ketemu ketemu ee.. e. Iya, John kanda e. Iya, John kanda ee ketemu ketemu ee..(Middle) Speaker A: Napa John panggih/sumerep Bill wingi?(Middle) Speaker A: Napa John panggih/sumerep Bill wingi? Speaker B: a. Nggih/Enggih, piyamba’e panggih/sumerep Speaker B: a. Nggih/Enggih, piyamba’e panggih/sumerep piyamba’e.piyamba’e. b. Nggih/Enggih, b. Nggih/Enggih, ee panggih/sumerep piyamba’e. panggih/sumerep piyamba’e. c. Nggih/Enggih, c. Nggih/Enggih, ee panggih/sumerep panggih/sumerep ee.. d. Nggih/Enggih, kula kinten d. Nggih/Enggih, kula kinten ee panggih/sumerep panggih/sumerep ee.. e. Nggih/ Enggih, sanjange/criyose John e. Nggih/ Enggih, sanjange/criyose John ee panggih/sumerep panggih/sumerep ee..(Refined) Speaker A: Punapa John kepanggih/sumerep Bill kala wingi?(Refined) Speaker A: Punapa John kepanggih/sumerep Bill kala wingi? Speaker B: a. Inggih, piyamba’ipun kepanggih/sumerepSpeaker B: a. Inggih, piyamba’ipun kepanggih/sumerep piyamba’ipun.piyamba’ipun. b. Inggih, b. Inggih, ee kepanggih/sumerep piyamba’ipun. kepanggih/sumerep piyamba’ipun. c. Inggih, c. Inggih, ee kepanggih/sumerep kepanggih/sumerep ee.. d. Inggih, kula/dalem kinten d. Inggih, kula/dalem kinten ee kepanggih/sumerep kepanggih/sumerep ee.. e. Inggih, (Pak/Mas) John ngendika e. Inggih, (Pak/Mas) John ngendika ee kepanggih/sumerep kepanggih/sumerep ee..

SUNDANESESUNDANESE(Coarse) Speaker A: Si John nempo’ si Bill heunteu’?(Coarse) Speaker A: Si John nempo’ si Bill heunteu’? Speaker B: a. Nya’/Enya’, manehne nempo’ si Bill.Speaker B: a. Nya’/Enya’, manehne nempo’ si Bill. b. Nya’/Enya’ b. Nya’/Enya’ ee nempo’ si Bill. nempo’ si Bill. c. Nya’/Enya’ c. Nya’/Enya’ ee nempo’ nempo’ ee.. d. Nya’/Enya’ meureun. d. Nya’/Enya’ meureun. e. Nya’/Enya’ ceu’ si John e. Nya’/Enya’ ceu’ si John ee nempo’ si nempo’ si ee.. Nya’/Enya’ ceu’ si John Nya’/Enya’ ceu’ si John ee nempo’ nempo’ ee..(Middle/Refined) Speaker A: Si John ningali si Bill anjeuna?(Middle/Refined) Speaker A: Si John ningali si Bill anjeuna? Speaker B: a. Sumuhun, anjeuna Speaker B: a. Sumuhun, anjeuna ee ningali si Bill. ningali si Bill. b. Sumuhun, e ningali b. Sumuhun, e ningali ee.. c. Sumuhun, panginten c. Sumuhun, panginten ee ningali ningali ee.. d. Sumuhun, saurna si John si Bill.d. Sumuhun, saurna si John si Bill. e. Sumuhun, manteuna e. Sumuhun, manteuna ee ningali ningali ee.. Sumuhun, manteuna Sumuhun, manteuna ee. . Sumuhun, Sumuhun, ee panginteun panginteun ee.. Sumuhun, saurna Sumuhun, saurna ee.. MADURESEMADURESE(Coarse) Speaker A: Apa John atemoh bi’ Bill be’en?(Coarse) Speaker A: Apa John atemoh bi’ Bill be’en? Speaker B: a. Iyeh, John atemoh bi’ Bill be’en.Speaker B: a. Iyeh, John atemoh bi’ Bill be’en. b. Iyeh, abe’en atemoh bi’ Bill be’en.b. Iyeh, abe’en atemoh bi’ Bill be’en. c. Iyeh, c. Iyeh, ee atemoh bi’ Bill be’en. atemoh bi’ Bill be’en. d. Iyeh, d. Iyeh, ee atemoh atemoh ee.. e. Iyeh, ngara e. Iyeh, ngara ee atemoh atemoh ee.. f. Iyeh, John ngoca’ f. Iyeh, John ngoca’ ee atemoh atemoh ee..(Middle/Refined) Speaker A: Punapa John apang’gi Bill beuri’?(Middle/Refined) Speaker A: Punapa John apang’gi Bill beuri’? Speaker B: a. Eng’gi abeu’en apang’gi Bill beuri’.Speaker B: a. Eng’gi abeu’en apang’gi Bill beuri’. b. Eng’gi, b. Eng’gi, ee apang’gi bi’ abe’en beuri’. apang’gi bi’ abe’en beuri’. c. Eng’gi, c. Eng’gi, ee apang’gi apang’gi ee.. d. Eng’gi, punten/kadie’ d. Eng’gi, punten/kadie’ ee apang’gi apang’gi ee.. e. Eng’gi, John ade’bu e. Eng’gi, John ade’bu ee apang’gi apang’gi ee..

BALINESEBALINESE(Coarse) Speaker A: John (me)tepuk Bill sing ibi?(Coarse) Speaker A: John (me)tepuk Bill sing ibi? Speaker B: a. Ao, iye tepuk iye.Speaker B: a. Ao, iye tepuk iye. b. Ao, b. Ao, ee tepuk iye. tepuk iye. c. Ao, c. Ao, ee tepuk tepuk ee.. d. Ao, ulesne d. Ao, ulesne ee tepuk tepuk ee..(Middle/Refined) Speaker A: Napi John sampun manggihin/nginya’in Bill ibi?(Middle/Refined) Speaker A: Napi John sampun manggihin/nginya’in Bill ibi? Speaker B: a. Inggih, ipun sampun nginya’in Bill.Speaker B: a. Inggih, ipun sampun nginya’in Bill. b. Inggih, ipun sampun b. Inggih, ipun sampun ee nginya’in nginya’in ee.. c. Inggih, c. Inggih, ee sampun sampun ee.. d. Inggih, ipun nyinap d. Inggih, ipun nyinap ee nginya’in nginya’in ee.. e. Inggih, John mejantos e. Inggih, John mejantos ee nginya’in nginya’in ee..SASAKSASAK(Coarse) Speaker A: Ape John bedait Bill rubin?(Coarse) Speaker A: Ape John bedait Bill rubin? Speaker B: a. Ye, iye/John bedait Bill rubin.Speaker B: a. Ye, iye/John bedait Bill rubin. b. Ye, b. Ye, ee bedait si iye. bedait si iye. c. Ye, c. Ye, ee bedait bedait ee.. d. Ye, kire kire d. Ye, kire kire ee bedait bedait ee.. e. Ye, iye menurutne e. Ye, iye menurutne ee bedait bedait ee..(Middle) Speaker A: Ape John panggih Bill rubin?(Middle) Speaker A: Ape John panggih Bill rubin? Speaker B: a. Nggih, John panggih Bill rubin.Speaker B: a. Nggih, John panggih Bill rubin. b. Nggih, b. Nggih, ee panggih Bill. panggih Bill. c. Nggih, c. Nggih, ee panggih panggih ee.. d. Nggih, d. Nggih, ee panggih panggih ee.. e. Nggih, menurut John e. Nggih, menurut John ee panggih panggih ee. .

MATUR SANGET NUWUNMATUR SANGET NUWUN