ITI Bangalore Training Report

8/12/2019 ITI Bangalore Training Report

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SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY 1

COMPANY PROFILE

Indias first Public Sectr Unit !PSU" # ITI Ltd $as establis%ed in &'()* E+er since, as a

-ineerin. +enture in t%e field f telec//unicatins, it %as cntributed t 012 f t%e

-resent natinal telec/ net$r3* 4it% state#f#t%e#art /anufacturin. facilities s-read

acrss si5 lcatins and a cuntr6$ide net$r3 f /ar3etin.7ser+ice utlets, t%e c/-an6

ffers a c/-lete ran.e f telec/ -rducts and ttal slutins c+erin. t%e $%le

s-ectru/ f S$itc%in., Trans/issin, Access and Subscriber Pre/ises e8ui-/ent*

ITI 9ined t%e lea.ue f $rld class +endrs f Glbal S6ste/ fr Mbile !GSM"tec%nl.6 $it% t%e inau.uratin f /bile e8ui-/ent /anufacturin. facilities at its

Man3a-ur and Rae :areli Plants in ;110#1


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Companys Mission

T retain leaders%i- in /anufacturin. and su--l6 f ne$ tec%nl.6 telec/ -rducts

and als t re.ain status f t- turn3e6 slutin -r+ider*

Quality Policy

ITI is c//itted t -r+ide c/-etiti+e reliable -rducts, slutins, ser+ices*

Multi#lcatinal state#f#t%e#art electrnic asse/bl6 c/-nent /anufacturin.

facilities accredited $it% ISO '11&?;111

Multi#lcatinal ISO &(11& ?;11( En+irn/ental Mana.e/ent S6ste/ certified

-lants >irst Indian c/-an6 t /anufacture :TS t%er infra -rducts fr

GSM 7 4iMAB

=untr6$ide /ar3etin. and cust/er care centers

In#%use RD fr absr-tin f tec%nl.6, indi.enus de+el-/ent f -rducts

fr in#%use /anufacturin.

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS


3/52


Share o I!I to National !elecom Net"or#

$%&'()**'

Fi+ $, S%are f ITI t Natinal Telec/

Highlights

Telec/ -ineers in India

=ntributed 012 t t%e e5istin.

natinal telec/ net$r3*

Hi.% i/-act turn3e6 s-ecialist

De-endable Inte.rated L.istics

Su--rt !ILS"

Strn. in#%use RD

Multi#lcatinal state#f#t%e#art

electrnic asse/bl6 c/-nent

/anufacturin. facilities accredited

$it% ISO '11&?;111

Multi#lcatinal ISO &(11&?;11(

En+irn/ental Mana.e/ent S6ste/

certified -lants*

>irst Indian c/-an6 t /anufacture

:TS t%er infra -rducts fr GSM

74iMAB



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INFRAS!R-C!-RE

In#%use Researc% De+el-/ent

Net$r3 S6ste/ Unit ca-able f underta3in. turn3e6 9bs

Self cntained c/-nent e+aluatin centre

>ull6 aut/ated asse/bl6 lines

In circuit tester !I=T"

Mdern =%e/ical, Metallur.ical Labs

Mec%anical fabricatin7Mac%ine s%-s $it% /dern =N= /ac%ines

Muldin. Die castin.

>ull fled.ed state f t%e art tl r/s

SMT !Surface /unt tec%nl.6"

En+irn/ental testin.

=/-nent a--r+al center a--r+ed b6 :SNL

FACILI!IES

P=: /anufacturin. facilities

Mec%anical >abricatin 7 Mac%ine S%- $it% /dern =N= /ac%ines and >inis%in. s%-

=ard asse/bl6 and Testin. includin. Incircuit tester

SMT Line



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Plastic In9ectin Tec%nl.6

T%ru.%#Hle =/-nent Asse/bl6

Manufacturin. facilities fr Mec%anical ite/s

>abricatin f T$ers and S%elters fr GSM



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RESO-RCES,

Dedicated Net$r3 S6ste/s Unit !:an.alre, Ne$ Del%i, @l3ata, :%-al, A/bala" * State#f#

t%e#art Manufacturin. Plants !:an.alre, Man3a-ur, Rae :areli, Naini, Pala33ad, Srina.ar" *

RD =entre

SMPS? >abricatin f &11 A # &01A P$er Plants $it% ;0A base Mdule fr GSM* >abricatin

f ;11A#C111A P$er Plants $it% &11A base Mdules fr telec/ installatin

PRO.-C!S,

=ellular Mbile Infrastructure# GSM, 4LL#=DMA

S$itc%in.#O=:#;)C, ISDN EPA:B, IP#TAB, SSTP* Trans/issin# Satellite, O-tical,

Micr$a+e, H>7UH>* :radband E8ui-/ent#ADSL, 4iMAB, G#PON, ED4AS* =ust/er

Pre/ises E8ui-/ent#I>4T, ADSL Mde/, =LI P%nes* GSM#>=T !>i5ed =ellular Tele-%ne",

4iMAB =PE

SER/ICES,

S6ste/s Inte.ratin # Telec/, IT* S%ared Hub #SAT Ser+ices* =ust/er =are Ser+ice*

Installatin =//issinin. f Telec/ E8ui-/ent li3e GSM, =DMA, MLLN, Micr$a+e,

O-tical >iber, etc* Pre#$arrant6 Pst#$arrant6 /aintenance ser+ices fr all Prducts7Pr9ects*

Ser+ices fr all -rducts7-r9ects* Enter-rise businesses li3e Data =enters etc



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T%ere are fur /a9r de-art/ents f ITI Li/ited $%ic% are accessible t In#Plant

Trainees* T%ese are as fll$s?

$0 Tele-%ne Defense Prduct !TDP"

Asse/blin. Sectin, Slderin. Sectin, Tele-%ne Sectin

)0 S$itc%in. Access Prduct !SAP"

SMT Line, P=: Plant, O=:#=SN Testin.

10 Researc% De+el-/ent !RD"

4ireless Lab, Ter/inal E8ui-/ent De+el-/ent, Access Prducts, DSP LA:,

=AD7P=: Desi.n, =%e/ical Lab, S=ADA, P$er Su--l6 Lab, LAN,

Reliabilit6 En.ineerin. Lab

&0 Infr/atin Tec%nl.6!IT"

=ust/er Interactin, Data :ase, Infr/atin @IOS@E

T%ese all ab+e /entined sectins are discussed in detail in future c%a-ters*



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$0 !.P 2!elephone .eence Pro3ucts4

T%e TDP sectin in ITI /ainl6 deals $it% t%e /anufacturin. f tele-%ne and related e8ui-/ents

fr c//unicatin and defence -ur-ses* A de/nstratin f +arius tele-%nes and

/ulti-le5in. e8ui-/ents in defence area $as .i+en t us*

PCM M-5

P=M MUB /ulti-le5es si.nals and cntrls different +ice c%annels r data c%annels usin.

different cards* Mainl6 t%ere are t%ree t6-es f cards e/bedded in t%e P=M MUB* T%ese are?

&* ice7Data cards

;* Si.nalin. cards

C* P$er cards

Eac% +ice card can %andle < c%annels* Ttals C1 c%annels are %andled* S t%ere are 0 +ice

cards in ttal* T%is $as t%e earlier cnfi.uratin* Eac% si.nalin. card can %andle C c%annels*

P$er cards %andle t%e distributin f #() t in-uts* Out-uts are ta3en t%ru.% Mt%erbard* In

additin t t%ese cards, $e %a+e an MDB card !MUB and DMUB" $%ic% is -tinal, =TRL card

$%ic% is t%e %eart f MUB fr .eneratin. alar/s and cntrllin. si.nalin.* T%ere are s/e

e5tensin cards als fr ta3in. ut-uts* Out-uts are ta3en t%ru.% a ta. blc3*

T%e different alar/s are used fr?

&* LOS !Lss f Si.nals"

;* A&S !All &s"

C* SYS !S6nc%rniFatin"

(* >E> !>re End >ailure"

0* Errrs !S/e errr indicatin"


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* :SY r Nr/al !Indicates bus6"

N$ t%ese cards are used as data cards fr ATM data transfer* It is t%e c%ea-est $a6 f data

transfer* Eac% data card can %andle < c%annels r < ATMs* Data transfer is bi#directinal* InATM data transfer, in e+er6 ;01/s, data fr/ ATMs are transferred t lcal e5c%an.es and

fr/ t%ere t :/ba6 e5c%an.e* >r/ t%ere data is u-dated and sent bac3* If MDB is nt used, a

cst difference f ;C,111 $ill ccur*

Data cards %a+e discrete c/-nents $%ic% are /unted /anuall6* T%e re8uired c/-nents are

distributed fr/ /ain stre t sub stres* >r/ t%ere asse/blin. is dne* T%en it .es t

slderin. sectin* Durin. t%ese -rcedures t%e card $ill under. nu/ber f ins-ectins

/anuall6* T%en t%e card is sub9ected t testin. and is c%ec3ed t see $%et%er it can $it% stand%i.% te/-eratures* >r t%is t%e card is 3e-t at 01 = fr ; %urs* Si/ilarl6 t%e card is c%ec3ed

under e5tre/e te/-erature cnditins fr/ #;1 = t 0 =* Onl6 t%se cards $%ic% can

$it%stand t%ese $rse cnditins $ill -ass t%e test and $as furt%er -rceed t final fabricatin

ste-s* T%e cards are als c%ec3ed fr s/e -ara/eters li3e .ain, D tne, i/-edance, crss tal3

etc* >r data cards nl6 .ain and D tne needs t be c%ec3ed* T%ese -ara/eters are c%ec3ed fr

eac% trans/it and recei+e c%annels and after c%ec3in., t%e nu/ber is increased in t%e dis-la6* If

failure is detected, t%e c%ec3in. st-s at t%at c%annels nu/ber* T%ere is a re+erse -rtectin

circuitr6 $%ic% -rtects t%e s6ste/ in case t%e -$er su--l6 cnnectin is re+ersed*

Assem6lin+ section,Here t%e c/-nents are asse/bled and slderin. f s/e c/-nents is

dne* A fr/ is .i+en t eac% -ersn en.a.ed in asse/blin. $% enters t%e card nu/ber f all

t%e cards $%ic% t%e6 are asse/blin.* T%e card is t%en sent fr slderin., t%en t t%e ins-ectin

sectin* Durin. ins-ectin if an6 /ista3e is identified, t%e card is a.ain sent bac3 t t%e sa/e

-ersn $% asse/bled t%at card*

Sol3erin+ Section,Slderin. is dne in a bi. c%a/ber* >irst asse/bled cards are /unted n

rac3s and t%en -assed t%ru.% t%e c%a/ber +ia a belt* In t%e c%a/ber slid flu5 and lead are

/elted* As t%e cards /+e, initiall6 t%e /elted flu5 tuc%es t%e c/-nents leads* T%en t%e

/elted lead tuc%es t%e c/-nent lead and slderin. ta3es -lace* Pi-es are -resent t ta3e a$a6



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t%e e5%aust .ases* After slderin., t%e cards are sent fr testin. fr s%rts, s%rts are rectified and

t%en sent fr ins-ectin*

!elephones Section, T%e t$ basic needs in tele-%ne r +ice c//unicatin is, first t alertt%e -ersn abut a call, and secndl6, a -r+isin t s-ea3*

In &)i. ;? Rtar6 dial rear +ie$



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Pulse Mo3e .ialin+,

Pulse Means Ma3e :rea3*

Para/eters fr Pulse Mde Dialin.?

1. Dial s-eed !&1 -ulse -er secnd 1*02 tlerance"

;* Ma3e7:rea3 rati !&*< t ;*C"

3. IDP !Inter Di.it Pass, i*e* ti/e .a-#)11/s &12 tlerance

(* :lc3in. resistance !/re t%an &11 @ "

T%is is i/-le/ented usin. t%e Str$.er s6ste/* Str$.er e5c%an.e is an electr/ec%anical

e5c%an.e* It %as a .ru- selectr and a final selectr as s%$n in t%e fi.ure*

If $e dial J;, it /eans ; ti/es Ma3e :rea3*

Dial an6 nu/ber li3e Cinal Selectr

T%is /de f Dialin. %as s/e errrs?

Ma5i/u/ Persnnel



12/52


Ma5i/u/ 4ear Tear

=able Errr

=rssbar



13/52


N

Called Party

1

Lamp Bank (If any falt !""r# "!rre$p!nd%n& lamp '%ll &l!'

Call%n& Party


)r!p *ele"t!r)r!p *ele"t!r

)r!p *ele"t!r

+%nal *ele"t!r

)r!p

*ele"t!r

,n%$ele"t!r


14/52


>i. C? :lc3 Dia.ra/ f Str$.er e5c%an.e

Later t%ese electr/ec%anical tele-%nes and e5c%an.es are re-laced b6 electrnic tele-%nes

and e5c%an.es* Here -us% buttn 3e6 -ad c/es, but s6ste/ f dial is -ulse nl6, but instead f

/a3e and brea3 f -ulses, $e %a+e n and ff* Para/eters are sa/e, but -ulse /de is re-laced

b6 DTM> !Dual Tne Multi >re8uenc6"* In DTM>, eac% nu/ber %as t$ fre8uencies as s%$n

in t%e table* All r$s are l$ si.nal7sund le+el* All clu/ns are %i.%er si.nal7sund le+els*

Tele-%ne anal6sis? Here t%e tele-%ne is c%ec3ed fr t%e crrectness f all its -ara/eters/entined earlier* >irst it c%ec3s fr -ulse /de* All t%e -ara/eter +alues $ill be s%$n* If

t%ese +alues are crrect, 11 is -ressed $%ic% indicates O*@* 4e can cn+ert t tne /de b6

-ressin. K7* Rin.in. is c%ec3ed b6 a sft$are -r.ra/* It c%ec3s fr in-ut !0, ;0HF" and

ut-ut !)0 d:"*

Pro3ucts,T%e factr6 started in &'() in tie u- $it% :SNL* Till fe$ 6ears bac3 ITI and :SNL

%ad .d /anufacture and ser+ice -r+ider relatins%i-* :ut in late '1s t%e situatin c%an.ed*

Since %i.% 8ualit6 ITI tele-%nes are a bit cstlier, :SNL refused t affrd suc% %i.% -rice, and

ITI cannt reduce -rice since t%e /anufacturin. include %i.% 8ualit6 -rductin and testin.

-rcedures, $%ic% $ill aut/aticall6 .i+e $a6 t %i.% -rduct -rice* S n$ t%e $r3 is dne

nl6 fr defense* Defense l3s nl6 fr 8ualit6* E+en n$, ITI is bearin. a lss f ; crers -er

da6* Defense tele-%nes are t%ru.%l6 c%ec3ed fr its ca-abilit6 t $it%stand all ad+erse

cnditins li3e te/-erature !#;1= t 1=", $ater -rf !C %urs in $ater, n -rble/", dust

-rf and +ibratin -rf*

In s%rt, at -resent ITI is -rducin. nl6 0: tele-%ne r field tele-%ne, $%ic% is $ireless,

radi fre8uenc6 tele-%ne and defense landline tele-%ne r field landline tele-%ne* RD

de+el-ed a ne$ tele-%ne $it% all t%ese features in ne sin.le tele-%ne* It $r3s as ne t ne,

$ireless, landline etc* $it% a /de selectr, and $r3in. n -us% buttn* T%is $as de+el-ed b6



15/52


Mr* i9a6 fr/ RD* T%is $as a +er6 useful tele-%ne, but t%is -lan $as %ac3ed and sld t

s/e t%er -ri+ate c/-anies $% later n started /anufacturin. suc% tele-%nes* S ITI %ad t

st- its -rductin e+en befre startin.*

T%e -rducts are as under?

$0 Ma.net Tele-%ne &0Tele-%ne Set 0#:

)0 E5ecuti+e Tele-%ne ETS#1( 80Tele-%ne Set >ield Aut ;A

10Tele-%ne Set 0#=

$0 Ma+neto !elephone,

.escription,

State f art desi.n t $r3 $it% /a.net e5c%an.es, can als used fr -int t -int

c//unicatin, ru..ed, si/-le t use and /aintain

Features,

T$ tne rin.er

M+in. ar/ature t6-e recei+er

=arbn Trans/itter

Hand -erated .eneratr fr si.nalin.

Pint t Pint c//unicatin t%ru.% 0 cell

A+ailable in $ide ran.e f clrs

Hand Generatr fr si.nalin. is used 0 lts ;0 HertF

S-eec% Clts D=



16/52


.isa39anta+e,

Ti/e Dela6

N securit6

=rss c//unicatin

Hu/an Errr

)0 E:ecuti9e !elephone E!S(*&,

Interc%an.eable Tele-%ne fr :ss Secretar6

Electrnic s-eec% circuit $it% -ulse tne dialin.

Last =all Redial

=all %ldin. $it% /usic

Inde-endent Interc/ fr :ss Secretar6 $it%ut en.a.in. e5c%an.e lines

Pr+isin t turn ff rin.er

N lss f call durin. -$er failure

10 !elephone Set 8(C,

.escription,Tele-%ne Set 0#= t ITI cde ESP &&=AA1&0L1& is ru..ed and desi.ned t

$r3 as li.%t $ei.%t tele-%nes*

A c/binatin f 0#: and ;#A tele-%ne is als used as a re/te cntrl fr si/-ler radi sets*

=/-atible $it% =: and Ma.net E5c%an.es* In additin, it can be used $it% an aut/atic

e5c%an.e $it% inbuilt -us% buttn dial*



17/52


Salient Features,

I/-r+e s-eec% -erfr/ance !(1 @Ms $it% 4DI =ables"

I/-r+ed -erfr/ance f rin.in. sund b6 usin. PI=;1 electric buFFer instead f

cn+entinal bell

Mdular desi.n fr eas6 /aintenance

isual indicatins t indicate %ealt% and crrect insertin f cells

Hand rin.in. .eneratr is re-laced $it% electrnic rin. .eneratr

Less $ei.%t and ru..ed /ec%anical desi.n

4r3s n Ma.net and Aut /de

&0 !elephone Set Fiel3 Auto )(A,

.escription, Tele-%ne set >ield Aut ;#A is a li.%t $ei.%t ru..ediFed aut tele-%ne ca-able

f $r3in. $it% Aut, =//n :atter6 and Electrnic E5c%an.es f PLAN AREN fa/il6 and$it% bt% DE=ADI= and DTM> Dialin.

Salient Features, T%e tele-%ne e/-l6s an Electr#D6na/ic M+in. =il Transducer !M=R

)'" fr bt% /icr-%ne and recei+er $%ic% are identical and interc%an.eable*

LED indicatin fr %ealt%6 status f line cnditin

Rin.in. sund b6 PIE ;1 Electric :uFFer

S-eec% I= %as built in facilit6 t reduce acustic s%c3s due t lar.e a/-litude -ulses

80 !elephone Set 8(;



18/52


.escription, Tele-%ne Set 0#: is ru..ed and desi.ned t $r3 as li.%t $ei.%t tele-%ne $it%

/a.net, =: and =:S e5c%an.es and als a re/te cntrl fr si/-ler radi sets* T%e

tele-%nes can als be used as a line/ans test tele-%ne*

Features,

S-eec% -erfr/ance u- t C1 @Ms $it% 4DI cable

Hand rtated /a.net .eneratr fr si.nalin.

Inbuilt circuit fr .d rin.er +lu/e

P$ered b6 C batter6 fr s-eec%

Inbuilt electrnic circuit fr a/-lificatin

D6na/ic /icr-%ne t6-e trans/itter $it% nise cancellatin facilit6 fr .d field

trans/issin

Hi.% sensiti+e s-lit ar/ature t6-e recei+er $it% cras% li/iter t reduce an6 acustic

s%c3 due t lar.e a/-litude -ulses

=%an.e +er s$itc% fr s%rt7ln. line r radi

Press t s-ea3 s$itc% in t%e %andset t reduce batter6 disc%ar.e

=ase and %andsets are /lded fr/ A:S -lastic

$0 SAP 2S"itchin+ Access Pro3ucts4

SM! LINE

T%ere are t$ t6-es f de+ices accrdin. t t%e tec%nl.67-rcess used in /anufacturin. t%e/*

=n+entinal De+ices

Surface Munted De+ices !SMDs"



19/52


T%e cn+entinal de+ices use t%e T%ru.%#Hle tec%nl.6 fr cnnectin. t%e c/-nents n a

P=:* In t%is /et%d t%e de+ices7c/-nents are sldered n t%e t%er side f t%e P=:*

SM! 2Surace Mountin+ !echnolo+y4, Surface /unt tec%nl.6 !SMT" is a /et%d fr

cnstructin. electrniccircuits in $%ic% t%e c/-nents !surface#/unted c/-nents7SM=s"

are /unted directl6 nt t%e surface f -rinted circuit bards!P=:s"* An electrnic de+ice s

/ade is called a surface /unt de+ice !SMD"* In t%e industr6 it %as lar.el6 re-laced t%e t%ru.%

%le tec%nl.6cnstructin /et%d f fittin. c/-nents $it% $ire leads int %les in t%e

circuit bard*

An SMT c/-nent is usuall6 s/aller t%an its t%ru.%#%le cunter-art because it %as eit%er

s/aller leads r n leads at all* It /a6 %a+e s%rt -insr leads f +arius st6les, flat cntacts, and

a /atri5 f slder balls !:GAs", r ter/inatins n t%e bd6 f t%e c/-nent*

T%is sectin uses aut/atin fr t%e asse/blin. f P=:s* S/e bi. c/-nents are /unted n

P=: usin. t%is aut/atin tec%ni8ue* A nu/ber f /ac%ines are used in t%is -rcess* One suc%

c/-lete -rcess is called an SMT line* Slderin. is dne n t%e surface in t%is -rcess* 4a+e

slderin. is dne finall6*

T%ru.%ut t%e line t%ere are sensrs s t%at until ne -rcess is c/-leted ne$ ne $ill nt

c/e* T%e entire -rcess is described bel$ in t%e blc3 dia.ra/?

A./AN!Ae$er %les need t be drilled t%ru.% abrasi+e bards*

Si/-ler aut/ated asse/bl6*

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through-hole_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through-hole_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_grid_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through-hole_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through-hole_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_grid_array


20/52


S/all errrs in c/-nent -lace/ent are crrected aut/aticall6 !t%e surface tensin f

t%e /lten slder -ulls t%e c/-nent int ali.n/ent $it% t%e slder -ads"*

=/-nents can be -laced n bt% sides f t%e circuit bard*

L$er resistance and inductance at t%e cnnectin !leadin. t better -erfr/ance fr %i.%

fre8uenc6 -arts"*

:etter /ec%anical -erfr/ance under s%a3e and +ibratin cnditins*

SMT -arts .enerall6 cst less t%an t%ru.%#%le -arts*

>e$er un$anted R> si.nal effects in SMT -arts $%en c/-ared t leaded -arts, 6ieldin.

better -redictabilit6 f c/-nent c%aracteristics*

>aster asse/bl6* S/e -lace/ent /ac%ines are ca-able f -lacin. /re t%an 01,111

c/-nents -er %ur*



21/52


>IGURE? :lc3 dia.ra/ f -rcess used in SMT $it% t%e na/e f res-ecti+e

/ac%ines used in brac3ets

NOTE? EITHER SOLDER PASTE PRINTING OR GLUE DISPENSING*

PRO=ESS IS =ARRIED OUT IN ONE PASS*



22/52


A lader lads t%e P=: t t%e SMT line* >irst /ac%ine -uts a slder -aste n t%e P=:* A stencil

!EKRA stencil printer, A Ger/an =/-an6" is used fr t%is* >r eac% P=: asse/blin., se-arate

stencil is re8uired* T%is /ac%ine %as an inte.rated P= $it% it* Secnd /ac%ine is a glue

dispenser!>UI /a3e .lue dis-enser"* T%is is dne t a+id re/eltin. slder* T%ird /ac%ine

!>UI /a3e chip shooter" feeds different c/-nents t t%e P=: usin. a feeder t%ru.% a nFFle

b6 rtatin* >urt% /ac%ine !IC placer FIP3" -laces %i.%er siFe c/-nents* >ift% /ac%ine %as

integrated system, usin. $%ic% it 9ust ins-ects t%e asse/bled /ac%ine* Si5t% /ac%ine %as oven.

Until %ere, t%e card $ill be $et* >r/ t%is /ac%ine, /eltin. and slderin. is dne* Prduced

.ases are e5%austed* An unloader unlads t%e P=: fr/ t%e SMT line*

E=RA S!ENCIL PRIN!ER,

E@RA Stencil Printer is a Mac%ine instru/ent used fr -rintin. f slder -aste n P=: -ads*

In t%is -rinter a slderin. -aste is ta3en* T%e P=: t be -rinted is -ut under a /as3 in $%ic%

nl6 t%e -rtin $%ic% is t be -rinted re/ains un/as3ed, i*e* Stencils are /ade fr P=: $%ere

slder %as t be -asted*

UI#GL#0(E Glue Dis-enser is used t dis-ense .lue fr -astin. t%e c/-nents u- n*

T%is Mac%ine dis-enses .lue at t%e s-eed f (1,111 Dts -er Hur*

It -r+ides t%e %i.%#s-eed, -recisin .lue a--licatin re8uired b6 tda6s -lacin. /ac%ines* A

t%ree#s6rin.e dis-ensin. %ead features inde-endent, ser+ cntrlled s6rin.e t reduce c6cle ti/e

t 1*1'sec7dt* A needle %eatin. and te/-erature cntrl s6ste/ /aintain cnsistent dis-ensin.

+lu/es and create ideal cnditins fr $r3in. $it% %i.%#s-eed a--licatin .lues* Se+eral

-r.ra/#cntrlled features furt%er ensure t%e %i.%#-recisin a--licatin*



23/52


C>IP S>OO!ER,

>UI =P UI =P UI IP#C >ine I= Placer can -lace /re

s/all c/-nents c/-ared t =%i- S%ter* 4it% decrease in t%e siFe f c/-nents -laced

t%e s-eed f -eratin als decreases*

>r 1*1C // ta-e c/-nents S-eed is r 1*1;0 // !>ine Pitc%" I=s S-eed is &((1 c-%*

MICROFLO? REFLO? O/EN,

After I=s and c/-nents are -laced, till t%is ste-, t%e Glue7Slder Paste is in se/i#slid fr/*

T%e Researc% Internatinal Ma3e Micrfl$#II Refl$ O+en is used t -ass t%e ab+e P=:

=ards fr/ a %eatin. c%a/ber and t%an fr/ a clin. c%a/ber*

T%is O+en %as ) Fnes and Te/-erature is different at e+er6 Fne f t%e +en* T%is te/-erature

treat/ent i/-r+es t%e /ec%anical and +ibratin stren.t% f t%e SMDs t%us /ade*

PC; -NLOA.ER, After t%e ab+e -rcesses are c/-leted, $e .et end -rduct P=:s, T%ese

P=: =ards are stac3ed fr Unlad it later*



24/52


Assem6ly techni@ues,

4%ere c/-nents are t be -laced, t%e -rinted circuit bard nr/all6 %as flat, usuall6 tin#lead,

sil+er, r .ld -lated c--er -ads $it%ut %les, called solder pads* Slder -aste, a stic36/i5ture f flu5and tin6 slder -articles, is first a--lied t all t%e slder -ads $it% a stainless

steel r nic3el stencil usin. a screen -rintin.-rcess* It can als be a--lied b6 a 9et#-rintin.

/ec%anis/, si/ilar t anin39et -rinter* After -astin., t%e bards t%en -rceed t t%e -ic3#and#

-lace /ac%ines, $%ere t%e6 are -laced n a cn+e6r belt* T%e c/-nents t be -laced n t%e

bards are usuall6 deli+ered t t%e -rductin line in eit%er -a-er7-lastic ta-es $und n reels r

-lastic tubes* S/e lar.e inte.rated circuits are deli+ered in static#free tra6s* Nu/erical cntrl

-ic3#and#-lace /ac%ines re/+e t%e -arts fr/ t%e ta-es, tubes r tra6s and -lace t%e/ n t%e

P=:*

T%e bards are t%en cn+e6ed int t%e refl$ slderin.+en* T%e6 first enter a -re#%eat Fne,

$%ere t%e te/-erature f t%e bard and all t%e c/-nents is .raduall6, unifr/l6 raised* T%e

bards t%en enter a Fne $%ere t%e te/-erature is %i.% enu.% t /elt t%e slder -articles in t%e

slder -aste, bndin. t%e c/-nent leads t t%e -ads n t%e circuit bard* T%e surface tensin

f t%e /lten slder %el-s 3ee- t%e c/-nents in -lace, and if t%e slder -ad .e/etries are

crrectl6 desi.ned, surface tensinaut/aticall6 ali.ns t%e c/-nents n t%eir -ads* T%ere are

a nu/ber f tec%ni8ues fr refl$in. slder* One is t use infraredla/-s t%is is called infrared

refl$* Ant%er is t use a %t .as cn+ectin* If t%e circuit bard is duble#sided t%en t%is

-rintin., -lace/ent, refl$ -rcess /a6 be re-eated usin. eit%er slder -aste r .lue t %ld t%e

c/-nents in -lace* If .lueis used t%en t%e -arts /ust be sldered later usin. a $a+e slderin.

-rcess*

After slderin., t%e bards /a6 be $as%ed t re/+e flu5 residues and an6 stra6 slder balls t%at

culd s%rt ut clsel6 s-aced c/-nent leads* Rsin flu5 is re/+ed $it% flurcarbn

sl+ents, %i.% flas% -int %6drcarbn sl+ents, r l$ flas% sl+ents e*.* li/nene !deri+ed

fr/ ran.e -eels" $%ic% re8uire e5tra rinsin. r dr6in. c6cles* 4ater sluble flu5es are

re/+ed $it% deinised $aterand deter.ent, fll$ed b6 an air blast t 8uic3l6 re/+e residual

$ater*

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solder_pastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_printinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkjet_printerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMT_placement_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMT_placement_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflow_solderinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_solderinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deionized_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solder_pastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_printinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkjet_printerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMT_placement_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMT_placement_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflow_solderinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_solderinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deionized_water


25/52


>inall6, t%e bards are +isuall6 ins-ected fr /issin. r /isali.ned c/-nents and slder

brid.in.* If needed, t%e6 are sent t a re$r3statin $%ere a %u/an -eratr re-airs an6 errrs*

T%e6 are t%en usuall6 sent t t%e testin. statins t +erif6 t%at t%e6 -erate crrectl6

=ittin+,

T%is sectin -r+ides t%e different c/-nents re8uired fr SMT sectin* >r -r-er /untin.

f t%e c/-nents, t%e6 %a+e t be -r-erl6 cut t%e -ins %a+e t be a--r-riatel6 bent etc*

T%ere are t$ t6-es f fr/in. fr t%e c/-nents, 3in3 and strai.%t* @in3 fr/atin is dne t

-lace t%e c/-nent at a -articular %ei.%t* T%ere is a +ibratin /ac%ine t cut transistr* Als

t%ere are different /ac%ines fr 3in3 fr/atin f I=, fr cuttin. ca-acitrs etc*

After t%e SMT -rcess, /anual ins-ectin is dne* Re$r3 is +er6 difficult in case f an6 fault*

Re$r3 is dne in re$r3 /ac%ine* T%ere are /an6 /et%ds fr feedin. t%e c/-nents in an

SMT line* I=s are -laced in anti#static stic3* T%ere are electr /ec%anic feeders, +ibratr

feeders, /ec%anical feeders etc*

T%ere is a -re#ba3in. +en fr ba3in. t%e P=:s befre feedin. t%e/ t t%e line t re/+e t%e

/isture*

Manufacturin. defects f P=:s fr/ SMT are rectified usin. sft$are* Usin. t%is sft$are, t%e

P=: is tested* A bard $it% sa/e slts as t%at f P=: is /atc%ed $it% P=: and crss c%ec3ed*

Actual +alue and e5-ected +alue is .t as t%e ut-ut* >r s/e cards $e use =RO fr testin.*



26/52


PC; PLAN!

PROCESS,

A siFe f ;*(// is cut t /a3e a /t%erbard $it% c&*0*

=--er clad la/inatin*

=N= Drillin. !=/-uteriFed Nu/erical =ntrl"

PTH !Plated t%ru.% %le" Panel Platin.

P%t resists la/inatin !&;1Q= te/-*"

U E5-sin.

De+el-in. !C1Q= te/-*"

Electr =--er -attern -latin. !&*0"

Tin -attern -latin.

Resist Stri--in. !castin. sda $ater n 01Q="

Etc%in. !A//nia Sul-%ate at 01Q="

Tin Stri--in. !HNOC AT &10Q="

Slder Mas3 =atin. !Tin Lead /i5 %eat at ;01Q="

Slder Mas3 De+el-in. !(1Q="

HAL !Ht Air Le+elin."

Le.end Mar3in.7 Le.end Print !E5cellence Aut/atin"



27/52


Telec//unicatin Net$r3s are =nstantl6 =%an.in.* T%e ra-id .r$t% f t%e di.ital net$r3, Mbile

Net$r3 and Intelli.ent Net$r3 and t%e -rliferatin f ne$ ser+ices bein. cnstantl6 ffered t

subscriber /ean t%at e8ui-/ent /ust be cntinuusl6 ada-ted t ne$ re8uire/ents* All t%e ne$

s$itc%in. s6ste/s are based n stred -r.ra/ cntrl cnce-t* T%e call -rcessin. -r.ra//es are

distributed +er different cntrl r.ans f t%e s6ste/ and are stred in ROM7RAM f t%e units

-rcessr in t%e cntrl units b6 usin. t%e -r.ra//e and data stred in unit ROM7RAM -rcess and

%andle calls* Handlin. r -rcessin. a call /eans t ulti/atel6 establis% a cnnectin in bet$een

inc/in. and ut.in. ends* De-endin. n t%e s6ste/ t%e na/e and arc%itecture f cntrl units and

s$itc% /a6 c%an.e but basic criterin fr s$itc%in. /re r less re/ains sa/e*

T%e AL=ATEL &111e&1 e5c%an.e als 3n$n b6 its t%er na/e O=:;)C is desi.ned t cater fr

e+l+in. net$r3s and t%e need t ratinaliFe e8ui-/ent -eratin* Its /dular arc%itecture /eans t%at

ne$ ser+ices can be added and -rcessin. ca-acit6 can be increased $it%ut interru-tin. -eratin f t%e

e5c%an.e* O=: ;)C is a di.ital s$itc%in. s6ste/ $%ic% su--rts a +ariet6 f c//unicatin needs li3e

basic tele-%n6, ISDN, interface t /bile c//unicatin, data c//unicatin etc* T%is s6ste/ %as

been de+el-ed b6 AL=ATEL f >rance and t%erefre %as /an6 si/ilarities t its -redecessr e#&1*

T%e first O=:;)C e5c%an.e f R&& +ersin ca/e t India in &''C* At -resent R;C and R;( are als

bein. su--lied* T%e basic arc%itecture re/ainin. sa/e, /re facilities t subscriber and ad/inistratin

are su--rted b6 later +ersins*

T%e tele-%ne e5c%an.e sectin in SAP de-art/ent %as t$ -rtins? O=: and =SN !Nu/erical

Satellite =ncentratr" $%ic% $r3s as base statin and MS= !Mbile S$itc%in. =entre"* T%ese

%andles t%ree functins? call %andlin., alar/ /ana.e/ent and billin.* =SN %as cntrl cards,

alar/s etc* In =SN, if lad increases, l.ic c%an.es* At bac3side f =SN s/e ca-acitrs are

.i+en, s t%at if s/e li.%tnin. c/es, t%ese ca-acitrs burns and -rtect t%e card*



28/52


OC; CSN !estin+,

O=: is als 3n$n as Alcatel Di.ital S$itc%in. S6ste/ de+el-ed b6 Alcatel =IT*

O=: ;)C /eans# Or.an De =//and :; ersin )C11 /icr-rcessr* It is t%e latest

electrnics di.ital ISDN t6-e s$itc%in. tec%nl.6 bein. i/-rted in India, is Di.ital S$itc%in.

Tec%nl.67S6ste/ $%ic% su--rts a +ariet6 f /bile c//unicatin needs li3e tele-%n6,

ISDN, interface t /bile c//unicatin, di.ital c//unicatin etc* It %as sin.le JT state

s$itc%* A /a5i/u/ f ;1() s$itc%es !P=Ms" can be cnnected* It su--rts bt% anal. and

di.ital subscriber*

=SN are s desi.ned t%at t%e6 can be e8ui--ed $it% eit%er anal. r di.ital subscriber r bt%*

T%ese -r+ide facilit6 t cnnect s-eec% -at% fr/ a subscribers l- r circuits fr/ e5ternal

P=Ms and transfer t%ese s-eec% sa/-les t selected ti/e slts called +ice c%annels n a LR lin3

!Internal P=Ms"*

T%is -r+ides access fr Man Mac%ine Dial.ue fr t%e %u/an -eratrs t interact and

c//and t%e $r3in. f e5c%an.e e8ui-/ent*

OC; Features,

=an %andle /a5i/u/ f ) la3% :H=A!:us6 Hur =all Atte/-ts"

=an %andle traffic f ;0111 erlan.s

Ma5i/u/ f ; la3% subscribers r


29/52


Access net$r3s can be cnnected t it t%ru.% + 0*&70*; -rtcls

Su6scri6er Facility Pro9i3e3 6y OC; )'1

$0 Inter/ediate Ht Line# Subscriber cnnected t ant%er -redeter/ined nu/ber n liftin. t%e

-%ne !N Dialin. Re8uired"

)0 Dela6ed Ht Line# Dial Tne is %eard n liftin., Subscriber can dial an6 nu/ber* Ot%er$ise

t%e call is cnnected t a -re+iusl6 .i+en nu/ber after a fi5ed ti/e !IRS"

10 Abbre+iated Dialin.# Subscriber recrds a s%rt cde fr a nu/ber and %a+e t dial t%at cde

nl6 !S-eed Dial"

&0 =all >r$ardin. 80=all >r$ardin.


30/52


10 Su6scri6er( JSubscriber Access Subs6ste/ carries ut cnnectin f anal.ue and di.ital

lines

T%is is treated as an inde-endent entit6* E+er6 Subscriber =nnectin E8ui-/ent !=SE" Rac3 is.i+en a si.nalin. -int nu/ber t -erate in c//n c%annel si.nalin. /del $it% rest f

e5c%an.e subs6ste/s*

OC; ARC>I!EC!-RE

>i. (? O=: Arc%itecture



31/52


>i.0? O=: Net$r3

SMC( Maintenance =ntrl Statin SMA( Au5iliar6 E8ui-/ent =ntrl Statin

SM5( Matri5 =ntrl Statin SMM( Maintenance Statin

MIS( Multi-le Interfacin. :us bar MAS( Multi-le Access :us bar

S!S( S6nc%rniFatin Ti/e :ase Statin AL( Alar/

OMC( O-eratinal Mana.e/ent =ntrl CSN(Nu/eric Satellite =ncentratr

CSNL( Lcal Nu/erical Subscriber =entre

CSN.( Distant Nu/erical Subscriber =entre

CSNE( E5tent Nu/erical Subscriber =entre

!MN( Telec//unicatin Mana.e/ent Net$r3



32/52


!estin+,

T%is sectin tests t%e different cards fr detectin. and rectif6in. t%e faults* Testin. is dne fr

== and .rund* In#circuit test is dne* Punc% t%ru.% %les %as t be tested* Usin. -r.ra/s

subscriber cards, l.ical cards and -$er su--l6 cards are tested*

;urnin+ Cham6er,

Tested cards are -ut %ere* =ards s%uld $r3 u- t 01=* S burnin. c%a/ber is 3e-t at 00 =*

=ards are 3e-t %ere fr ; %urs cntinuusl6* Testin. is als dne fr c%ec3in. $%et%er slder

/elts and card fails at %i.% te/-erature* =ards fr/ burnin. sectin are asse/bled in t%e rac3inte.ratin sectin*

One 6ear $arrant6 is .i+en fr cards* >ault6 card $ill be crss c%ec3ed $it% card data li3e call

details, circuit dia.ra/, -sitinin., +alues etc fr all t%ese c%arts $ill be -r+ided* =ircuit le+el

and c/-nent le+el details are t%ere* &0 da6s re-airin. ti/e $ill be .i+en fr eac% card*



33/52


)0 R. 2Research an3 .e9elopment4

Researc% and De+el-/ent di+isin is lcated at :an.alre*

In#%use R D =re Stren.t%s

NMS

o Ele/ental as $ell as U/brella

Optical

o STM Interfaces

o O7E E7O =n+erters

o ;7C( Mb-s O-ti/u5

Encryption e@uipment

o Encr6-tin e8ui-/ent fr ice 7 Data fr :it Rates f &< 3b-s7 a5 Encr6-tr

o IP Encr6-tr

Satellite

o IDR !Inter/ediate Data Ran.e" S6ste/s

o @u :and Satellite S6ste/s

?ireless

o 4ISS S:> !4ireless Siren S6ste/ $it% Si/ultaneus ice :radcast"



34/52


o Micr$a+e E8ui-/ent ) GHF E&7STM#& Radi

.i+ital Access Pro3ucts

o C1 =%& P=M, MIL P=M MUB

o Pr.ra//able MUB

o Prtcl =n+erters

Consumer Premises E@uipment

o =LIP !=allin. Line Identificatin Presentatin" tele-%ne fr Na+6

o 0: 0= tele-%ne sets fr Defence frces

o Sund P$ered tele-%ne

System En+ineerin+

o Net$r3 Plannin. and Desi.n

o Mbile =//unicatin e%icles

o Ru..edisatin

As .i+en in t%e be.innin., t%e RD Lab c/-rises f &1 sectins?

$0 4ireless Lab

)0 Ter/inal E8ui-/ent De+el-/ent

10 Access Prducts Lab

&0 DSP Lab



35/52


80 =AD7P=: Desi.n Lab

B0 =%e/ical Lab

0 S=ADA Lab

'0 P$er Su--l6 Lab

%0 LANLab

$*0Reliabilit6 En.ineerin. Lab

$4 ?ireless La6,In $ired cnnectin usuall6, cnnecti+it6 in a sin.le e5c%an.e is t$#$ired*

E5c%an.e t e5c%an.e cnnecti+it6 is t%ru.% O-tical >iber =able !O>=" r c--er* One O>=

can acc//date /an6 trun3 lines* Different standards li3e, E&, EC etc are used* T%e RD

sectin %as a $ireless lab $%ere s/e f t%e $ireless -r9ects are de+el-ed* Here t%e6 de+el-

$ireless cnnecti+it6 fr bt% +ice and data net$r3*

In $ireless cnnecti+it6 eac% statin %as a trans/itter and recei+er, /dulatr and de/dulatr*

Di.ital /dulatin ta3es -lace* At base statin, O/ni#directinal antennas are used* >r/ base

statin t /bile s$itc%in. centre, -int t -int c//unicatin is establis%ed* S %ere

/icr$a+e antennas are used* T%e i//ediate interface in $ireless c//unicatin is a MUB*

MUB is cnnected t di.ital /de/ and di.ital /de/ t an utdr unit* E+er6t%in. is

-r.ra//ed* T%e cnnectin fr/ di.ital /de/ t utdr unit is t%ru.% ca5ial cable* T%is

cable is /ulti-le5ed fr +lta.e, -$er, data etc*

)4 !erminal E@uipment .e9elopment, T%is sectin de+el-s $ired ter/inal e8ui-/ent*

Ter/inal e8ui-/ent !tele-%ne" %as C I=s Rin.er I=, S-eec% I= and a Dialer I=*

4it%ut cnnectin a -%ne is a du//6* Durin. cnnectin, a sinusidal $a+efr/ is fed fr/

t%e e5c%an.e !0 r/s and ;0 HF"* T%is is .i+en t t%e rin.er I=* T%is turns n t%e buFFer and

rin.in. starts* A tele-%ne %as t$ states? n %3 !%and set n -%ne" and ff %3 !%and set



36/52


lifted"* 4%en lifted, s-eec% I= turns n* Transducers are -resent at /ic and luds-ea3er* T%ese

use DSP al.rit%/* A dialer I= is t dial ut.in. calls* >r t%is t%ere are t$ /et%ds? Decadic

-ulsin. and DTM>* In decadic -ulsin., t$ -ulses are -resent $it% an ON ti/e f ti/e f CC/s* &1 suc% -ulses re-resent a 1* T re-resent &, ne suc% -ulse is trans/itted,

fr ;, t$ suc% -ulses are trans/itted* In DTM>, l$ and %i.% fre8uencies are c/bined* 4%en

a nu/ber sa6 0 is -ressed, dialer I= ta3es t%e t$ fre8uencies crres-ndin. t t%at nu/ber, and

trans/it its ut-ut* T%is is t%e basic tele-%ne $r3in.*

S/e additinal circuits incr-rated t t%e tele-%ne are L=D t dis-la6 t%e nu/bers, E;PROM

as /e/r6, /icrcntrller $%ic% -r+ides -%neb3 fr inc/in. calls*

>i.


37/52


>i. ? DTM> Tnes

14 Access Pro3ucts,T%ese are desi.ned fr rail$a6s* :t% +ice and data cards are used %ere*

T%ere is ne central card $%ic% su--lies in-ut t all t%er cards* >r trans/issin fur E&

strea/s f data are used* A bidirectinal internal clc3 is used* T%e /t%er bard 9ac3s all t%e

cards* T%e -$er su--l6 unit cn+erts #() t 0* Eac% card %as PGA is used* >PGA ladin. re8uires ;*0 and C*;*

Re.ulatr cn+erts 0 t ;*0 and C*;* ice sub cards %a+e si.nalin. and c//unicatin in

t%e sa/e directin* ice E and M cards %a+e t%ese in different directins* =ntrl cards



38/52


cntrls t%e si.nalin. and c//unicatin* All cntrl cards %a+e LEDs fr indicatin. -r-er

cnnectin bet$een trans/it and recei+e cards*

T%e cnnecti+it6 used is serial !RS#;C;"* T%e6 use /aster and sla+e c//unicatin* Mastercntrls all sla+es* S all cntrl and /nitrin. can be dne fr/ t%e /aster statin* Master can

be identified fr/ an )#-in di- s$itc%* T%e selectin is in binar6 fr/* If t%e first t$ s$itc%es

are u-, t%en t%e s6ste/ is t%e Crds6ste/* 4e can %a+e cnference c//unicatin t%ru.% t%is

s6ste/* 4e can %a+e cnference c//unicatin t%ru.% %t line c//unicatin !ne t ne"

als*

T%e Pr.ra//able Multi-le5er e8ui-/ent !DE&1;&(7A;" is a -ri/ar6 rate /ulti-le5er $it%

Dr- 7 Insert facilit6* T%is e8ui-/ent /ulti-le5es C1 anal. !ice" and 7 r data c%annels t;1() 3b-s ITU#T c/-atible G* 1( di.ital strea/ n send side and n recei+es side* It de#

/ulti-le5es ITU#T c/-atible ;1() 3b-s -rts !P&, P;, PC and P(" eac% fr send and recei+es

directins* It is -ssible t dr- 7 insert bet$een an6 c%annel fr/ ;Mb -rts* T%is e8ui-/ent

%as t%e facilit6 f -art6 cnferencin. bet$een an6 c/binatin f -rts P& r P;* T%e

e8ui-/ent can be used eit%er as a ter/inal Multi-le5er r as a dr- 7 insert Multi-le5er in

tande/ n a ;M: strea/ n di.ital trans/issin /edia*

Mec%anical Details?

T%e e8ui-/ent is %used in Standard &' subrac3 t%e Ter/inatins $it% R#(0 cnnectrs are

-r+ided in t%e frnt -anel f Interface cards and standard 0 /eter cable is -r+ided fr

ter/inatin n t MD>*

T%e /ec%anical di/ensin f t%e subrac3 is a--r5i/atel6 L ()1// 5 D C(1//*

T%is -rduct /eets t%e s-ecificatin f RDSO Rail$a6s IRS? T=


39/52


&4 .SP, T%is sectin cncentrates n ter/inal end secrec6 de+ice !TESD" -r9ect* I*e* in

defence, if encdin. is nt -r+ided, t%en c//unicatin can be ta--ed* S securit6 is -r+ided

at t%e ter/inal ends* >r t%is TESD b5es are 3e-t at bt% t%e ter/inals* All t%e calls, first . t

t%e TESD b5, fr/ t%ere encr6-tin r decr6-tin ta3es -lace and t%en .es t t%e ter/inal*

HDL is used fr t%is* T%ere, I=s fr ladin. data fr/ P= fr encr6-tin and decr6-tin* =all

first c/es t trans/it I=, t%en t encr6-tin I=*

84 CA.DPC; .esi+n, T%is sectin desi.ns t%e P=: $%ere different c/-nents are /unted*

T%e P=: is desi.ned $it% t%e %el- f =AD star sft$are usin. t%e sc%e/atic dia.ra/ and a bill

f /aterial !:OM" .i+en b6 t%er sectins* >irst t%e circuit is created usin. t%is sft$are and

t%en it is transferred t t%e P=:* >r t%is t%ere are /ainl6 t%ree libraries? s6/bl librar6 !.i+es

s6/bl detail f eac% c/-nent", c/-nent librar6 !.i+es t%e -%6sical details f t%e

c/-nent" and -at% librar6 !/a--in. file bet$een s6/bl and c/-nent librar6 i*e* $%ic% -in

t $%ic% nu/ber"*



40/52


B4 C>EMICAL LA;,>r/ P=: sectin fil/s are su--lied t t%is sectin as in-uts* T%ere are

t%ree t6-es f P=:s? sin.le side P=:, duble side P=: and /ulti la6er P=:* T%e t6-e f P=:

t be fabricated is t be decided* T%en t%e base /aterial !insulatin /aterial" is t be selected*

T%ree t6-es f base /aterials are t%ere? -a-er e-56, .lass e-56 and Tefln e-56* On t%is

insulatin /aterial, t%e6 clad t%e c--er fil n bt% sides* T%is is t%en called as c--er clad

la/inate* >r telec//unicatin, .lass e-56 c--er clad ter/inate is used* >r radar and

satellite Tefln is used* T%e different ste-s in t%e fabricatin f duble sided P=:s are .i+en

bel$?

&* =--er clad cut t siFe !$it% & inc% e5tra fr %andlin. -ur-se"

;* =N= !=/-uteriFed Nu/ericall6 =ntrlled" drillin.? T%e %les are drilled b6 t%e =N=drillin. /ac%ine* T%is is cntrlled b6 crdinate a5es*

C* =leanin.

(* Plated T%ru.% Hle !PTH" -rcess? In t%is ste- cnducti+it6 in t%e %les are .i+en, i*e* fill

t%e %les and cat t%e $%le t%in. $it% /etal* T%is is dne b6 usin. s/e c%e/icals $it%ut

electricit6 !electr less -rcess"

0* La/inatin? T%e entire fil/ is c+ered t -rtect t%e uter la6ers $it%ut an6 air .a-s usin.

s/e -%tsensiti+e fil/ !+acuu/ less -rcess"*


41/52


'* Tin -latin.? Tin is -lated n t%e c--er* Tin acts as a -rtecti+e la6er durin. etc%in.*

&1* >il/ stri--in.? T%e fil/ is re/+ed in t%is ste-*

&&* Etc%in.

&;* Tin stri--in.? =--er %as /re cnducti+it6 t%an tin* S tin als %as t be re/+ed after

etc%in.*

&C* Slder /as3in.? If c--er is /aintained li3e t%at, crrsin ta3es -lace* T a+id t%is slder

/as3in. is dne* A .reen in3 is used t /as3* T%is in3 can $it%stand u- t (11=*

&(* E5-se and de+el-in.? 4e need s/e -laces fr %les fr slderin.* T%ese -laces need t

be -ened* T%is is dne $it% t%e %el- f a slder /as3in. fil/ fr/ t%e P=: sectin*

&0* Slder catin.? T a+id crrsin f e5-sed -rtin, a tin#lead catin. is dne*

&r t%is s/e $%ite in3 is used*

>r sin.le sided P=:s ste-s fr/ ; t ) are eli/inated*

Multila6ered P=:? ITI, :an.alre can fabricate u- t ( la6ers* :EL can /a3e u- t (1 la6ers

!fr defence"* In frei.n cuntries, t%e6 can /a3e u- t ;11 la6ers in ;// t%ic3ness P=:s*

Pala33ad ITI can fabricate u- t &; la6ers*



42/52


>i. )? Multi la6ered P=:

>r/ P=: sectin fil/s $it% la6ers /ar3ed are -r+ided* Ta3e ;// c--er fil and e5-se t%e

slder /as3in. fil/* After -re-arin. t%e inner la6er, it is 5idiFed $it% bac3 5ide* T%is is dne

t i/-r+e t%e bndin. $it% t%e t%er la6ers* T%en -ut .lass e-56 n bt% sides, and t%en a.ain

-ut ant%er c--er fil* Li3e t%is ( la6ers are .t* E5tra insulatin is /elted and re/+ed b6

3ee-in. under te/-erature and -ressure* T%is als bnds la6ers ; and C* S fr ( la6ered P=:, &

inner c--er fil is re8uired* Si/ilarl6 fr < la6ered, ; inner fils are re8uired* 4e can %a+ecnnectins bet$een an6 t$ la6ers* 4%ile testin. if an6 fault c/es, entire P=: $ill be $asted*

S all t%ese -eratins s%uld be dne $it% e5tre/e care*

:enefits f /ultila6ered P=:s?

&* Si/-lif6 t%e circuit desi.n s t%at s-ace is /ini/iFed

;* :6 usin. /ini/u/ c/-nents, $e .et /a5i/u/ a--licatins

C* Material sa+in.

(* =st reductin

>r/ %ere t%e P=: is .i+en t t%e de+el-/ent sectin, t%en t -rductin*



43/52


4 SCA.A,S=ADA is su-er+isr6 cntrl and data ac8uisitin* T%is is fr /nitrin. and

cntrllin. Indian rail$a6s re/tel6 b6 an -eratr* T%is %as t$ -arts? R== !Re/te =ntrl

=entre" and RTU !Re/te Ter/inal Unit"*

R==? It is t%e /aster statin* T%is -r9ect is fr /nitrin. t%e tractin -$er su--l6* T%ere is a

/an/ade /ac%ine interface !MMI"* Ant%er ser+er stres t%e data base* >r/ MMI, an -eratr

can /nitr and cntrl b6 sendin. c//ands t RTU*

RTU? It $ill be 3e-t at sites* T%e frnt end -rcessr !>EP" at R== %as s/e s-rt !s-ecial

-rtcl fr rail$a6 tractin" -rtcls as laid b6 Indian .+ern/ent* T%ere are /an6 sub rac3s

in t%e RTU* T%e different functins f eac% sub rac3 are?

>irst sub rac3? Here C t6-es f data are /nitred* P$er su--l6 is als -r+ided fr/ t%is sub

rac3* P$er su--l6 $ill be ;C1* D= cn+erter cn+erts t &;1* T$ t6-es f -$er su--l6

are t%ere A=#D= and D=#D=* 4%en -$er su--l6 .es, t%e6 %a+e -r+isin fr e5ternal -$er

su--l6 f &&1* 4%en -$er su--l6 c/es, &;1 c/es, s aut/aticall6 e5ternal -$er

su--l6 is cut !since &;1 is /re al$a6s /re $ill be ta3en"*

Secnd sub rac3? T%is is t%e /t%erbard r =PU sub rac3* Here t%ere are /an6 cards li3e =PU

cards, di.ital in-ut cards, di.ital ut-ut cards, anal. in-ut cards etc* All data are cnnected t

=PU cards $%ic% sent data t >EP*

T%ird sub rac3? Here t%e6 %a+e rela6s fr circuit brea3ers* If circuit brea3er %as t be ON, & st

rela6 $r3s* T%is $ill be s%$n in t%e LEDs f ;ndsub rac3* Sa/e t%in. $ill be s%$n in R==*

>urt% sub rac3? Here transducers are -resent* T%ese are t brin. bac3 t%e in-uts and ut-uts t

nr/al li/its*

=a-acit6 f t%e si.nals /nitred in t%e RTU is /re* S it is bi.* If R== ser+er .es $rn.,

t%ere are t%er redundant ser+ers*



44/52


'4 PO?ER S-PPLY,In an6 -r9ect an6 e8ui-/ent re8uires -$er su--l6* P$er su--l6 is

different fr different units* Als $e %a+e t cn+ert A= t D=* 0, , are t%e

standard -$er su--lies* In s/e s-ecial cases, $e /a6 need C*C als*

=n+ersin f A= t D=? >r cn+ertin. A= t D=, $e re8uire rectifier, ste- d$n transfr/er,

re.ulatr etc* All t%ese /a3es -$er su--l6 %ea+6, /re s-ace $ill be re8uired, leads t less

efficienc6, /re cst etc* S $e . fr ad+anced -$er su--l6 called SMPS !S$itc%ed Mde

P$er Su--l6"* In SMPS, $e first cn+ert t D=, t%en t A=* T%en use ste- d$n transfr/er*

S siFe f transfr/er can be reduced* Als t%ere is -rductin circuit, alar/ circuit etc in -$er

su--l6* T%is circuit can ac%ie+e &;, 0 and C*C* In case f -$er failure, it aut/aticall6

s$itc%es t batter6 !$%ene+er +lta.e .es bel$ *0"* 4%ene+er +lta.e .es ab+e &;, it is

cntrlled usin. a c/-aratr* Als t%ere are indicatins fr A= failure, l$ -$er su--l6 etc*

T%is circuit can cn+ert ;C1 t &; !A= t D="* T .et 0, $e %a+e a c%ild card* T%is c%ild

card ta3es &; and cn+erts t 0 !D= t D="* A s/all I= cn+erts 0 t C*C* >r C*C,

+er+lta.e, under +lta.e etc %as t be c%ec3ed* T%ere is a %eat sin3 in t%e circuit t absrb t%e

%eat -rduced durin. its -eratin*

S?I!C>E. MO.E PO?ER S-PPLY, SMPS is an electrnic -$er su--l6 t%at

incr-rates a s$itc%in. re.ulatr t cn+ert electrical -$er efficientl6* Li3e t%er -$er

su--lies, an SMPS transfers -$er fr/ a surce, li3e /ains -$er, t a lad, suc% as a -ersnal

c/-uter,$%ile cn+ertin. +lta.e and currentc%aracteristics* An SMPS is usuall6 e/-l6ed t

efficientl6 -r+ide a re.ulated ut-ut +lta.e, t6-icall6 at a le+el different fr/ t%e in-ut

+lta.e*

Unli3e a linear -$er su--l6, t%e -ass transistr f a s$itc%in.#/de su--l6 cntinuall6

s$itc%es bet$een l$#dissi-atin, full#n and full#ff states, and s-ends +er6 little ti/e in t%e

%i.% dissi-atin transitins !$%ic% /ini/iFes $asted ener.6"* Ideall6, a s$itc%ed#/de -$er

su--l6 dissi-ates n -$er* lta.e re.ulatinis ac%ie+ed b6 +ar6in. t%e rati f n#t#ff ti/e*

In cntrast, a linear -$er su--l6 re.ulates t%e ut-ut +lta.e b6 cntinuall6 dissi-atin. -$er

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissipationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissipationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulator


45/52


in t%e -ass transistr* T%is %i.%er -$er cn+ersin efficienc6 is an i/-rtant ad+anta.e f a

s$itc%ed#/de -$er su--l6*

!heory o operation

:lc3 dia.ra/ f a /ains -erated A=7D= SMPS $it% ut-ut +lta.e re.ulatin

Rectiier Sta+e

If t%e SMPS %as an A= in-ut, t%en t%e first sta.e is t cn+ert t%e in-ut t D=* T%is is called

rectification* T%e rectifier circuit can be cnfi.ured as a +lta.e dubler b6 t%e additin f a

s$itc% -erated eit%er /anuall6 r aut/aticall6* T%e rectifier -rduces an unre.ulated D=

+lta.e $%ic% is t%en sent t a lar.e filter ca-acitr* T%e current dra$n fr/ t%e /ains su--l6 b6

t%is rectifier circuit ccurs in s%rt -ulses arund t%e A= +lta.e -ea3s* An SMPS desi.ned fr

A= in-ut can ften be run fr/ a D= su--l6 !fr ;C1 A= t%is $uld be CC1 D=", as t%e D=

-asses t%ru.% t%e rectifier sta.e unc%an.ed* If an in-ut ran.e s$itc% is used, t%e rectifier sta.e

is usuall6 cnfi.ured t -erate as a +lta.e dubler$%en -eratin. n t%e l$ +lta.e !&;1

A=" ran.e and as a strai.%t rectifier $%en -eratin. n t%e %i.% +lta.e !;(1 A=" ran.e

In9erter sta+e

T%e in+erter sta.e cn+erts D=, directl6 fr/ t%e in-ut r fr/ t%e rectifier sta.e, t A= b6

runnin. it t%ru.% a -$er scillatr, $%se ut-ut transfr/er is +er6 s/all $it% fe$ $indin.s

at a fre8uenc6 f tens r %undreds f 3il%ertF* T%e fre8uenc6 is usuall6 c%sen t be ab+e

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_doublerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SMPS_Block_Diagram.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_doublerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertz


46/52


;1 3HF, t /a3e it inaudible t %u/ans* T%e s$itc%in. is i/-le/ented as a /ultista.e !t

ac%ie+e %i.% .ain" MOS>ETa/-lifier

/olta+e con9erter an3 output rectiier

If t%e ut-ut is re8uired t be islated fr/ t%e in-ut, as is usuall6 t%e case in /ains -$er

su--lies, t%e in+erted A= is used t dri+e t%e -ri/ar6 $indin. f a %i.%#fre8uenc6 transfr/er*

T%is cn+erts t%e +lta.e u- r d$n t t%e re8uired ut-ut le+el n its secndar6 $indin.* T%e

ut-ut transfr/er ser+es t%is -ur-se*

If a D= ut-ut is re8uired, t%e A= ut-ut fr/ t%e transfr/er is rectified* T%e rectified ut-ut is

t%en s/t%ed b6 a filter cnsistin. f inductrs and ca-acitrs* >r %i.%er s$itc%in.

fre8uencies, c/-nents $it% l$er ca-acitance and inductance are needed*

Re+ulation

Afeedbac3circuit /nitrs t%e ut-ut +lta.e and c/-ares it $it% a reference +lta.e, $%ic%

s%$n in t%e blc3 dia.ra/ ser+es t%is -ur-se* De-endin. n desi.n7safet6 re8uire/ents, t%e

cntrller /a6 cntain an islatin /ec%anis/ !suc% as -t#cu-lers" t islate it fr/ t%e D=

ut-ut* pen!loop regulatorsd nt %a+e a feedbac3 circuit* Instead, t%e6 rel6 n feedin. a

cnstant +lta.e t t%e in-ut f t%e transfr/er r inductr, and assu/e t%at t%e ut-ut $ill be

crrect*

%4 LAN,T%is sectin cntrls and establis%es t%e lcal area cnnectins* T%ere is a LAN s$itc%

t $%ic% cables fr/ indi+idual P=s are cnnected* A .reen li.%t indicates all are $r3in.

-r-erl6, red li.%t indicates a -rble/ $it% t%at -articular c/-uter* LAN is re8uired nt nl6

fr s%arin. data, but als fr s%arin. %ard$are li3e -rinters* :ut s-eed f t%e -rinter reduces $it%

t%e nu/ber f P=s cnnected t t%e -rinter*

T%e ser+er used is uic3 %eal ser+er !uic3 %ealAnti+irus"* O-eratin. s6ste/ is Linu5* Once

ser+er is u-dated, all clients $ill be u-dated* T%e LAN ser+er is cnnected t t%e :SNL card,

fr/ t%ere t LAN card $%ic% is cnnected t t%e LAN s$itc%* T LAN s$itc% all t%er

c/-uters are cnnected* T /a3e all t%ese cnnectins necessar6 cnfi.uratins are dne*

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedbackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opto-isolatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedbackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opto-isolator


47/52


S%arin. is als /ade -ssible t%ru.% %ands%a3e b6 callin. t%ru.% na/e r IP address* T%ere

are t$ distributin s$itc%es !LAN s$itc%es"* >iber -tics is used fr all cnnectins*

$*4 RELIA;ILI!Y EN


48/52


10 I! 2Inormation !echnolo+y4

Customer Interaction

IT sectin /ana.es cust/er interactin in +arius c//unicatin s6ste/s* T%is sectin %as 01

t las% fr/ f stra.e is dne and

t%e sft$are used is .ld $a+e* Stra.e is dne in te5t fr/at* A .ru- f cust/ers is called a

ban3* T$ suc% ban3s can be %andled b6 ne card* =/-act ter/inal cards are fr cust/er

interactin b6 dialin. t t%e cust/ers*

All t%e cards are cnnected t a /t%er card fr crdinatin* It %as a c%ild card fr aut/atic

crrectins* T%e entire s6ste/ is cnnected t a P=* T%ere are C; c%annels f $%ic% C1 c%annels

are fr %andlin. calls* S at a ti/e C1 calls can be %andled* =#Dt tec%nl.6 can %a+e a $aitin.

lad f &111 calls*



49/52


Prir t =#Dt tec%nl.6 ant%er tec%nl.6 called =ral $as used* In t%is t%e ad+anta.e $as

t%at calls can be /ade and recrded si/ultaneusl6* A $aitin. lad f 0111 calls can be .i+en

$%ic% $as actuall6 a dra$bac3*

.ata ;ase

Data is stred in table fr/at* T%ree t6-es f data are stred S6ste/ data !data fr s6ste/

acti+ities, needs t be u-dated" and A--licatin data !cust/er interactin data"* Re8uire/ent f

t%e cust/er, %istr6 f a--licatin etc are als stred* All t%ese are cnnected t t%e frnt end

t%ru.% OD:= cnnecti+it6* Usin. data base /ana.er, $e can retrie+e an6 re-rt at an6 ti/e*

T%is data base can be cnnected nl6 t a sin.le e5c%an.e* T%ere is a /dificatin fr t%is

cnnecti+it6 called Oracle $%ic% is net ser+er cnnecti+it6* In t%is t%e data base can becnnected t /re t%an ne e5c%an.e*

A--licatin su--rtin. data can be classified as inc/in. and ut.in.* >r t%is t%e c%annels are

cnfi.ured as inc/in. r ut.in.* Para/eters fr t%is cnfi.uratin +ar6 fr/ ne e5c%an.e t

ant%er*

E5a/-les fr cust/er interactin $it% t%e s6ste/?

Fault reportin+ system 2Incomin+4,An6 cust/er cnnected t t%is e5c%an.e can use t%is

facilit6* 4%en a c/-laint call is /ade, it is %andled t%ru.% a standard -rcedure* After t%is t%e

cust/er nu/ber is stred* Eac% nu/ber is cllected and stred as a strin.* >r eac% nu/ber a

bee- sund is /ade* T%e nu/ber is c%ec3ed t see $%et%er it beln.s t t%is e5c%an.e r nt*

T%en t%e nu/ber is stred in a TO table and t%en a dc3et nu/ber is .enerated and stred in a

dc3et table* T%is nu/ber $ill als be .i+en t t%e cust/er as %is reference nu/ber* T%e

s6ste/ c%ec3s fr du-licate c/-laints als i*e* it /a3es sure t%at t%e sa/e c/-laint $as nt

b3ed earlier* After clearin. t%e c/-laint, it is erased fr/ t%e TO table*

Payment remin3er system 2Out+oin+4,Here first f all, all un-aid nu/bers are cllected* T%e

s6ste/ can cllect u- t la3%s nu/bers* T%e -ara/eters li3e a/unt, cutff date etc is

cnfi.ured* T%en t%e s6ste/ dials t t%e cust/ers* T%ere is -r+isin fr selectin f lan.ua.e*

Nu/ber f calls t be /ade is cnfi.ured and all t%e calls tried and attended are recrded* If t%e



50/52


cust/er desnt res-nd, t%en t%e duratin after $%ic% t%e ne5t call %as t be /ade is

cnfi.ured and till success t%e call is /ade* Eac% call duratin +aries bet$een ( t (1 secnds*

T%e cnnecti+it6 used is OD:=* 4e can als use Oracle*

Inormation =IOS=E, @IOS@E is a a-anese $rd $%ic% /eans infr/atin b5* It is t%e

/ac%ine used fr user interactin in rail$a6 statins* It can be r.aniFed as a nn tuc% screen

r tuc% screen* T%e tuc% screen is de+el-ed usin. a /icr tuc% screen $%ic% %as /an6 s/all

resistrs* A fil/ is 3e-t be%ind t%e /icr tuc% screen* 4e can caliber bac3 t nn tuc% screen

als* T%e entire s6ste/ cnsists f t%e tuc% screen, /icr tuc% -rcessr $%ic% is cnnected t

t%e =PU t%ru.% a US: cable* Sft$are used is :* Tuc% screen is /anufactured b6 PALLAS

=/-an6

>i. '? :lc3 dia.ra/ f @IOS@

4e %a+e @IOS@Es de+el-ed fr different a--licatins* T%ese are?

"ourism KI#KE? T%is .i+es .uidance t users abut distance, ti/in.s, acc//datin,

+isuals etc* T%is is de+el-ed usin. >LASH*

#ericulture KI#KE$ T%is is de+el-ed fr far/ers* T%ese are 3e-t in ccn /ar3et*

KI#KE for paying bills$ It -r+ides recei-ts* It %as -rinters*



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Kerala police KI#KE$ It is 3e-t at Tri+andru/*

%ro&sing KI#KE$ It is 3e-t at air-rts* 4e %a+e t%e facilities t c%ec3 /ail, can br$se etc*

>r t%is $e %a+e t insert a 0 Ru-ee cin* It als %as t%e -r+isin fr ta3in. -rint uts als*

Net"or#in+

IT sectin /aintains t%e net$r3in. in rail$a6s* T%is rail$a6 -r9ect /ana.ed b6 IT includes 0

/dules? PNR status, Train bet$een statins, seat a+ailabilit6, fare en8uir6, internet reser+atin*

T%e en8uiries are dne $it% %el- f a /ac%ine called @IOS@E !a-anese $rd, /eans

infr/atin b5" 3e-t at rail$a6 statins* T%e /ain ser+er 3e-t in ITI is cnnected t t%e rail$a6

ser+ers* T%e lan.ua.e used is a+a* In ttal 0 ser+ers are used* In bet$een t%e ITI ser+er and

rail$a6 ser+ers MUB is 3e-t* T%e /ain fcus is n t%e =%ennai re.in* Re-l6 t 8ueries is

de+el-ed usin. isual :asics* >r/ rail$a6 ser+ers, at eac% and e+er6 secnd, C; c%aracter

8uer6 inde5 is send t ITI ser+er* C1#C0 8ueries can be %andled at a ti/e* If n lin3 is establis%ed,

errrs are re-rted* If a -articular -ersn .es idle fr C1 secnds, t%en t%e cntrl s$itc%es t

t%e ne5t -ersn* T%e MUB %as ttal ) -rts* T$ -rts are cnnected t PRS !Passen.er

Reser+atin S6ste/" and NTES !Natinal Train En8uir6 S6ste/"* T%ese t$ -rts are necessar6

t access t%e s6ste/* Here $e use serial c//unicatin, usin. RS;C; cable* T%e s$itc%in. and

rutin. -rcedures fll$s t%e .eneral # la6ered structure*



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CONCL-SION

It $as an estee/ed -ri+ile.e fr us t under. in#-lant trainin. in ITI :an.alre, t%e first -ublic

sectr r.aniFatins in India under telec/ sectr, $%ic% %as cntributed u- t 012 f t%e

-resent natinal telec/ net$r3 as a -ineerin. +enture in t%e field f telec//unicatins*

Net$r3 Mana.e/ent S6ste/s, Secure c//unicatin, Encr6-tin and Net$r3in. Slutins

fr Internet =nnecti+it6 are s/e f t%e /a9r initiati+es ta3en b6 t%e c/-an6* ITI /ainl6 dt%e /anufacturin. f tele-%ne and related e8ui-/ents fr c//unicatin and fr defence

-ur-ses* A de/nstratin f +arius tele-%nes and /ulti-le5in. e8ui-/ents in defence area

$as .i+en t us* As t%e buddin. en.ineers, it $as reall6 a .reat e5-erience fr us, t feel and

e5-erience t%e /anufacturin., testin., fabricatin f +arius tele-%nes and related e8ui-/ents

fr c//unicatin includin. s$itc%in. e8ui-/ents*

ITI Bangalore Training Report

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