Ivon daskalova.diabetes and cancer
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PROF. DR. I. DASKALOVA
Military Medical Academy, Sofia
BULGARIA
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Link between diabetes and cancer have been an interesting question for clinical community since last century. But the results were not similar. The observations and investigations continue. Several meta-analyses indicate the strongest association between diabetes mellitus and increased cancer risk
(metaanalyses of Vinery et all.)
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Aging
Sex
Obesity
Physical activity
Diet
Alcohol
Smoking
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Age – 78% of all newly diagnosed cancer > – 55 years and older
Diabetes Type 2- increasingly common with age
Sex – sexspecific (cervix,uterine,testicular,prostate), breast
Men have slightly higher age–adjusted risk of diabetes than women
Race/ethnicity
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Overweigh - (BMI >25 and <30kg/m2)
Obesity – BMI > 30 kg/m2
Weight change
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6
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Breast (postmenopausal women)
Colon/rectum
Endometrial
Pancreas
Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus
Kidney
Gallbladder
liver
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Increase in adipose tissue rather than lean mass
Total body fat a better measure of the risk than BMI
Obesity
Insulin resistance
Type 2 diabetes
Waist circumference
Waist-to-hip ratio
Measures of visceral adiposity
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Low in red and processed meats
Higher in vegetables, fruits
Whole grains cereals
Monounsaturated fatty acid
Dietary fiber
Low-carbohydrate diets
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Lowers disease risk
Decreases diabetes incidence
DCCT
Intensive lifestyle intervention of diet (5-7% weight loss)
Physical activity
58% reduction in diabetes incidence
Limit risk of gestational diabetes
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Obese women who underwent bariatric surgery were at lower risk of cancer (relative risks ranging from 0.58 to 0.62) compared with untreated obese women.
Protective effect on breast and endometrial cancer
Very effective treatment for Type 2 DM
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Lower risk of colon
Postmenopausal breast
Endometrial cancer
Prevent other cancer including
Lung
Aggressive prostate cancer
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Diabetes may influence the neoplastic process by several mechanisms:
Hyperinsulinemia (either endogenous due to insulin
resistance or exogenous due to administered insulin or secretogogues)
Hyperglycemia
Chronic inflammation
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Most cancer cells express insulin and IGF-I receptors
The A receptor isoform can stimulate insulin-mediated mitogenesis, even in cells deficient in IGF-I receptors
The insulin receptor is also capable of stimulating cancer cell proliferation and metastasis.
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Reduction in the hepatic synthesis
Sex hormone binding globulin, leading to
increases in bioavailable estrogen in men and women
Increased levels of bioavailable testosterone in women but not in men
Androgen synthesis in the ovaries and adrenals is increased
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Higher risk of postmenopausal women
Breast
Endometrial
Other cancers
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Diabetes
Diabetes treatment
Cancer
Insulin receptor activation may be a more important variable than hyperglycemia in determining tumor growth
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Direct effects of insulin; type 2 DM
Adipose tissue - active endocrine organ producing: Free fatty acids
Interleukin - 6 (IL – 6)
Monocyte chemoatractant protein
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
Adiponectin
Leptin
Tumor necrosis factor – α (TNF–α)
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Each of these factors might play an etiologic role in regulating malignant transformation or cancer progression
Plasminogen system→expression of PAI-1→poor outcome in breast cancer
IL-6→enhance cancer cell proliferation, survival and invasion
Suppressing host anti-tumor immunity
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PA
I-1
антиген
(n
g/m
l)
35
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
Normal GTT IGTT
Type 2 DM
Festa A, et al. Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;
19:562–568.
n = 1551
*P < 0.001
*
*
*
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Insulin
resistans
Type 2 DM
Vascular
inflamation
C-RP CVD
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Metformin
Thiazolidinediones
Insulin secretagogues
Incretin - based therapies
Insulin and insulin analogs
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Furthermore, the cancer risk may be modified by treatment choices. In this respect, metformin may be protective, whereas insulin, insulin analogues and some oral hypoglycaemic agents can function as growth factors and therefore have theoretical potential to promote tumour proliferation.
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Endogenous or exogenous
hyperinsulinemia /insulins or sulfanilureas/ causing inappropriate prolonged stimulation of the insulin receptor, or excess stimulation of the IGF-1 receptor, are the most likely to show mitogenic properties in laboratory studies. Some recent epidemiological studies appear to be consistent with these experimental findings, suggesting that there could be different relative risks for cancer associated with different therapy, although these studies have attracted some methodological criticism.
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The potential mechanisms to explain this higher risk are:
mitogenic effect of insulin /endogenous or exogenous hyperinsulinemia/
metabolic disorders like oxidative stress, hyperlypidemia, overweight, hyperglycemia
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The results from the latest epidemiological studies are amazing. Several studies have shown metformin to be associated with a lower risk of cancer than insulin or sulfonylureas. Bowker and colleagues examined the relationship between diabetes treatment and mortality in a health database from Saskatchewan, and found that cancer mortality was almost doubled among insulin users (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.5–2.4, p<0.0001) relative to metformin users, and that sulfonylureas were also associated with increased mortality (HR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.6, p=0.012).
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The results from the well controlled and randomized studies with intensive glycaemic control, have showed that the improvement of the glycaemic control do not decrease the cancer risk.
UKPDS in the group with metformin have shown 29 % decreased cancer mortality in overweight patients with intensive glycaemic control with metformin v.s group that have been controlled with diet. This results are similar to results from another, that investigated the relation metformin and cancer and shows that the cancer risk is decreased of therapy with metformin.
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A case-controlled study in Scotland with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus, the therapy with metformin reduces cancer risk at all.
Observation data shows, that antitumor effect of metformin seems to be mediated via post-receptors changes and its ability to increase the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway.
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A study of human prostate cancer cells demonstrated a strong anti-proliferative effect of metformin. This effect was unaffected by inhibition of the AMPK pathway, but was associated with cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase, together with a major reduction in cyclin D1 levels.
Laboratory findings show that metformin inhibits cells proliferation and cells arrest in carcinomas calls lines. It may selectively kills carcinomas steams cells and increases the cytostatic treatment.
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Diabetes (primarily type 2) is associated with increased risk for some cancers:
Liver
Pancreas
Endometrium
Colon and rectum
Breast
Bladder
Reduced risk of prostate cancer
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Risk factors between the two diseases
Aging
Obesity
Diet
Physical inactivity
Hyperinsulinemia
Hyperglycemia
Inflammation
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Healthy diets
Physical activity
Weight management
Appropriate cancer screenings for patients with diabetes
Pharmacotherapy effects on cancer risk factors such as body weight, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglicemia
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