Javan Rhinoceros

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Javan rhinocerosFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sunda rhinoceros or Javan rhinoceros[1]

R. s. sondaicusin the London Zoo from March 1874

until January 1885

Conservation status

Critically Endangered(IUCN 3.1)[2]

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Perissodactyla

Family: Rhinocerotidae
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Genus: Rhinoceros

Species: R. sondaicus

Binomial name

Rhinoceros sondaicus

Desmarest,1822[3]

Subspecies

Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus

Rhinoceros sondaicus inermis

Rhinoceros sondaicus sondaicus

Sunda rhinoceros range[4]

The Sunda rhinoceros(Rhinoceros sondaicus) or lesser one-horned rhinoceros, or more popular as Javan

rhinoceros, is a member of the familyRhinocerotidaeand one of five extantrhinoceroses.It belongs to the

same genus as theIndian rhinoceros,and has similar mosaicked skin which resembles armour, but at 3.1

3.2 m (1010.5 feet) in length and 1.41.7 m (4.65.8 ft) in height, it is smaller (in fact, it is closer in size to
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theblack rhinocerosof the genusDiceros). Its horn is usually less than 25 cm (10 inches), smaller than those

of the other rhino species.

Once the most widespread of Asian rhinoceroses, the Sunda rhinoceros ranged from the islands

ofJavaandSumatra,throughout Southeast Asia, and into India and China. The species iscritically

endangered,with only one known population in the wild, and no individuals in captivity. It is possibly the rarest

large mammal on earth,[5]:21with a population of as few as 40 inUjung Kulon National Parkat the western tip

ofJavainIndonesia.A second population inCat Tien National ParkinVietnamwas confirmed as extinct in

2011.[6]The decline of the Sunda rhinoceros is attributed to poaching, primarily for their horns, which are highly

valued intraditional Chinese medicine,fetching as much as US$30,000 per kilogramme on the black

market.[5]:31Loss of habitat, especially as the result of wars, such as theVietnam War,in Southeast Asia, has

also contributed to the species' decline and hindered recovery.[7]The remaining range is withinone nationally

protected area,but the rhinos are still at risk from poachers, disease and loss of genetic diversity leading

toinbreeding depression.

The Sunda rhino can live approximately 3045 years in the wild. It historically inhabited lowlandrain forest,wet

grasslands and large floodplains. The Sunda rhino is mostly solitary, except for courtship and offspring-rearing,

though groups may occasionally congregate near wallows and salt licks. Aside from humans, adults have

nopredatorsin their range. The Sunda rhino usually avoids humans, but will attack when it feels threatened.

Scientists and conservationists rarely study the animals directly due to their extreme rarity and the danger of

interfering with such an endangered species. Researchers rely oncamera trapsand fecal samples to gauge

health and behavior. Consequently, the Sunda rhino is the least studied of all rhino species. Two adult rhinos

with their calves were filmed in a motion-triggered video released on February 28, 2011 byWWFand

Indonesia's National Park Authority, which proved it is still breeding in the wild.[8]In April 2012, the National

Parks Authority released video showing 35 individual Sunda rhinos, including mother/offspring pairs and

courting adults.[9]

Contents

[hide]

1 Taxonomy and naming

o 1.1 Evolution

2 Description

3 Distribution and habitat

4 Behavior

5 Diet

6 Conservation
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o 6.1 Ujung Kulon

o 6.2 Cat Tien

o 6.3 In captivity

7 References

8 External links

Taxonomy and naming[edit]

The first studies of the Sunda rhinoceros bynaturalistsfrom outside of its region took place in 1787, when two

animals were shot in Java. The skulls were sent to the renowned Dutch naturalistPetrus Camper,who died in

1789 before he was able to publish his discovery that the rhinos of Java were a distinct species. Another Sunda

rhinoceros was shot on the island ofSumatrabyAlfred Duvaucel,who sent the specimen to his

stepfatherGeorges Cuvier,the famous French scientist. Cuvier recognized the animal as a distinct species in

1822, and in the same year it was identified byAnselme Gatan Desmarestas Rhinoceros sondaicus. It was

the last species of rhinoceros to be identified.[10]Desmarest initially identified the rhino as being from Sumatra,

but later amended this to say his specimen was from Java.[3]

The genus name Rhinoceros, which also includes the Indian rhinoceros, is derived from theancient

Greekwords (rhis), which means "nose", and (ceras), which means "horn"; sondaicusis derived

fromsunda,thebiogeographicalregion that comprises the islands of Sumatra, Java,Borneo,and surrounding

smaller islands. The Sunda rhino is also known as the lesser one-horned rhinoceros (in contrast with the

greater one-horned rhinoceros, another name for the Indian rhino).[citation needed]

There are three distinct subspecies, of which only one is still extant:

Rhinoceros son daicus sondaicus, the type subspecies, known as the Indonesian Sunda rhinoceros,

once lived on Java and Sumatra. The population is now confined to as few as 40 animals in the

wild,Ujung Kulon National Parkon the western tip of the island ofJava.One researcher has suggested

the Sunda rhino on Sumatra belonged to a distinct subspecies, R.s. floweri, but this is not widely

accepted.[11][12]

Rhinoceros sondaicus annamit icu s, known as the Vietnamese Sunda rhinocerosor Vietnamese

rhinoceros, once lived across Vietnam,Cambodia,Laosand intoThailandandMalaysia.The

subspecific annamiticusis derived from theAnnamite Mountain Rangein Southeast Asia, part of this

subspecies' range. In 2006, a single population, estimated at fewer than 12 remaining rhinos, lived in an

area of lowland forest in theCat Tien National ParkinVietnam.Genetic analysis suggested this

subspecies and the Indonesian Sunda rhinoceros last shared a common ancestor between 300,000 and 2

million years ago.[11][12]The last individual of this population was shot by a poacher in 2010.[13]
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Rhinoceros sondaicus inermis, known as the Indian Sunda rhinoceros, once ranged

fromBengaltoBurma,but is presumed to have gone extinct before 1925.[14]The term inermismeans

"unarmed", as the most distinctive characteristic of this subspecies is the small horns in males, and evident

lack of horns in females. The original specimen of this species was a hornless female. The political

situation in Burma has prevented assessment of the species in that country, but its survival is considered

unlikely.[15][16][17]

Evolution[edit]

Main article:Evolution

TheIndian rhinocerospictured here is the species most closely related to the Sunda rhinoceros; they are the two members

of thetype genusRhinoceros.

Ancestral rhinoceroses first diverged from otherperissodactylsin theEarly Eocene.Mitochondrial

DNAcomparison suggests the ancestors of modern rhinos split from the ancestors ofEquidaearound 50

million years ago.[18]The extant family, the Rhinocerotidae, first appeared in the Late Eocene inEurasia,and

the ancestors of the extant rhino species dispersed from Asia beginning in theMiocene.[19]

The Indian and Sunda rhinoceros, the only members of the genusRhinoceros,first appear in the fossil record

in Asia around 1.6 million3.3 million years ago. Molecular estimates, however, suggest the two species

diverged from each other much earlier, around 11.7 million years ago.[20]Although belonging to thetype genus,

the Indian and Sunda rhinoceroses are not believed to be closely related to other rhino species. Different

studies have hypothesized they may be closely related to the extinct Gaindetheriumor Punjabitherium. A

detailedcladisticanalysis of the Rhinocerotidae placedRhinocerosand the extinct Punjabitheriumin a clade

withDicerorhinus,the Sumatran rhino. Other studies have suggested the Sumatran rhinoceros is more closely

related to the two African species.[21]The Sumatran rhino may have diverged from the other Asian rhinos 15

million years ago,[19]or as far back as 25.9 million years ago based on mitochondrial data.[20]

Description[edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-scribd-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-scribd-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-scribd-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Foose-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Foose-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros#Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros#Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros#Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perissodactylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perissodactylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perissodactylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Eocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Eocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Eocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-DNA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-DNA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-DNA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Lacombat-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Lacombat-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Lacombat-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Tougard-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Tougard-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Tougard-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicerorhinushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicerorhinushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicerorhinushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Cerdeno-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Cerdeno-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Cerdeno-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Lacombat-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Lacombat-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Lacombat-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Tougard-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Tougard-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Tougard-20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panzernashorn2004.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panzernashorn2004.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panzernashorn2004.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panzernashorn2004.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Tougard-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Lacombat-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Cerdeno-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicerorhinushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Tougard-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Lacombat-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-DNA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Eocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perissodactylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros#Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Foose-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Foose-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-scribd-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal


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Captive Sunda rhino, around 1900

The Sunda rhino is smaller than Indian rhinoceros, and is close in size to theblack rhinoceros.It is the largest

animal in Java and the second largest animal inIndonesiaafter theAsian Elephant.The body length of the

Sunda rhino (including its head) can be up to 2 to 4 m (6.6 to 13.1 ft), and it can reach a height of 1.41.7 m

(4.6

5.8 ft). Adults are variously reported to weigh between 900 and 2,300 kg (2,000 and 5,100 lb), although astudy to collect accurate measurements of the animals has never been conducted and is not a priority because

they are endangered.[22]There is not a substantialsize differencebetween genders, but females may be

slightly bigger. The rhinos in Vietnam appeared to be significantly smaller than those in Java, based on studies

of photographic evidence and measurements of their footprints.[23]

Like Indian rhino, the Sunda rhinoceros has a single horn (the other extant species have two horns). Its horn is

the smallest of all extant rhinos, usually less than 20 cm (7.9 inches) with the longest recorded only 27 cm

(10.5 in). The Sunda rhinoceros does not appear to often use its horn for fighting, but instead uses it to scrape

mud away in wallows, to pull down plants for eating, and to open paths through thick vegetation. Similar to the

other browsing species of rhino (the black, Sumatran and Indian), the Sunda rhino has long, pointed, upper lips

which help in grabbing food. Its lowerincisorsare long and sharp; when the Sunda rhino fights, it uses these

teeth. Behind the incisors, two rows of six low-crownedmolarsare used for chewing coarse plants. Like all

rhinos, the Sunda rhino smells and hears well, but has very poor vision. They are estimated to live for 30 to 45

years.[23]

Its hairless, splotchy gray or gray-brown skin falls in folds to the shoulder, back and rump. The skin has a

natural mosaic pattern which lends the rhino an armored appearance. The neck folds of the Sunda rhinoceros

are smaller than those of the Indian rhinoceros, but still form a saddle shape over the shoulder. Because of the

risks of interfering with such an endangered species, however, the Sunda rhinoceros is primarily studied

through fecal sampling and camera traps. They are rarely encountered, observed or measured directly.[24]

Distribution and habitat[edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-arkive-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-arkive-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-arkive-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-van_Strien-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-van_Strien-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-van_Strien-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_(tooth)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_(tooth)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_(tooth)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-van_Strien-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-van_Strien-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-van_Strien-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NatPost-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NatPost-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NatPost-24http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Javan_Rhino_1900.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Javan_Rhino_1900.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Javan_Rhino_1900.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Javan_Rhino_1900.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NatPost-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-van_Strien-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_(tooth)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-van_Strien-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-arkive-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_rhinoceros


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Java'sUjung Kulon National Parkis the home of all remaining Sunda rhinos.

Even the most optimistic estimate suggests fewer than 100 Sunda rhinos remain in the wi ld. They are

considered one of the most endangered species in the world.[25]The Sunda rhinoceros is known to survive in

only one place, theUjung Kulon National Parkon the western tip of Java.[12][26]

The animal was once widespread fromAssamandBengal(where their range would have overlapped with both

the Sumatran and Indian rhinos)[17]eastward toMyanmar,Thailand,Cambodia,Laos,Vietnam,and southwards

to theMalay Peninsulaand the islands ofSumatra,Java,and possiblyBorneo.[27]The Sunda rhino primarily

inhabits dense, lowland rain forests, grasslands, and reed beds with abundant rivers, large floodplains, or wet

areas with many mud wallows. Although it historically preferred low-lying areas, the subspecies in Vietnam was

pushed onto much higher ground (up to 2,000 m or 6,561 ft), probably because of human encroachment and

poaching.[15]

The range of the Sunda rhinoceros has been shrinking for at least 3,000 years. Starting around 1000 BC, the

northern range of the rhinoceros extended into China, but began moving southward at roughly 0.5 km (0.31 mi)

per year, as human settlements increased in the region.[28]It likely became locally extinct in India in the first

decade of the 20th century.[17]The Sunda rhino was hunted to extinction on the Malay Peninsula by 1932.[29]By

the end of theVietnam War,the Vietnamese rhinoceros was believed extinct across all of mainland Asia. Local

hunters and woodcutters inCambodiaclaim to have seen Sunda rhinos in theCardamom Mountains,but

surveys of the area have failed to find any evidence of them.[30]In the late 1980s, a small population was found

in the Cat Tien area of Vietnam. However, the last individual of that population was shot in 2010.[31]A

population may have existed on the island ofBorneoas well, though these specimens could have been the

Sumatran rhinoceros, a small population of which still lives there.

[27]

Behavior[edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Telegraph_4_January_2010-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Telegraph_4_January_2010-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Telegraph_4_January_2010-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-CG-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-CG-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-CG-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Raffles-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Raffles-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Raffles-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Foose-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Foose-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Foose-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Biotropica-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Biotropica-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Biotropica-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Straits-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Straits-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Straits-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-FFI-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-FFI-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-FFI-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-wwf.panda-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-wwf.panda-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-wwf.panda-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Raffles-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Raffles-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Raffles-27http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ujungkulon.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ujungkulon.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ujungkulon.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ujungkulon.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Raffles-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-wwf.panda-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-FFI-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Straits-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Biotropica-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Foose-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Raffles-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-CG-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-CG-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Telegraph_4_January_2010-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Park


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A museum specimen of a juvenile R. s. sondaicus

The Sunda rhinoceros is a solitary animal with the exception of breeding pairs and mothers with calves. They

will sometimes congregate in small groups at salt licks and mud wallows.Wallowingin mud is a common

behavior for all rhinos; the activity allows them to maintain cool body temperatures and helps prevent disease

and parasite infestation. The Sunda rhinoceros does not generally dig its own mud wallows, preferring to use

other animals' wallows or naturally occurring pits, which it will use its horn to enlarge. Salt licks are also very

important because of the essential nutrients the rhino receives from the salt. Male home ranges are larger at

1220 km (58 miles) compared to the female, which are around 314 km (15 mi). Male territories overlap

each other less than those of the female. It is not known if there are territorial fights.[32]

Malesmark their territorieswith dung piles and byurine spraying.Scrapes made by the feet in the ground and

twisted saplings also seem to be used for communication. Members of other rhino species have a peculiar

habit of defecating in massive rhino dung piles and then scraping their back feet in the dung. The Sumatran

and Sunda rhinos, while defecating in piles, do not engage in the scraping. This adaptation in behavior is

thought to be ecological; in the wet forests of Java and Sumatra, the method may not be useful for spreading

odors.[32]

The Sunda rhino is much less vocal than the Sumatran; very few Sunda rhino vocalizations have ever been

recorded. Adult Sunda rhinos have no known predators other than humans. The species, particularly in

Vietnam, is skittish and retreats into dense forests whenever humans are near. Though a valuable trait from a

survival standpoint, it has made the rhinos difficult to study.[7]Nevertheless, when humans approach too

closely, the Sunda rhino becomes aggressive and will attack, stabbing with the incisors of its lower jaw while

thrusting upward with its head.

[32]

Its comparatively antisocial behavior may be a recent adaptation topopulation stresses; historical evidence suggests they, like other rhinos, were once more gregarious.[12]

Diet[edit]

The Sunda rhinoceros is herbivorous and eats diverse plant species, especially their shoots, twigs, young

foliage and fallen fruit. Most of the plants favored by the species grow in sunny areas in forest clearings,

shrubland and other vegetation types with no large trees. The rhino knocks down saplings to reach its food and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallowing_in_animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallowing_in_animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallowing_in_animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-IZY-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-IZY-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-IZY-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_markinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_markinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_markinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_sprayinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_sprayinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_sprayinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-IZY-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-IZY-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-IZY-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Santiapillai-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Santiapillai-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Santiapillai-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-IZY-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-IZY-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-IZY-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-CG-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-CG-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-CG-12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JavanRhino-PeterMaas-NaturalisLeiden.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JavanRhino-PeterMaas-NaturalisLeiden.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JavanRhino-PeterMaas-NaturalisLeiden.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JavanRhino-PeterMaas-NaturalisLeiden.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-CG-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-IZY-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Santiapillai-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-IZY-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_sprayinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_markinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-IZY-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallowing_in_animals


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grabs it with its prehensile upper lip. It is the most adaptable feeder of all the rhino species. Currently, it is a

pure browser, but probably once both browsed and grazed in its historical range. The rhino eats an estimated

50 kg (110 lb) of food daily. Like the Sumatran rhino, it needs salt in its diet. The salt licks common in its

historical range do not exist in Ujung Kulon, but the rhinos there have been observed drinking seawater, likely

for the same nutritional need.[32]

Conservation[edit]

See also:Rhinoceros's Horns

A painting from 1861 depicts the hunting of R. s. sondaicus

The main factor in the continued decline of the Sunda rhinoceros population has been poaching for horns, a

problem that affects all rhino species. The horns have been a traded commodity for more than 2,000 years in

China, where they are believed to have healing properties. Historically, the rhinoceros' hide was used to make

armor for Chinese soldiers, and some local tribes in Vietnam believed the hide could be used to make an

antidote for snake venom.[33]

Because the rhinoceros' range encompasses many areas of poverty, it has been

difficult to convince local people not to kill a seemingly (otherwise) useless animal which could be sold for a

large sum of money.[28]When theConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and

Florafirst went into effect in 1975, the Sunda rhinoceros was placed under complete Appendix 1 protection; all

international trade in the Sunda rhinoceros and products derived from it is illegal.[34]Surveys of the rhinoceros

horn black market have determined Asian rhinoceros horn fetches a price as high as $30,000 per kilogram,

three times the value of African rhinoceros horn.[5]:31

Loss of habitat because of agriculture has also contributed to its decline, though this is no longer as significant

a factor because the rhinoceros only lives inone nationally protected park.Deteriorating habitats have hinderedthe recovery of rhino populations that fell victim to poaching. Even with all the conservation efforts, the

prospects for their survival are grim. Because the population is restricted to one small area, they are very

susceptible to disease and theproblemsofinbreeding.Conservation geneticists estimate a population of 100

rhinos would be needed to preserve the genetic diversity of thisconservation reliant species.[26]

Ujung Kulon[edit]
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A Dutch hunter with a dead R. s. sondaicusin Ujung Kulon, 1895

TheUjung Kulonpeninsula of Java was devastated by the eruption ofKrakatoain 1883. The Sunda rhinoceros

recolonized the peninsula after the explosion, but humans never returned in large numbers, thus creating a

haven.[26]In 1931, as the Sunda rhinoceros was on the brink of extinction in Sumatra, the government of the

Dutch Indies declared the rhino a legally protected species, which it has remained ever since.[15]A census of

the rhinos in Ujung Kulon was first conducted in 1967; only 25 animals were recorded. By 1980, that population

had doubled, and has remained steady at about 50 ever since. Although the rhinos in Ujung Kulon have no

natural predators, they have to compete for scarce resources with wild cattle, which may keep their numbers

below the peninsula'scarrying capacity.[35]Ujung Kulon is managed by the Indonesian Ministry of

Forestry.[15]Evidence of at least four baby rhinos was discovered in 2006, the most ever documented for the

species.[36]

In March 2011, hidden-camera video was published showing adults and juveniles, indicating recent matings

and breeding.[37]During the period from January to October 2011, the cameras had captured images of 35

rhinos. As of December 2011, a rhino breeding sanctuary in an area of 38,000 hectares is being finalized to

help reach the target of 70 to 80 Sunda rhinos by 2015.[38]

In April 2012, the WWF and International Rhino Foundation added 120 video cameras to the existing 40 to

better monitor rhino movements and judge the size of the animals' population. A recent survey has found far

fewer females than males. Only four females among 17 rhinos were recorded in the eastern half of Ujung

Kulon, which is a potential setback in efforts to save the species.[39]

With Ujung Kulon as the last resort of this species, there is the advantage that all the Sunda rhinos are in one

location, unlike theSumatran rhinowhich is dispersed in different, unconnected areas. However, this may also

be disadvantageous to the Sunda rhino population, because if there are any catastrophic diseases

ortsunamisthey could all be wiped out at once. In 2012, the Asian Rhino Project was working out the best

eradication programme for thearenga palm,which was blanketing the park and crowding out the rhinos' food

source. Thebantengcattle also compete with the rhinos for food, so the authority were considering plans to

fence off the western part of the park to keep the livestock out.[40]
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Cat Tien[edit]

Head of a male R. s. annamiticusshot in Perak on the Malay Peninsula

Once widespread in Southeast Asia, the Sunda rhinoceros was presumed extinct in Vietnam in the mid-1970s,

at the end of theVietnam War.The tactics used in the combat wrought havoc on the ecosystems of the region:

use ofnapalm,extensive defoliation fromAgent Orange,aerial bombing and use of landmines. The war also

flooded the area with inexpensive weapons. After the war, many poor villagers, who previously relied on

methods like pit traps, now had deadly weapons at their disposal, enabling them to become efficient

poachers.[citation needed]

In 1988, the assumption of the subspecies' extinction was challenged when a hunter shot an adult female,

proving the species had somehow survived the war. In 1989, scientists surveyed Vietnam's southern forests to

search for evidence of other survivors. Fresh tracks belonging to at least 15 rhinos were found along theDong

Nai River.[41]Largely because of the rhinoceros, the region they inhabited became part of the Cat Tien National

Park in 1992.

[33]

By early 2000s, their population was feared to have declined past the point of recovery in Vietnam, with some

conservationists estimating as few as three to eight rhinos, and possibly no males,

survived.[26][36]Conservationists debated whether or not the Vietnamese rhinoceros had any chance of survival,

with some arguing that rhinos from Indonesia should be introduced in an attempt to save the population, with

others arguing that the population could recover.[7][42]

Genetic analysis of dung samples collected in Cat Tien National Park in a survey from October 2009 to March

2010 showed only a single individual Sunda rhinoceros remained in the park. In early May 2010, the body of a

Sunda rhino was found in the park. The animal had been shot and its horn removed by poachers.[43]

In October

2011, the International Rhino Foundation confirmed the Sunda rhinoceros was extinct in Vietnam, leaving only

the rhinos in Ujung Kulon.[6][13][31]

In captivity[edit]

A Sunda rhinoceros has not been exhibited in a zoo in a century. In the 19th century, at least four rhinos were

exhibited inAdelaide,Calcutta,andLondon.A total of at least 22 Sunda rhinos have been documented as
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having been kept in captivity; the true number is possibly greater, as the species was sometimes confused with

the Indian rhinoceros.[44]

The Sunda rhinoceros never fared well in captivity. The oldest lived to be 20, about half the age the rhinos can

reach in the wild. The last captive Sunda rhino died at theAdelaide ZooinAustraliain 1907, where the species

was so little known that it had been exhibited as an Indian rhinoceros.[23]
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