JA-623 and JA-645: Lesson 12

Electrical science discovery timeline

(20 Jun 2012)

© 2012 C. Rightmyer, Licensed under The MIT OSI License, 20 July 2012

Yum. Fire good. More wood!

• Archeological findings indicate that Homo erectus (early mankind) learned to use fossil fuels about 1.8 million years ago.

• Fire, or some other method of seeking warmth was really important for human survival. Since the first use of fire, the earth has gone through 18 ice age cycles.

The invention of a self-seading plow around 2500 BC spurned urban civilization

http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/ED/TRC/MESO/science.html

(1700 BC) Hammurabi King of Babylon

http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/MiddleEast/Hammurabi.html

http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/people/p/Hammurabi.htm

• Transformed small city-state into a large empire. Ruled for 40 years• Established rule of law and order• Built temples, irrigation canals, defensive fortifications.• Promoted agriculture.• Advanced sciences and literary arts: - Recorded all metals known to

exist at that time. - Mapped heavely bodies

(~ 450 BC) King Nebuchadnezzar II Hanging Gardens

http://www.unmuseum.org/hangg.htm

Early Greek philosophers attempt to explain the origin of universe

• Thales of Miletus (582 BC) suggests that water is basic substance of life.

• Anaximenes of Miletus (535 BC) counters that air is the fundamental substance.

• Empedocles of Acragas (445) suggests there are actually four different fundamental elements: earth, air, water, fire

• Leucippus of Miletus (435 BC) (and others) proposes that the basic elements are tiny corpuscles called “atoms” -- meaning indivisible. He is definitely on the right track.

Http://realscience.breckschool.org/upper/fruen/files/Enrichmentarticles/files/History.html

(325 BC) Aristotle of ancient Greeceturns science down a blind alley

“ There are only four elements: fire, air, water, and earth and these four elements have four properties: hot, cold, dry, and wet.”

Http:/www.columbia.edu/itc/chemistry/chem-c2507/navbar/chemhist.html

History of element discovery

1720 1740 1800 1860 1900 1920

Cob

alt (

1732

)P

latin

um (

1735

)

1,000BC

Cop

per

(600

0)

2,0006,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2000 1,000 0

Gol

d (5

500)

Lead

(38

00)

Silv

er (

~40

00)

Sul

fur

(~20

00)

Mer

cury

(15

00)

Chr

omiu

m (

0)

Hyd

roge

n (1

500)

Zin

c (8

00)

Ars

enic

(12

50)

AD

Ant

imon

y (1

540)

Tin

(2

00

0)

Iron

(40

00)

Osm

ium

(1

803

)P

alla

diu

m (

18

03)

Irid

ium

(1

80

3)

Rho

diu

m (

18

04)

Pot

ass

ium

(1

807

)

Rub

idiu

m (

18

61)

Th

alliu

m (

18

62)

Nio

biu

m (

18

64)

Gal

lium

(1

87

5)In

diu

m (

18

67

)

Nic

kel (

175

1)

Bis

mu

th (

17

53)

Mo

lyb

de

num

(1

78

1)

Tu

ngst

en

(1

78

3)C

arb

on

(1

78

9)

Te

lluri

um

(1

795

)

1760 1780 1820 1840 1880 1940O

xyg

en

(1

77

1)

Nitr

og

en

(1

77

2)C

hlo

rin

e (

17

74

)M

an

ga

nese

(17

74

)S

ulfu

r (1

777

)

Yttr

ium

(1

84

0)U

ran

ium

(1

841

)E

rbiu

m (

18

42)

Te

rbiu

m (

18

42)

Ta

nta

lum

(1

844

)

Sod

ium

(1

80

7)C

alci

um

(1

80

8)B

oro

n (

180

8)

Ma

gn

esi

um (

180

8)

Str

on

tium

(1

808

)

Bar

ium

(1

80

8)Io

din

e (

181

1)

Lith

ium

(1

81

7)

Cad

miu

m (

181

7)

Sel

en

ium

(1

817

)

Sili

con

(1

824

)Z

irco

niu

m (

18

24)

Tita

niu

m (

18

25)

Alu

min

um (

182

5)

Ber

ylliu

m (

18

28)

Th

oriu

m (

18

29)

Van

ad

ium

(1

830

)

Rut

he

niu

m (

184

4)

Ytte

rbiu

m (

187

8)

Hol

miu

m (

187

8)

Th

uliu

m (

18

79)

Sca

nd

ium

(1

879

)S

ama

rium

(18

79

)C

aesi

um

(1

882

)P

rase

od

ymiu

m (

188

5)

Neo

dym

ium

(1

88

5)

Hel

ium

(1

89

5)

Kry

pto

n (

18

98

)

Gad

olin

ium

(18

86

)D

ysp

rosi

um (

188

6)

Ger

man

ium

(1

88

6)F

luor

ine

(1

88

6)

Arg

on

(18

94

)

Neo

n (

189

8)

Act

iniu

m (

18

99)

Eur

op

ium

(1

901

)L

ute

tium

(1

90

1)P

olo

niu

m (

19

02R

adiu

m (

19

02)

Lu

tetiu

m (

19

06)

Rhe

niu

m (

19

08)

Rad

on

(19

10

)P

rota

ctin

ium

(19

13

)

Haf

niu

m (

19

22)

Te

chn

etiu

m (

193

7)

Fra

nci

um

(1

939

)

Iron smelting

Pho

spho

rus

(166

9)F

irst

ele

men

t is

ola

ted

ch

emic

ally First modern listing of 23

known elements (1789)

Dalton’s atomic theory (1803)

Light spectrum analysis (1901)

X-ray spectrum analysis (1922)Mendeleev’s periodic table (1869)

(1600) William Gilbert writes “De magnete”

• Physician to Queen Elizabeth I.

• Studied electric attraction, electric force, and magnetism over his entire lifetime. Recorded his research and experiments in a 6-book treatis on these subjects.

• After experiments with a terrella (spherical magnet), he proposed that the earth is a giant magnet.

• Coined term “electricity” from the Greek word for amber.

• Guessed correctly that iron can be temporarily magnetized by induction.

(1655) Otto von Guericke invents 1st vacuum pump

(1657) Magdeburg experiment

http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Pneumatics/Magdeburg_Hemispheres/Magdeburg_Hemispheres.htmlhttp://www.bookrags.com/biography/otto-von-guericke-woi/

(1663) Guericke invents friction based spark generating machine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Guericke

(1669) Hennig Brandt discovers phosphorus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wright_of_Derbyhttp://www3.ul.ie/~childsp/CinA/Issues60/TOC55_Urine.htm

(1729) Stephen Gray discovers conduction

http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Stephen_Gray_(scientist)

glass tube with corkcharged by rubbing

Conducting hemp threadconnected to ivory ball

Charge observed ata distance of 800 feet

(1733) Charles du Fay proposes that electrical charge comes in two forms: resinous (-) & vitreous

(+)

http://www.eoearth.org/article/Cisternay_Du_Fay%2C_Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_de

(1745) George von Kleist discovers principles of the Leyden jar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Georg_von_Kleist

(1746) Pieter van Musschenbroek invents the Leyden jar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pieter_van_Musschenbroek.jpeg

(1747) Benjamin Franklin theorizes existance of an electrical fluid composed of (+) and (-) particles.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin [Intro to College Physics, Appleton-Century-Crofts, R.D. Rusk, 1960]

(1767) Joseph Priestley discovers that electricity follows Newton’s inverse-square law

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley

(1777) Charles Coulomb measures the attracting and repelling forces of charged particles

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb

(1786) Luigi Galvani’s accidental discovery

[Electricity & Magnetism, Adamczyk & Law, Usborne Publishing, 1993]

(1789) Antoine Laurent Lavoisier discovers oxygen and prepares first comprehensive listing

of the 23 known elements of his day

http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~meg3c/classes/tcc313/200Rprojs/lavoisier2/home.html

(1800) Alessandro Volta invents the first electric battery and proved electric conduction over wires

G. Stevens, Electricity and Magnetism

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=alessandro+volta+pictures&view=detail&id=5AEB16AB7A7609B55042FE106F1CDF5680093CAE&first=0

(1803) John Dalton publishes his atomic theory.

http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/composition/dalton.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daltons_symbols.gif

(1820) Hans Christian Oersted observes that an electric current generates a magnetic field

[Intro to College Physics, Appleton-Century-Crofts, R.D. Rusk, 1960]

Conventional current direction

(1820) Andre-Marie Ampere discovers that a coil of wire acts like a magnet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re

+ -

(1821) Michael Faraday demonstrates theconcept of an electric motor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faraday_magnetic_rotation.jpg

(1827) George Simon Ohm develops Ohm’s Law

Voltage = (current) x (resistance)

http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Ohm.html

(1827) Jedlik Ányos István builds an electromagnetic self-rotor DC motor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor

Jedlik’s electromagnetic self-rotor

(1827) Joseph Henry builds an automated pole changer (commutator) for a DC motor

http://inventors.about.com/od/hstartinventors/a/Joseph_Henry.htm

• Builds an electromagnet capable of lifting 3500 lbs

• Demonstrates magnetic induction between conducting wires (transformer)

• Demonstrates telegraph operation over a mile of wire

• Invents magnetic circuit switch (relay)• First CEO of Smithsonian Institution

beginning 1846

(1832) William Sturgeon buildscommutator-type DC electric motor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor

Modern 5 coil commutated rotor

(1832) Hippolyte Pixii builds first AC generator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Pixii

(1835) Charles Wheatstone discovers metals can be distinguished by the emission spectra of their sparks

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_analysis

(1839) William Robert Grove develops the first fuel-cell battery

http://americanhistory.si.edu/fuelcells/basics.htm#q4

An example modern fuel cell

(1840) James Prescott Joule publishes his law of electrical heating

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joule%27s_heat_apparatus.JPG

(1855) Heinrich Geissler’s invents the vacuum tube

http://www.sparkmuseum.com/GLASS.HTMhttp://www.nndb.com/people/169/000206548/

(1857) A rare multi-bulb Geissler tube containing four different fluorescent fluids

http://www.sparkmuseum.com/GLASS.HTM

Fluorescent fluids: Rhodanine, Eosine, Flourecine, and Authacein

(1869) D. Mendeleev publishes his periodic table

http://www.aip.org/history/curie/periodic.htm

(1861) James Clerk Maxwell publishes“On physical lines of force”

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Postcard-from-Maxwell-to-Tait.jpg

(1879) William Crookes demonstrates that cathode rays exert a force

http://www.sparkmuseum.com/GLASS.HTMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Crookes

(1879) Thomas Edison demonstrateshis incandescent lamp

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/edison/timeline/index.html

(1886) William Stanley develops thefirst commercial transformer

http://www.ehow.com/about_4690085_who-invented-transformer.html#ixzz1mZjwqnDRhttp://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blstanley.htm

(1884) Nikola Tesla sells patents for his rotating field AC dynamos, transformers, and motors

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla

(1895) Wilhelm Roentgen discovers X-rays which caused fluorescence of barium platinocynide

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html

(1896) Hendrik Antoon Lorentz proposes that light waves are oscillations of electric charge

Http://www.mcallister.com/vacuum.htmlhttp://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1902/lorentz-bio.html

(1896) Henri Becquerel discovers a pitchblend compound that fluoresces without aide of X-rays

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html

(1897) J.J. Thomson discovers the electron

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson

(1898) Marie Curie discovers radium and polonium in the uranium material called pitchblend

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Currie

(1904) John Fleming invents thediode rectifier vacuum tube

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Currie

(1909) Robert Millikan uses oil droplets in an electric field to measure the mass and charge of an electron

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Millikan

(1910) Ernest Rutherford discovered the proton

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford

(1913) Neils Bohr improves theRutherford atomic model

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr

(1932) James Chadwick discovers the neutron

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr

(1932) Enrico Fermi bombards elements with neutrons to produce elements of the next higher atomic number

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi

(1947) William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invent the transistor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor

(1951) Dutch-American Philips Gloeilampen Fabrieken develops commercially available X-ray spectroscopy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_spectroscopy

Appendix background material

(1675) Robert Boyle prove that air is required for animal respiration

Http://www.mcallister.com/vacuum.html

Alphabet English pronounciationEnglish letter

and col lep sgr alpha aant com lib sco beta baps cra lup scl chi caql crb lyn sct delta daqr crv lyr ser epsilon eara crt men sez phi fari cru mic tau gamma gaur cxg mon tel eta hboo del mus tri iota Icae dor nor tra kappa kcam dra oct tuc lambda lcnc eql oph uma mu mcap eri ori umi nu ncvn for pav vel omicron ocma gem peg vir pi pcmi gru per vol theta qcap her phe vul rho rcar hor pic sigma scas hya psc tau tcen hyi psc upsilon ucep ind pup omega wcet kac qyx xi xcha leo ret phi ycir lmi sgy zeta z

Nicknames of 88 stellar constellations

Discover the hidden alphabet

http://www.skyandtelescope.com/howto/Constellation_names.html

Alphabet English pronounciationEnglish letter

and col lep sgr a alpha aant com lib sco b beta baps cra lup scl c chi caql crb lyn sct d delta daqr crv lyr ser e epsilon eara crt men sez f phi fari cru mic tau g gamma gaur cxg mon tel h eta hboo del mus tri I iota Icae dor nor tra k kappa kcam dra oct tuc l lambda lcnc eql oph uma m mu mcap eri ori umi n nu ncvn for pav vel o omicron ocma gem peg vir p pi pcmi gru per vol q theta qcap her phe vul r rho rcar hor pic s sigma scas hya psc t tau tcen hyi psc u upsilon ucep ind pup w omega wcet kac qyx x xi xcha leo ret y phi ycir lmi sgy z zeta z

Nicknames of 88 stellar constellations

Discover the hidden alphabet

http://www.skyandtelescope.com/howto/Constellation_names.html