Jaringan Komputer Dasar - 6
Transcript of Jaringan Komputer Dasar - 6
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Jaringan Komputer DasarEthernet
Aurelio Rahmadia
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Objektif
Pengenalan Ethernet
Sejarah Ethernet
Frame Ethernet
Ethernet Media Access Control
Ethernet Timing
Ethernet (Hub)
Ethernet (Switch)
Switch
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Pengenalan Ethernet
Ethernet is now the predominant LANtechnology in the world.
This chapter examines the
characteristics and operation ofEthernet as it has evolved from a
shared media, contention-based data
communications technology to today'shigh bandwidth, full-duplex
technology.
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Pengenalan Ethernet
The first LAN in the world was theoriginal version of Ethernet. RobertMetcalfe and his coworkers at Xeroxdesigned it more than thirty years ago.
The first Ethernet standard waspublished in 1980 by a consortium ofDigital Equipment Corporation, Intel, andXerox (DIX). Metcalfe wanted Ethernet tobe a shared standard from whicheveryone could benefit, and therefore itwas released as an open standard. Thefirst products that were developed fromthe Ethernet standard were sold in the
early 1980s.
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Pengenalan Ethernet
The standard for Ethernet is IEEE802.3
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Pengenalan Ethernet
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Pengenalan Ethernet
Logical Link Control (LLC)
Makes the connection with the upper
layers.
Frames the Network layer packet.
Identifies the Network layer protocol.
Remains relatively independent of the
physical equipment.
Uses IEEE 802.2 standard.
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Pengenalan Ethernet
Media Access Control (MAC)
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Pengenalan Ethernet
The success of Ethernet is due to thefollowing factors:
Simplicity and ease of maintenance
Ability to incorporate new technologies Reliability
Low cost of installation and upgrade
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Pengenalan Ethernet
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Sejarah Ethernet
The foundation for Ethernet technology wasfirst established in 1970 with a programcalled Alohanet. Alohanet was a digital radionetwork designed to transmit information over
a shared radio frequency between theHawaiian Islands.
Alohanet required all stations to follow aprotocol in which an unacknowledged
transmission required re-transmitting after ashort period of waiting. The techniques forusing a shared medium in this way were laterapplied to wired technology in the form ofEthernet.
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Sejarah Ethernet
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Sejarah Ethernet
The first versions of Ethernet used coaxialcable to connect computers in a bus topology.Each computer was directly connected to thebackbone. These early versions of Ethernet
were known as Thicknet, (10BASE5) andThinnet (10BASE2).
10BASE5, or Thicknet, used a thick coaxialthat allowed for cabling distances of up to
500 meters before the signal required arepeater. 10BASE2, or Thinnet, used a thincoaxial cable that was smaller in diameterand more flexible than Thicknet and allowedfor cabling distances of 185 meters.
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Sejarah Ethernet
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Sejarah Ethernet
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Sejarah Ethernet
The original thick coaxial and thincoaxial physical media were replaced
by early categories of UTP cables.
Compared to the coaxial cables, theUTP cables were easier to work with,
lightweight, and less expensive.
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Sejarah Ethernet
In 10BASE-T networks, typically thecentral point of the network segment
was a hub. This created a shared
media. Because the media is shared,only one station could successfully
transmit at a time. This type of
connection is described as a half-duplex communication.
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Sejarah Ethernet
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Sejarah Ethernet
A significant development that enhanced LANperformance was the introduction of switches to replacehubs in Ethernet-based networks. This developmentclosely corresponded with the development of100BASE-TX Ethernet. Switches can control the flow ofdata by isolating each port and sending a frame only to
its proper destination (if the destination is known),rather than send every frame to every device.
The switch reduces the number of devices receivingeach frame, which in turn reduces or minimizes the
possibility of collisions. This, and the later introductionof full-duplex communications (having a connection thatcan carry both transmitted and received signals at thesame time), has enabled the development of 1GbpsEthernet and beyond.
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Sejarah Ethernet
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Sejarah Ethernet
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Frame Ethernet
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Frame Ethernet
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Frame Ethernet
IEEE requires a vendor to follow two simplerules: All MAC addresses assigned to a NIC or other
Ethernet device must use that vendor's assignedOUI as the first 3 bytes.
All MAC addresses with the same OUI must beassigned a unique value (vendor code or serialnumber) in the last 3 bytes.
The MAC address is often referred to as aburned-in address (BIA) because it is burnedinto ROM (Read-Only Memory) on the NIC.This means that the address is encoded intothe ROM chip permanently - it cannot bechanged by software.
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Frame Ethernet
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Frame Ethernet
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Frame Ethernet
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Frame Ethernet
The Network layer address enables the packet to be forwardedtoward its destination.
The Data Link layer address enables the packet to be carried by the
local media across each segment.
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Ethernet Media Access
Control
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Ethernet Media Access
Control
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Ethernet Media Access
Control
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Ethernet Media Access
Control Given that collisions will occur
occasionally in any shared mediatopology - even when employingCSMA/CD - we need to look at the
conditions that can result in an increasein collisions. Because of the rapid growthof the Internet: More devices are being connected to the
network.
Devices access the network media morefrequently.
Distances between devices are increasing.
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Ethernet Media Access
Control The connected devices that access a
common media via a hub or series of
directly connected hubs make up what
is known as a collision domain. Acollision domain is also referred to as
a network segment. Hubs therefore
have the effect of increasing the sizeof the collision domain.
Hubs also known as multi-port
repeaters.
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Ethernet Media Access
Control
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Ethernet Timing
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Ethernet Timing
For each different media speed, a period of time isrequired for a bit to be placed and sensed on the
media. This period of time is referred to as the bit
time. As a rough estimate, 20.3 centimeters (8
inches) per nanosecond is often used forcalculating the propagation delay on a UTP cable.
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Ethernet Timing
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Ethernet (Hub)
Problem Scalability
Latency
Network failure Collision
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Ethernet (Hub)
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Ethernet (Hub)
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Ethernet (Hub)
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Ethernet (Switch)
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Ethernet (Switch)
Advantage Dedicated bandwidth to each port
Collision-free environment
Full-duplex operation
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Ethernet (Switch)
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Ethernet (Switch)
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Ethernet (Switch)
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Switch
Learning (Address ResolutionProtocol)
Aging
Flooding Selective Forwarding
Filtering
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Switch