Its impact on Arctic marine biological...

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Jun. 2, 2016 Japan-Norway Arctic Science and Innovation Week (ASIW)@Tokyo Shelf-basin interaction: Its impact on Arctic marine biological pump Eiji Watanabe and collaborators Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research (IACE) Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan

Transcript of Its impact on Arctic marine biological...

Page 1: Its impact on Arctic marine biological pumpinjapan.no/arctic2016-day1/files/2016/04/ASIW_EijiWatanabe_Sessio… · Ice Algal Productivity Annual primary production of ice algae [mmol-N/m2]

Jun. 2, 2016

Japan-Norway Arctic Science and Innovation Week (ASIW)@Tokyo

Shelf-basin interaction:Its impact on Arctic marine biological pump

Eiji Watanabe and collaboratorsInstitute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research (IACE)

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan

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Western Arctic Shelf-Basin InteractionIntroduction

BeringSea

Alaska

Greenland

Siberia

1300m

180m

ChukchiShelf

CanadaBasin

North Pacific

OkhotskSea

AmundsenBasin

AtlanticNansenBasin

ChukchiShelf

CanadaBasin

NAP

NorthwindAbyssalPlain

NAPEast

SiberianSea

LaptevSea

BarentsSeaKara

Sea

MakarovBasin

Hwang et al.[2015, JGR]

Wassmann et al. [2015, PiO]

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Biogenic Particle FluxIntroduction

Early-winter peaks of particle flux with fresh organic materials both in 2010 and 2011

Ice-related species was dominant in summer 2011, but suppressed in 2012

Onodera et al. [2015, Biogeosciences]

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Pan-Arctic Sea Ice-Ocean Model COCO

Center for Climate System Research Ocean Component Model version 4.9

Sea Ice Part- 1 layer thermodynamics [Lipscomb et al., 2001]- EVP rheology [Hunke and Duckwicz, 1997]- 7 thickness category [Bitz et al., 2001]

Ocean Part- free surface general circulation model- UTOPIA/QUICKEST advection scheme- turbulence closure scheme [Noh and Kim, 1999]

(for eddy-resolving configuration)- Smagorinsky harmonic viscosity [Griffies, 2000]- Enstrophy preserving scheme [Ishizaki and Motoi, 2001]

Experimental Design- NCEP/CFSR atmospheric daily forcing- AOMIP river water discharge- Pacific water inflow at Bering Strait- Sponge layer in Atlantic side- Passive tracer (shelf-break / shelf bottom)

Method

BeringStrait

80ºN

45N

70ºN

Model bathymetry

Siberia

Canada

Europe

Greenland

[m]

NAP

Decadal exp.1979-2012

Spin up exp.1979 forcing

Seasonal exp.

25km

5km2010 / 2011 / 2012

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Shelf-break Eddy ActivityResult

-0.1f 0.1f0 cyclonicanti-cyclonic

Oct. 1, 2013

Alaska

Relative vorticityat 100m depth

Siberia

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Sea Ice-Ocean Ecosystem ModelMethod

[Ice Algal Biomass Budget] = [Growth] – [Respiration] – [Mortality]

– [Grazing] – [Ice Melting] + [Advection]

[Ice Algal Growth Rate] = Vmax x [Light] x [Nutrient] [Arctic NEMURO]

[arctic.noaa.gov]

Downward Shortwave Radiation

Snow &Sea ice

SkeletalLayer

Ocean

Light intensity [W/m2] Nitrate conc. [μM]

Lightterm Nutrient

term

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Ice Algal ProductivityAnnual primary production of ice algae [mmol-N/m2]

Alaska

10.80.60.40.20Alaska

NAP

2012minus2011

-1

0

1

-0.5

0.5

Alaska

75ºN

140ºW

180ºW

Result

2011 2012

Northwesterly wind suppliedoligotrophic basin waterfor NAP region in 2012

Easterly wind induced Ekmantransport of nutrient-rich

shelf water in 2011

(80 mgC/m2)

Ice algal biomass[mmol-N/m2]

2011

2012

1.1 mgChl/m2

0.6 mgChl/m2

NAP

NAP

Watanabe et al. [2015, Biogeosciences]

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70 km

MODIS SST(Sep. 2003)

Watanabe [2011, JGR]

R/V Mirai Temperature（Oct. 2010）

Nishino et al. [2011, GRL]

Result

Mesoscale Shelf-break Eddy

Eddy-induced shelfwater transport

Enhanced productioninside energetic eddyAug. 27

Barrow Canyon

Eddy

30002000

100

CanadaBasin

Watanabe et al. [2012, J. Oceangr.]

PrimaryProductivity

[mmol-N/m3/d]

2003

Aug. 15

BarrowCanyon

Potential temperature at 100m

2010

xxx x

x

xx

x

1211

109

67

8

9

10

11

12

8

Chukchishelf

CanadaBasin

cm s-150

x

x

NAP

x

x

0 2-2 [ºC]

Watanabe et al. [2014, Nature Comm.]

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Early-Winter Biogenic Particle FluxResult

BeringStrait

BarrowCanyon

Nov. 15

Alaska

NAP

1300m

CanadaBasin

2010

0 3010 20

140ºW

160ºW

80ºN

75ºN

NBC

[μmol-N/m2/d]

Sinking Flux of Particulate Organic Nitrogen (PON)

[μmol-N/m2/d]20016012080400

M J J A S O N DMonth

NBCModelTrap (2010)Trap (2011)

Watanabe et al.[2014, Nature Comm.]

180m

Bottom watertracer edge

(150 m)

Higher PON fluxalong pathway of

shelf-break eddies

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Impact of Sea Ice ReductionResult

BeringStrait

BarrowCanyon

Canada

Oct. 1

Greenland

Europe2010MIce2.0Ice0.5

Sea ice reduction has enhanced eddy-induced biological pump !

140-160ºW75ºN-3000m

1000misobath

ICE

NovemberPON Flux

[μmol-N/m2/d]

Total eddy volume*increased by 84%*|relative vorticity| > 0.01f

Watanabe et al.[2014, Nature Comm.]

NAP

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Schematic Image of Sea Ice ImpactDiscuss

After Sea Ice Retreat ...Energetic Eddy ActivityStrong Ocean Current

High BiologicalProductivity

IncreasedBiogenic Flux

into Deep Ocean

Plankton Habitatsare expanding

along Eddy Pathway

Sinking ofOld Organic andMineral Materials

Bivalvia

Copepoda

Diatom

Small Phytoplankton

IceWind

Dissolution insubsurface ocean

Pteropoda

Reduced damping by sea ice cover

Watanabe and Hasumi[2009, JPO]

Improved light condition

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Ocean Acidification

Steiner et al. [2014, JGR]

Discuss

CMIP5 future projection of calcium carbonate saturation rate (Ωarg)

Reasonable trend in ocean surface Ωarg, but crucial bias in vertical profile

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Dense Shelf Water Intrusion

Nishino [per. comm.]Yamamoto-Kawai et al. [2013, JGR]

Discuss

Intrusion ofDSW (low Ωarg)

is important

R/V Mirai

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Arctic NEMURO + Carbonate ChemistryMethod

[Arctic NEMURO-C]

[arctic.noaa.gov]

Snow &Sea ice

SkeletalLayer

Ocean

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Summary

Summary and Future Work

Ice algal production in NAP region depended on winter wind pattern:Spread of oligotrophic Canada Basin water suppressed algal bloom

We will continue the analyseswith additional trap data

(NAP12t, NAP13t, CAP12t)

Western Arctic biological productivity was addressed in the viewpointof shelf-basin interaction using a high-resolution modeling approach

Sea ice reduction would promote eddy-induced biological pump via enhanced shelf bloom and eddy activity

Early-winter peak of PON flux can be caused by shelf water transportaccompanied with shelf-break eddies and Beaufort Gyre circulation


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