SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL

VOLU ME 34 • NUMBER 2 • JUNE 1980 605 THIRD AVENUE. NEW YORK, N.Y. 10016

The Role of the Mass Media in Presidential Campaigns: The Lessons of the 1976 Election

CONTEMPORARY PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION CAMPAIGNS

are essentially mass media campaigns. It is not that the mass media entirely determine what happens in the campaign, for that is far from true. But it is no exaggeration to say that, for the large majority of voters, the campaign has little reality apart from its media version. Moreover, the media have become the primary focus of the candidates' campaign efforts. Today's entrepreneuring candidates primarily direct their activities toward getting their messages through the media as often and as favorably as they can.

This new character of presidential elections led the Council in 1974 to appoint a Committee on Mass

* The author is professor of political science at Syracuse Uni­versity's Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs and a member of the Committee on Mass Communications and Political Behavior. This article is a summary of some of the findings and conclusions of his study of the 1976 presidential election, which was sponsored by the committee and funded by a grant from the John & Mary R. Markle Foundation. The full study will be pub­lished this summer by Praeger Publishers (New York) as a book entitled The Mass Media Election: How Americans Choose Their Presi­dent.

Dear Reader-If you wish to continue to receive Items, please

fill out and return the questionnaire on page 47. The Editor

by Thomas E. Patterson*

CONTENTS OF THIS ISSUE 25 The Role of the Mass Media in Presidential Campaigns:

The Lessons of the 1976 Election-Thomas E. Patterson 31 Socialization Research Revisited-Peter B. Read 35 50th Anniversary of the 1930 Hanover Conference 37 Fellowships and Grants 45 Current Activities at the Council

-Indicators of social change -Staff appointments

46 Recent Council Publications 47 Readership Questionnaire

-To be cut, folded, and mailed

Communications and Political Behavior.1 The com­mittee was established to stimulate, plan, and coordi­nate research on mass communications and political behavior during the 1976 presidential election. Through different research teams, the committee studied the media process from the formation of the media agenda (i.e., the content of the media) to the impact of the agenda on the American people.

The present study addressed two more specific questions. What is the nature of the election messages

1 The 1979-80 membership of the committee was Kenneth Prewitt, Social Science Research Council, chairman; Ben H. Bagdikian, University of California, Berkeley; Leo Bogart, News­paper Advertising Bureau (New York); Richard A. Brody, Stan­ford University; Steven H. Chaffee, University of Wisconsin; Herbert Hyman, Wesleyan University; F. Gerald Kline, Univer­sity of Minnesota; Thomas E. Patterson, Syracuse University; Ithiel de Sola Pool, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; For­rest P. Chisman, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, consultant; and Robert A. Gates, staff.

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that are transmitted through the media during the presidential campaign? And how do these messages affect the public's response to today's campaign? In order to answer these questions, the study used two sources of evidence.

First, a panel survey of voters was carried out. Be­ginning in February 1976, before the prirvaries began, and ending in November after election day, the 1,200 respondents in the panel were interviewed as many as seven times each about their media use, their impressions of the candidates and the campaign, their awareness of the election's issues, their interest in the campaign, and similar topics. The interviews were timed to bracket the major stages of the campaign-the early primaries, the late primaries, the conventions, the debates, and the general elec­tion. Five of the waves involved hour-long personal interviews; two of the waves were conducted by tele­phone.2

Second, a content analysis of the news media's coverage of the 1976 presidential election was con­ducted. Examined was the entire election year's re­porting of the three major commercial television networks-ABC, CBS, and NBC; four daily newspapers-the Los Angeles Times, the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, the Erie News, and the Erie Times; and Time and Newsweek magazines.

News coverage of the campaign

In its coverage of the 1976 presidential campaign, the press concentrated on the strategic game played by the candidates in their pursuit of the presidency, thereby de-emphasizing questions of national policy and leadership. Half or more of the election coverage in each of the news outlets studied dealt with the competition between the candidates. Winning and losing, strategy and organization, appearances and tactics were the dominant themes of day-to-day elec­tion news. The substance of the election, on the other hand, received much less emphasis. The candidates'

2 The panel studies were conducted in two communities, Erie, Pennsylvania, and Los Angeles, California. Erie is an industrial city with a relatively homogeneous population of270,OOO; over 60 per cent of the families make their livelihood in blue-collar occu­pations. It is a heavily Roman Catholic city whose residents are mostly of German, Italian, or Polish extraction. In contrast, Los Angeles, the nation's second largest metropolis, has a broad economy that employs slightly more white-collar than blue-collar workers. Except for a large Mexican-American population, no minority population predominates. The interviewing was con­ducted by experienced interviewers employed by the Response Analysis Corporation, Princeton, New Jersey. The questionnaires were prepared by the author.

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policy positions, their personal and leadership char­acteristics, their private and public histories, back­ground information on the election's issues, and group commitments for and by the candidates ac­counted for only about 30 per cent of election cover­age.

This represents a major change from presidential elections in the past. In the 1940 election, for exam­ple, Lazarsfeld, Berelson, and Gaudet found that about -35 per cent of election news dealt with the fight to gain the presidency; a considerably larger amount, 50 per cent, was concerned with subjects of policy and leadership.3 In 1976, those proportions were re­versed.

The increase in the number of primaries is one reason why contestual themes now dominate. It is clear, however, that the explanation goes beyond the primaries. A comparison of the 1940 and the 1976 coverage, including only the convention and general election periods, indicates a substantially greater orientation toward the contest in 1976.

Substance received more attention in the 1940s be­cause campaigns then were shorter, a condition which worked to maintain the candidates' control of the agenda. What they had to say about policy and lead­ership was the focus of election news because it held its news value and supplied sufficient material to fill most of the needs of the press for coverage. The fact is, however, there is not enough fresh issue and lead­ershi p material for the candidates to control the news during the 300-odd days of the present campaign or to meet the press's increased demand for news about the election.

The press thus has more opportunity to base its news selections on its values, which results in greater emphasis on the contestual aspects of the campaign. In part, this reflects the tradition in journalism that news is to be found in an activity rather than in the underlying causes of that activity. "The function of news," wrote Walter Lippmann, "is to signalize events. "4 Election activity and voting are the most visible aspects of the campaign and are therefore most likely to be used by the press as election news. Heavily emphasized are the simple mechanics of campaigning, as well as voting projections and re­turns. Moreover, although journalists consider the

3 Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet, The People's Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign. Third edition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), pages 115-119. First published in 1944.

4 This and all subsequent statements by Walter Lippmann are from Public Opinion (New York: Macmillan, 1922). A paperback edition was published by the Free Press in 1965.

VOLUME 34, NUMBER 2

campaign to have more than ritual significance, they tend not to view it primarily as a battle over the directions of national policy and leadership. Rather, it is seen mainly as a power struggle between the candi­dates. "The game is a competitive one," wrote Paul Weaver in describing this journalistic paradigm, "and the player's principal activities are those of calculating and pursuing strategies designed to defeat com­petitors .... Public problems, policy debates, and the like ... are noteworthy only insofar as they affect, or are used by, players in pursuit on the game's re­wards.":>

This journalistic model affects presidential cam­paign coverage in almost every respect. A case in point is the 1976 Democratic nominating process. In theory, there is nothing total about a narrow victory or even a landslide in a state's presidential primary. First, a single primary is just one indicator of the candidates' popularity in a system of 50 state contests. Second, a presidential primary lacks the finality of the general election; the difference in the popularity of one candidate who gets 51 per cent of a state's pri­mary vote and another who gets 49 per cent is insig­nificant. Recognizing this, the Democratic party has in recent years outlawed "winner-take-all" primaries; a state's delegates are not awarded in total to the first-place finisher, but are distributed among the candidates in proportion to the votes they receive.

Press coverage of the 1976 Democratic primaries, however, operated on different principles. The press tended to project a single state's results to the nation as a whole, and something close to a "winner-take-all" rule applied to its coverage. New Hampshire's pri­mary provides an example. Jimmy Carter, the lone centrist candidate, received 28 per cent of the vote. The remaining four candidates, all from the party's liberal wing, who together received 60 per cent of the vote, were led by Morris Udall with 23 per cent. Yet Carter was termed "the unqualified winner" by the press and received the balance of news coverage until the next primary. Time and Newsweek put Carter's face on their covers and his story in 2 ,600 lines of its inside pages. The second-place finisher, Udall, received 96 lines; all of Carter's opponents together received only 300 lines. The television and newspaper coverage given Carter that week was about four times the average amount given each of his major rivals.

This pattern held throughout the Democratic pri­maries. In the typical week following each primary, the first-place finisher received nearly 60 per cent of the news coverage, the second-place finisher only 20

5 Paul Weaver, "Is Televised News Biased?" The Public Interest, Spring 1972:69.

JUNE 1980

per cent, the third-place finisher about 15 per cent, and the fourth-place finisher about 5 per cent. As the most frequent first-place finisher, Carter received about half of all news coverage given the Democratic candidates during the 1976 primaries; his eight active opponents shared the other half.

In the signal tradition of which Lippmann wrote, the naming of a winner in each primary meets almost every criteria for good news. The "winner" is the real story, and reporters are careful not to submerge this story in the intricacies of the presidential nomi­nating system, for to do so would be to ignore the limited news space available, the gravitation toward the most salient fact about an event, and the need to capture what Lippmann called "the easy interest."

Journalistic norms also playa significant part in which issues are emphasized in election news cover­age. The issues which the candidates stress most heavily are not those which are displayed most promi­nently in the news. In their campaign speeches and televised political advertising, the candidates talk mostly about "diffuse" issues, ones in which the dif­ferences between the candidates are either indirect or mostly those of style and emphasis. These include appeals to separate constituencies and broad policy proposals, as in the commitment to maintain a healthy economy. Such issues in 1976 accounted for over half of the issue appeals in candidate-controlled com­munications. These issues, however, accounted for only about 20 per cent of the issue messages in elec­tion news.

The news was dominated by what Colin Seymour-Ure has called "clear-cut" issues, those which neatly divide the candidates, provoke conflict, and can be stated in simple terms, usually by refer­ence to shorthand labels, such as "busing" and "de­tente."6 Clear-cut issues have a special appeal to the press because they conform to traditional news values-they are both colorful and controversial. They also frequently build upon themselves, leading to charges and countercharges, creating what James David Barber identifies as the common type of devel­oping news story, that of "action-reaction."7

The press also has a liking for "campaign" issues. Campaign issues are ones that develop from in­cidents, usually errors in judgment by the candidates, such as Ford's remark in 1976 during the second presidential debate that Eastern Europe was free

6 Colin Seymour-Ure, The Political Impact of the Mass Media (Beverly Hills, California: Sage, 1974), page 223.

7 James David Barber, "Characters in the Campaign: The Lit­erary Problem," in James David Barber, editor, Race for the Presi­dency (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1978), page 117.

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from Soviet domination. For a week or more after they first break, campaign issues are major news items, often appearing in the headlines and at the top of television newscasts. In contrast, "policy" issues seldom receive this kind of attention from the press. They generally are not placed in the headlines nor are they covered for more than two days consecu­tively. In 1976, over 50 per cent of the campaign issues received "heavy" news coverage; only 15 per cent of the policy issues received such coverage.

Thus, issue news in the present campaign reflects the press's interests more than the candidates' inter­ests. And this too is a change from earlier campaigns. In their panel study of the 1948 election, Berelson, Lazarsfeld, and McPhee found that issue news cover­age originated largely with the candidates' "official" statements and speeches in which they talked "past each other, almost as if they were participating in two different elections."8 Although this description applies to candidate-controlled communication in 1976, it does not apply to press-controlled communi­cation. In the news, the major issues arose from the candidates' blunders and their off-the-cuff attacks on the opposition.

In all of these tendencies, the print and television media were more alike than different. Every news outlet studied emphasized the contest, the "winner," and clear-cut and campaign issues. The tendencies, how­ever, were, in every instance, more extreme on televi­sion. It was on the network evening newscasts, more than in the newspapers, that journalistic values were most evident in coverage of the campaign.

The voters' response

The impact of the media's messages was found to depend on whether individuals followed the news closely or casually and whether they relied primarily on the newspaper or on television. Because these differences variedfrom one effect to another and interacted with other factors, they cannot be presented in this brief article. Thus, the following findings are presented with some loss of probity. The interested reader is referred to the full study.

Early election researchers studied the mass media's impact on the voters' basic attitudes and, upon finding that attitudes generally were unaffected by the cam­paign, concluded that mass communication was not a significant influence on the voters' behavior. But the power of mass communication rests largely in its ability to affect voters' perceptions. What the voters see

8 Bernard Berelson, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and William N. McPhee, Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Cam­paign (University of Chicago Press, 1954), page 236.

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on television and in the newspaper affects what they perceive to be the important events, critical issues, and serious contenders. And, as V. O. Key Jr., Ben­jamin Page, and others have noted, the voters' de­cisions may depend on what they perceive to be at stake when they make their choice.

By emphasizing certain campaign events, simply by placing them repeatedly and prominently in the news, the press signals their importance to the public. By neglecting and underemphasizing other aspects, the press almost seems to suggest their unimportance. This power was evident during the 1976 election. Election news emphasized the race rather than mat­ters of policy and leadership, and it was the race that people thought of when asked about the election's "most important aspect." Indeed, although matters of policy and leadership were at the top of people's lists in the interviews conducted just before the campaign, they sank to the bottom during the campign, replaced by a concern with the candidates' electoral success.

The substantive side of the campaign in fact ap­pears to have lost ground in the bid for the voters' attention. In their study of the 1948 election, Berel­son et al. reported that 67 per cent of voters' conver­sations were concerned with the candidates' policy positions and qualifications. Only about a fourth of voters' discussions in that election focused on the question of which candidate would win. 9 In 1976, however, only about 34 per cent of people's conver­sations were concerned with substance, while 50 per cent focused on the contest, mostly in direct response to news stories about the race.

The focus of election news also affected which can­didates the voters came to know in 1976. Before the first primary in New Hampshire, the Democratic contenders were largely unknown to the voters-only 20 per cent felt they "knew" Carter, Udall, Harris, Bayh, Brown, Church, or Jackson. lo Subsequent news coverage focused on Carter, and he was the sole Democrat to become dramatically more familiar to the voters. During the primaries, the percentage of the electorate which felt it "knew" Carter rose to over 80 per cent, a 60 per cent increase from the pre-primary level. In contrast, recognition levels rose by only 14 per cent for Udall, Brown, and Jackson; by

9 Ibid., page 106. 10 For each candidate, respondents were asked whether they

"had never heard of him before" or "had heard his name, but know nothing about him" or "knew something about him." The last category-whether people felt they "knew" a candidate­proved to be the recognition level that was important to people's behavior. This method of measuring recognition was validated by open-ended questions.

VOLUME 34, NUMBER 2

only nine per cent for Church; remained fairly con­stant for Harris; and even declined for Bayh.

These differences affected the outcome of the Democratic primaries. Although voters in primary elections are more informed than other citizens, they do not necessarily "know" each of the candidates on their ballots. Among Democrats who actually voted in their party's 1976 primaries, for example, about 90 per cent felt that they "knew" Carter, but less than 60 per cent "knew" Jackson, Udall, or Brown. This be­comes significant when it is realized that voters limit their choice to familiar candidates; upwards of 95 per cent of the Democratic voters in 1976 cast their ballot for a candidate they "knew." Carter was the benefi­ciary. He gained many votes from his recognition edge on his rivals; there was a minority of voters who felt they "knew" only Carter and nearly all of them supported him.

The themes of election news also had an impact on the voters' images of the candidates. News of the candidates concentrated on how well they were run­ning the race, and the impressions that voters ac­quired correspondingly tended to be stylistic, associ­ated with the candidates' campaign styles and per­formance. About 65 per cent of the impressions that voters gained of the candidates in 197.6 were stylistic in nature. Only 35 per cent were political-those con­cerning the candidates' governing capacities and pol­icy proposals.

Substantial consequences resulted. News messages about the candidates' campaign styles and perform­ance were much less likely than messages about their politics and governing capacities to evoke partisan bias. During the primaries particularly, voters tended to develop favorable stylistic impressions of winning candidates and unfavorable impressions of losing candidates, pretty much regardless of the party of the candidate or the voter. This tendency followed the direction of news messages. In 1976, there were two favorable stylistic news messages for every unfavor­able one about candidates who were conducting suc­cessful primary campaigns. In contrast, stylistic news messages about unsuccessful candidates were, on bal­ance, unfavorable.

Once the primaries were over, the voters' partisan­ship intensified, but this partisanship did not com­pletely override earlier effects. Those individuals who had developed favorable impressions of a candidate's style during the primaries were more likely to have favorable ones afterwards and were more likely to de­velop favorable ideas about the candidate's politics. Liking his style, they were also more likely to come to appreciate his leadership capacities and policy lean-

JUNE 1980

ings. This is not to suggest that partisanship and political impressions were less important to the voters' behavior than their thoughts about a candidate's style. Indeed, political influences played a greater role in vote choice in the general election. But stylistic im­pressions acted to dampen partisan effects, were pos­itively associated with general election preferences, and had a close relationship to primary election choice. News messages about the race, then, are per­suasive, in large part because they do not directly challenge the voters' basic political attitudes.

The themes of election coverage also affect what voters do not learn about today's campaign. In their study of the 1948 election, Berelson and his col­leagues found that, in August, two months before election day, 37 per cent of the voters knew three­fourths of the issue positions taken by the candidates. In August 1976, however, only about 25 per cent of the voters knew three-fourths of the candidates' pos­itions and, by October, the proportion had risen to only 33 per cent,u Despite the fact, then, that the 1976 campaign was much longer and more intensely reported than the 1948 campaign, voters actually learned less about the issues. That policy issues were placed less prominently in the news in 1976 than they had been in 1948 is certainly a major reason for the difference.

Disorganized politics

Disorganization is the hallmark of the present electoral system. The primaries are waged between entrepreneuring candidates interested mainly in selling themselves. The result is an extraordinary burden on voters, one Key identified in his classic study of one-party politics in the South: "The voter is confronted with new faces, new choices, and must function in a sort of state of nature."12 .

Today's general election also places heavy demands on voters. When party leaders controlled nomi­nations, the nominee was linked to the party's traditional constituencies and policies, and a line of responsibility was established between the nominee and his party's performance in office. Voters thus were assured about the nature of the nominee's poli­tics and had the opportunity to reward or punish him for the actions of his party. Today's nominee cannot

11 Berelson et aJ. did not measure issue awareness in the inter­views conducted just before election day, but commented that if they had done so, the level of awareness "almost certainly" would have been higher by that time (page 228).

12 V. O. Key,Jr., Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York: Vintage Press, 1949), page 303.

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be measured so easily. Every nominee, of course, has some enduring ties, including those to party, but the fact that the candidate now organizes his own cam­paign increases his independence. Moreover, there is little that prevents a candidate from disclaiming re­sponsibility for the actions of any preceding adminis­tration.

It is this chaotic electoral system that the press is expected by its critics and apologists alike to make intelligible to the voters. Reporters themselves often claim they can perform this task. And even if jour­nalists did not want the responsibility, it is theirs by virtue of an electoral system built upon numerous primaries, self-generated candidacies, and weak party leaders. The burden on the press is particularly se­vere during the nominating phase of the campaign. Communicating with each voter for a few minutes daily, the press may be asked to ·create an electorate that can understand what a half dozen previously unfamiliar candidates represent.

It is an unworkable arrangement. It fails because the press is not a political institution and has no stake in organizing public opinion. "The press is no substi­tute for institutions," wrote Lippmann. "It is like the beam of a searchlight that moves restlessly about, bringing one episode and then another out of dark­ness into vision. Men cannot do the work of the world by this light alone. They cannot govern society by episodes, incidents, and interruptions." Although the press and the political party both serve to link candi­dates with voters, these two intermediaries are very different in kind. The parties have an incentive to identify and represent those interests that are making demands for symbolic and policy representation. The press has no such incentive. It is in the news business, and its inadequacy as a linking mechanism becomes obvious once the nature of election news is under­stood. The news simply is not an adequate guide to political choice. Its major themes are dictated by journalistic values, not political ones.

Moreover, it is a fiction that the press can make up for defective political institutions. As Lippmann noted, the press inevitably magnifies the system's de­ficiences, as is plainly evident in the 1980 campaign. Today's nomin'ating system, for example, naturally gives added influence to voters in states holding early contests, a bias magnified by the press's build-up of these contests and its determination to call and cover the winners. And although changes in the campaign have increased the voters' need for information about the candidates' politics, election news now contains proportionately less information of this kind.

The public's attention to politics is also an obstacle

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to the soundness of press-mediated elections. Casual daily news exposure is not a sufficient condition for informed citizenship. It results only in an awareness of those subjects that are placed at the top of the news again and again. Consequently, voters develop more impressions of the candidates' styles than of their leadership capacities and know more of the candi­dates' victory chances and tactical blunders than of their platforms.

The need for stronger political parties

The problem of today's campaign thus lies deeper than the nature of the press. The real weakness of the present system is that it is built upon the dismantling of the political party, which, in Everett Carll Ladd's words, is "the one institution able to practice political planning."13 Although individual voters cannot readily and at no cost to themselves discover the poli­tics of several contenders for their party's nomina­tion, party leaders, because they specialize in politics, can make this determination. And judging from the most recent campaigns, party leaders are more adept than the voters themselves at selecting nominees who meet the public's desires for policy and leadership. Parties have an overriding reason-the need to win elections-for selecting nominees who will meet with the approval of the voters.

Public and elite opinion would not sanction a nominating process that was controlled entirely by party leaders, but the time has come to find ways to increase the party's influence in a nominating system that blends popular participation and party influence. A workable system must take into account what the

, people, the parties, and the press can and cannot do. However appealing the image of the omnicompetent citizen, and however attractive the idea of the press as the corrective for defective political institutions, these beliefs are not the basis for a sound presidential elec-· tion system. 0

13 Everett Carll Ladd, Where Have All the Voters Gone? (New York: Norton, 1978), page 72.

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fill out and return the questionnaire on page 47. The Editor

VOLUME 34, NUMBER 2

Socialization Research Revisited

One of the most basic and intriguing issues in the study of child development concerns how young chil­dren learn to behave appropriately in a variety of social situations. Children possess a gradually ex­panding repertoire of individual needs and prefer­ences which, if acted upon at will, would lead to con­flict and disorder both at home and in society. Some degree of cooperation and conformity is demanded by all societies, and at a relatively early age children learn to behave predominantly in exp~cted and so­cially beneficial ways. Not only does much of this patterned behavior appear without a great deal of explicit training: it often persists in situations devoid of adult sanction. Children can be observed at play-without the presence of a parent or teacher to reprimand. In fact, children will often reprimand each other. Yet, as John A. Clausen (1968) has noted:

The social interaction of the young child with his parents, siblings and playmates has been little studied . . . (we know) little of the ways in which the child learns to interpret the facial expressions, tones of voice, and actions of those with whom he interacts. (pages 143-146)

While this comment sounds like a critique of current knowledge about child development, it ap­peared ov~r 10 years ago in Socialization and Society. This book of papers summarized seven years of ac­tivity by the Council's Committee on Socialization and Social Structure (1960-67). Prior to this period, theory and research on early social development, es­pecially with respect to emotional growth and the acquisition of socially prescribed or culturally defined

* The author, a sociologist at the Council, serves as staff for the Committee on Social and Affective Development During Child­hood. He gratefully acknowledges the ideas and phrases of vari­ous committee members that are incorporated here but accepts full responsibility for this statement of their collaborative efforts. The current membership of the committee is Martin L. Hoffman, University of Michigan (chairman); K. Alison Clarke-Stewart, University of Chicago; Willard W. Hartup, University of Min­nesota; Carroll E. Izard, University of Delaware; Jerome Kagan, Harvard University; Robert A. LeVine, Harvard University; Michael Lewis, Educational Testing Service (Princeton, New Jer­sey); Zick Rubin, Brandeis University; and Richard A. Shweder, University of Chicago.

JUNE 1980

by Peter B. Read*

Council committee on social and affective development during childhood

plans new agenda

behaviors, contained only fragmentary insights. Contributions to the existing knowledge of social and emotional development included Sigmund Freud's (1938) clinical studies of anxiety and guilt, Erik H. Erikson's (1963) proposed stages of psychosocial de­velopment, Lawrence R. Kohlberg's (1969) frame­work for moral development, Albert Bandura's (1969) studies of social learning, and Hugh Hartshorne and Mark May's (1928) explication of the situational determinants of moral behavior. Most of these approaches emphasize a single devel­opmental domain (social, affective, or cognitive), and none has produced a convincing body of empirical data connecting affect to the development of social behavior. As of 1960, the mechanisms of children's rapidly developing, complex social behavior re­mained largely unexplored. In response to this need for new research, the Committee on Socialization and Social Structure convened leading researchers at a series of workshops which developed a broad review of existing knowledge and identified promising di­rections for new research. Socialization and Society re­mains one of the most comprehensive statements concerning the strengths and limitations of our knowledge about child development.

Despite the growth of developmental research over the past 20 years, the study of social and emotional development in children has continued to lag behind research on other aspects of development. While some important noncognitive topics have attained prominence, including the study of empathy and so­cial cognition, much of the agenda developed by the Clausen committee has not been addressed. Conse­quently, in 1976 the Council appointed a Committee on Social and Affective Development During Child­hood under the chairmanship of Jerome Kagan, Harvard University, with funds provided by the Foundation for Child Development and the Bush Foundation. In its first three years of work, the committee sponsored a series of meetings that fo­cused primarily on two topics: the measurement of emotions, and new directions in the study of social cognition. Three books bas~d upon this work are currently being prepared for publication: "Measuring Emotions in Infants and Children," edited by Carroll

31

E. Izard; "Social and Cognitive Development: Frontiers and Possible Futures," edited by John Flavell and Lee Ross; and "Social Cognition and Social Behavior," edited by E. Tory Higgins, Diana N. Ruble, and Willard W. Hartup.

These meetings and resultant publications have led the committee to a more direct consideration of so­cialization issues-issues that will involve an examina­tion of the relationships between social, affective, and cognitive aspects of development. The committee has received funding for its new agenda from the Foun­dation for Child Development. This article describes a few of the areas in which the committee intends to sponsor the conferences and other activities through which it hopes to generate new socialization research-research that is interdisciplinary, that ad­dresses Clausen's concern for building a richly de­tailed knowledge of human development, and that captures more fully the emergence and growth of children's emotional experiences and interpersonal skills.

The acquisition of culture

There is renewed interest among many an­thropologists in the study of the acquisition of culture. Twenty to 30 years 'ago a major concern of cultural "anthropologists was the relationship between culture and personality, especially with respect to childhood socialization. An impressive body of data on child­rearing practices was gathered by John and Beatrice Whiting and incorporated in their Children of Six Cul­tures (1975). Numerous theoretical approaches were espoused regarding the transmission of culture from adult to child (e.g., Benedict 1938). Yet the processes of enculturation, or rather the interaction of children and adults around common social values and behav­ior, never emerged as a major focus for empirical research in anthropology. Perhaps the most poignant words on this omission were written by Edward Sapir (1934):

It is strange how little ethnology has concerned itself with the intimate genetic problems of the acquirement of culture by the child .... We may suggest as a difficult but crucial problem of investigation the following: Study the child minutely and care­fully from birth until, say the age of ten with a view to seeing the order in which cultural patterns and parts of patterns appear in his psychic world; study the relevance of these pat­terns for the development of his personality; ... I venture to predict that the concept of culture which will then emerge, fragmentary and confused as it will undoubtedly be, will turn out to have a tougher, more vital importance for social thinking

These words remain true today, although there is 32

reason to believe that this relative neglect of !=hildren in anthropology may be nearing an end. A productive convergence of psychologists and anthropologists upon the study of culture acquisition, as foreseen by Sapir, may be developing. Anthropologists, including Bambi Schieffelin (1980), Theodore A. Schwartz (1978), and Richard A. Shweder and Nancy C. Much (1979), and psychologists including Elliot Turiel (1978), and Katherine Nelson (in press) are exploring similar questions concerning the content of "culture as it is experienced by children and the social and lin­guistic interactions which lead to "cultural compe­tence."

New research on the acquisition of culture will re­quire a conception of culture as something that be­comes part of the behavioral and mental repertoire of an individual. There is no general consensus among anthropologists, however, regarding the best way to conceptualize culture. Robert A. LeVine (1979) has noted that recent concept validations have been based on metaphors drawn from law (norm, rule, sanc­tion), theatre (role, actor, script), linguistics and philosophy (code, discourse, symbol), and literary and theological analysis (metaphor, text, narrative). In these diverse formulations, there is the common no­tion of culture as a collective organization of ideas concerning what is and what ought to be; that is, a set of shared beliefs and values approximating the co­herence of an ideological system. These ideas are manifested in social communication; indeed, they de­fine the purposes of communication and the mean­ings of communicative acts. In this sense, culture sub­sumes language, and the socialization of the child can be viewed as learning to encode and decode com­munications in a particular cultural context.

It seems inevitable that an increasing number of researchers will be drawn to the study of the cultural aspects of socialization; that they will build upon emerging conceptions of communications and coding systems; aJ?d that new approaches to culture, such as those proposed by Clifford Geertz (1975) and Victor Turner (1976) will be critically assessed by re­searchers studying children. The Committee on So­cial and Affective Development has planned a series of activities to address these emerging issues in the study of culture acquisition.

The development of self

The self and the measurement of self have been important topics for many social and personality theorists (see, for example, Mischel 1979). While there has been considerable research on the concept

VOLUME 34, NUMBER 2

of self at points in adolescence and adulthood, rela­tively little work has focused on the young child's development of a sense of self. There are many rea­sons for this neglect, including a fundamental diffi­culty in developing methods which operationalize the self concept, especially in children. The committee believes that these measurement problems should not deter researchers from studying such a central fea­ture of development.

Fritz Heider (1958) and others have argued very persuasively that all social interactions and interper­sonal relationships require minimal understandings of participants' self concepts. Such notions as empathy, or simply the ability to place oneself in the role of an­other, are important examples of the role of self at work in interpersonal relationships. Of particular interest to the committee has been the relationship between self development and emotional develop­ment. While it is possible to study emotions by analyz­ing facial expressions or physiological changes such as heart rate, it is logically impossible to state that a child feels a particular affect without first postulating a no­tion of self. Michael Lewis and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn (1979) argue that children may h~ve emotional be­havior but will not have emotional experiences until the "I" in "I am sad" or "I am happy" or "I am fright­ened" has-been established. Emotional experience in­volves the self both as object and subject.

The evolving self must be viewed as a central force in development, capable of organizing a wide range of emerging cognitions, feelings, and behaviors. It is constructed from elements of immediate social in­teraction, from culture, and from self-directed ef­forts. In the coming years, the committee would like to encourage new work on the development of self. Some of the issues it hopes to address are (1) the measurement of self, including self reports, physio­logical measures, and behavioral measures; (2) a study of the categories into which children come to classify themselves, and the influence of culture, social class, and experience on these categories; and (3) the role of self in emotional, cognitive, and social development.

Developmental psychopathology

It is time for research on emotional development to benefit from a sharing of knowledge between prac­titioners and researchers in clinical settings and those researchers who study children in the laboratory, home, and schools. As Robert L. Selman and Regina Yando (1980) have recently noted, "clinical insights and empirical observation need not be antithetical

JUNE 1980

forces but alternative and reciprocal methods for understanding the relationship of normality to path­ology in a developmental context" (ix). Several clinical approaches to the treatment of troubled children which have emerged in recent years are concerned with aspects of emotional development of interest to nonclinical researchers, and there exists a growing body of important clinical research and documented observations. This work includes the biodevelop­mental approach of Sebastiano Santostefano (1978) and his colleagues, the family therapy approach of Salvator Minuchin (1979) and his colleagues, and the self development approach of Heinz Kohut (1971) and his colleagues.

Carroll E. Izard (1979) has suggested that efforts to detect and prevent social and emotional maldevelop­ment are often not grounded in conceptual frame­works that distinguish discrete emotion concepts and variables. Despite considerable recent progress in the development of emotion theory and research, there is a tendency in the laboratory and in the clinic to use such ambiguous terms as "emotional development" and "emotional problems." Often important problems are ignored or inadequately defined be­cause clinicians are compelled to focus upon gross or immediate difficulties. An increased awareness of and new research upon the complexity of discrete emo­tions would contribute to our knowledge of emotional development in these settings. Problems that seem of particular concern in this context include sadness that contributes to depression; anger that leads to aggres­sion; shame or shyness that disrupts or aborts social relations; and fear that results in school phobias.

There is insufficient research upon the process of communicating emotions between parent and child, as well as between members of the entire family sys­tem. Promising work in this area has been conducted with infants by Robert Emde (1978) and Dante Cichetti and Alan Sroufe (1978). This research ought _ to be extended to older children and the findings should be shared with and discussed by clinicians. Just as nonclinical researchers have become J;Ilore in­terested in the total family system, so have an in­creasing number of clinicians realized that treatment must include a consideration of "transactional con­texts" or "patterns of interaction" among all family members. These interaction patterns can then be re­lated to non family settings.

Clearly, much can be learned about emotions by bringing together the increasing number of re­searchers who are concerned with developmental psychopathology (see Achenbach 1974), clinicians who treat emotionally troubled children, and devel-

33

opmental researchers studying emotional develop­ment. Our knowledge of the processes and progress of emotional development in all children will prosper through this interaction, which will, in turn, stimulate new theory and research.

Affects and socialization

The committee has come to view emotions as perhaps the weakest link in our understanding of child development. While there has been increasing attention to measurement procedures, and to the physical expression of affect in infants and children, there has been only minimal attention to emotions as they are represented in verbalizations, cognitions, and social behavior. Emotions exist not only as re­sponses to stimulus events and as expressive social signals, but also as more enduring personal states such as moods, temperaments, motivations, and traits. Furthermore, the path of human development leads to increasingly complex affective configura­tions. For example, we know little about the emergence and behavioral elaboration of guilt, love, and the drive for achievement. Yet they clearly playa major role throughout the life course.

Patterned social interactions and persistent behav­Ior in nonsocial situations can only occur with an involvement of the emotions. Successful socialization involves motivations and commitments. One area of developmental research that has addressed the com­plex relationship of affects to emerging social behav­ior has been the study of empathy. To experience empathy, a person must perceive the specific affect of another (perception, social sensitivity), distinguish between that person's identity and feelings and one's own circumstances (cognition), and, finally, experi­ence a similar affect to the observed other (emotion). This vicarious affective response has the potential to motivate a variety of prosocial behaviors and a grow­ing body of research shows that empathy relates to altruism and helping beh_aviC!rs (Hoffman 1977).

Many unresolved issues in the study of empathy remain. Most existing research has focused on em­pathy for others' states of distress, but we know little about empathy for others' positive feelings. The so­cialization of empathy remains a mystery: how does early interaction with parents encourage or hinder the development of empathy? Yet current ap­proaches to the study of empathy provide useful models for considering broader questions about the relationship of affects to developing social behavior. Research on friendship formation, relationships to authority and to the antecedents of delinquency, to 34

name only a few topics, would all benefit from a more comprehensive knowledge of the role of affects in childhood socialization.

The Committee on Social and Affective Development During Childhood anticipates a series of activities that will emphasize the role of emotions in socialization and will examine the nature and growth of children's early emotional experiences and conceptions of af­fect. Studies are needed that document how varying social interactions and circumstances help shape ini­tially transitory affects into more lasting affective qualities-qualities that have profound implications for development.

Through its activities, the committee hopes to en­courage innovative research on the affects, cogni­tions, and social experiences that produce, and transform over the years, the wide variety of behav­iors characterizing the socially competent adult. It believes that innovative contributions to our knowl­edge of socialization will flow from research efforts that are integrative, interactive, dynamic, and inter­disciplinary. Research that is integrative will address the relationships between social, affective, and cogni­tive variables. Interactive research will recognize the mutual influence that occurs between adult and child. Research that is dynamic will examine change, will consider those factors that modulate and shape emer­gent social and affective behavior into increasingly more subtle personality traits and interpersonal skills. Finally, the committee is convinced that the study of socialization requires an interdisciplinary per­spective-an awareness that development transpires in a social structure and a cultural context, in­volving both psychological and biological processes. From birth (some say even sooner) all four levels exert their influence as the apparently "Brownian movements" of infancy begin. Socialization intro­duces patterns as the levels collide and interact. The seemingly random movements and sounds of infancy gradually give way to the coordinated, articulate, and socially effective gestures of the adult. While the Committee on Social and Affective Development During Childhood strives to illuminate further the social and emotional underpinnings of these emer­gent gestures, it is committed to the belief that all pieces of the puzzle are related, no matter how in­visible some of the connecting strands might seem. 0

References Achenbach, Thomas, Developmental Psychopathology. New York:

Ronald Press, 1974. Bandura, Albert, "Social Learning Theory of Identificatory Pro­

cesses," in David A. Goslin (editor), Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969.

VOLUME 34, NUMBER 2

Benedict, Ruth, "Continuities and Discontinuities in Cultural Conditioning," Psychiatry, 1: 161-167 (1938).

Cichetti, D. and Sroufe, L. Alan, "An Organizational View of Affect: lllustrations from the Study of Down's Syndrome In­fants" in Michael Lewis and Leonard Rosenblum, (editors), The Development of Affect. New York: Plenum Press, 1978.

Clausen, John A. (editor), Socialization and Society. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1968.

Emde, Robert et al., "Emotional Expression in Infancy: I. Initial Studies of Social Signaling and an Emergent Model," in Michael Lewis and Leonard Rosenblum (editors), The Develop­ment of Affect. New York: Plenum Press, 1978.

Erikson, Erik H., Childhood and Society. New York: Norton, 1963. Freud, Sigmund, The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud. New York:

Modern Library, 1938. Geertz, Clifford, The Interpretation of Cultures. University of

Chicago Press, 1973. Hartshorne, Hugh and May, Mark A., Studies in Deceit. New

York: Macmillan, 1928. Heider, Fritz, The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York:

John Wiley and Sons, 1958. Hoffman, M. L., "Empathy, Its Development and Prosocial Implica­

tions," in C. Keasey (editor), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Volume 25. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1977.

Izard, Carroll E., Unpublished memorandum to the Social Sci­ence Research Council, 1979.

Kohlberg, Lawrence, Stages in the Development of Moral Thought and Action. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969.

Kohut, Heinz, Analysis of Self: Systematic Approach to the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders. New York: International Universities Press, 1971.

LeVine, Robert A., Unpublished memorandum to the Social Sci­ence Research Council, 1979.

Lewis, Michael and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Socwl Cognition and the Acquisition of Self. New York: Plenum, 1979.

Minuchin, Salvator, Families and Family Therapy. Cambridge: Har­vard University Press, 1979.

Mischel, Theodore (editor), The Self.' Psychological and Philosophical Issues. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman & Littlefield, 1979.

Nelson, K., "Social Cognition in a Script Framework," in John Flavell and Lee Ross (editors), Developmental Socwl Cognition: Frontiers and Possible Futures. New York: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming.

Santostefano, Sebastiano, A Biodevelopmental Approach to Clinical Child Psychology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978.

Sapir, Edward, "The Emergence of the Concept of Personality in a Study of Cultures," pages 590-597 in David G. Mandelbaum (editor), Selected Writings of Edward Sapir . ... Berkeley: Univer­sity of California Press, 1949. First published in 1934.

Schieffelin, Bambi, "Getting it Together: An Ethnographic Ap­proach to the Study of the Development of Communicative Competence," in E. Och (editor), Developmental Pragmatics. New York: Academic Press, 1980.

Schwartz, Theodore A., "The Acquisition of Culture." Paper prepared for Conference on the Self, Center for Psychosocial Studies, September 1978.

Selman, Robert L. and Regina Yando (editors), "Clinical Devel­opmental Psychology," No.7 in William Damon (editor), New Directions for Child Development. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1980.

Shweder, Richard A. and Nancy C. Much, "Speaking of Rules: The Analysis of Culture in Breach," No.2 in William Damon (editor), "Moral Development," in New Directionsfor Child Devel­opment. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1979.

Turiel, Elliot, "The Development of Concepts of Social Structure: Social Convention," in Joseph Glick and K. Alison Clarke­Stewart (editors), The Development of Social Understanding. New York: Gardner Press, 1978.

Turner, Victor W., Forest of Symbols. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1976.

Whiting,]. W. M. and Beatrice B. Whiting, Children of Six Cultures: A Psycho-cultural Analysis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1975.

50th Anniversary of the 1930 Hanover Conference

THE COUNCIL WAS FOUNDED IN 1923 and incorpo­rated in 1924. In the summer of 1925, the Council's board met in Hanover, New Hampshire with a group of psychologists. At this meeting, the new Committee on Projects was reconstituted as the Committee on Problems and Policy (P&P), which has served ever since as the Council's intellectual governing body, its gatekeeper for programs and projects. The setting was clearly satisfactory from P&P's point of view, since the following year Hanover was again selected. At this 1926 meeting, Bronislaw Malinowski, then on his first visit to the United States, expounded "the virtues of functionalist anthropology to a receptive audience of American social scientists."l

I George W. Stocking, Jr., "Clio's Fancy: Documents to Pique

JUNE 1980

The letters of Robert Redfield to his wife keep the past alive

A series of six Hanover conferences was held; the last, and apparently the largest, was held in 1930. Most conferences included a week-long meeting of P&P, an annual meeting of the board, and a series of substantive conferences attended by both board members and invited guests. The conferences took place in late August and early September and were sometimes referred to as "Summer Conferences." The entire New York staff generally attended, so in effect the Council moved to Hanover for this period.

An annual grant of $15,000 from the Rockefeller

the Historical' Imagination," History of Anthropology Newsletter, 2 (1978), page 10. See also Stocking's Anthropology at Chicago: Tradi­tion, Discipline, Department Goseph Regenstein Library, University of Chicago, 1979), pages 18-19.

35

Foundation paid the travel and expenses of the par­ticipants at the Hanover conferences, but the minutes of the P&P meeting at the 1930 conference contain a hint that this grant was not to be indefinitely renewa­ble. In any event, the 1931 meeting was held, with fewer invited guests·, at Siasconset, on the island of Nantucket off Cape Cod (those really were the Good Old Days!), and subsequent summer meetings were held in Franconia, New Hampshire (in 1932, in the midst of the Roosevelt-Hoover election campaign, and again in 1933); at Lake George, New York (1934); at Shawnee-on-Delaware, Pennsylvania (1935); Swampscott, Massachusetts (1936); and Skytop Lodge in the Poconos (1937). Skytop seems to have been the ideal site, and the Council's annual meeting was held there-except during the war years-most of the time for the next three decades.

The 1930 Hanover conference consisted not only of a 10-day meeting of P&P and a five-day meeting of the board-it was also an occasion for a series of seminars organized by the Council. These were on legal research, international research, economic re­search, .and research on the interaction of culture and personality. In addition, the directors of a number of leading foundations were invited by the Council to conduct a series of discussions of their own on problems of foundation administration and on the relationship of foundations to research.

There were six evenings devoted specifically to speakers, including Isaiah Bowman on "Geography as a Social Science" and Edward Sapir on "The Cultural Approach to the Study of Personality."

By most accounts, the Hanover conferences were both intellectually and organizationally important­particularly in furthering the Council's interdiscipli­nary goals. A final assessment of their importance either to the Council or to the social sciences has yet to be made. Some think they were an inefficient way to advance social science research, while others note that references to presentations at Hanover are not un­common in the literature. They undoubtedly had many intellectually exciting moments, but it is diffi­cult to appreciate how exciting they were by reading the reports, which were written in the flat language of consensus that characterizes most of the reports and minutes of organizations. Fortunately for us, how­ever, the 33-year old University of Chicago an­thropologist Robert Redfield was invited to the 1930 conference, and he wrote a series of letters to his wife that convey much of the excitement of the event. We are equally fortunate that these letters were located and edited by George W. Stocking, Jr., the University of Chicago anthropologist and historian of an-

36

thropology. He published the letters in his History of Anthropology Newsletter in 1978; what follows is a slightly abridged version of Stocking's account and of the letters themselves, which are reprinted by permis­sion of the Joseph Regenstein Library, University of Chicago. A few explanatory comments have been added in brackets.

Stocking's account

In 1930, Robert Redfield, who had just published TepoztllLn and was embarking on his extended re­search on culture change in Yucatan, was invited to Hanover by his Chicago colleague Edward Sapir, one of the members of the Conference inner circle. Red­field's refreshing observations on what was in fact his own entree into the upper echelons of American so­cial science are preserved in a series of letters he wrote to his wife Margaret Park Redfield, from which the following excerpts are taken.

Redfield's letters

Thursday morning ... There was much conversation last night and

[Edward] Sapir [age 46] and [Harold D.] Lasswell [age 28] kept it up till midnight. How those two can talk, especially Lasswell! I feel very poorly equipped in this company. They are so wise in the ways of the aca­demic world, and make so many brilliant suggestions. ... I do not feel completely at ease in the company of such scintillating intellects.

Friday morning ... The place is overrun with pedants and potentates. The potentates are the executive secretaries of the big foundations-collectively they represent huge­staggering-amounts of money that has been set aside for research. The pedants have invited the potentates so that the potentates may see how pedants do their most effective thinking, and how they ar­range to spend that money. But no one mentions money, one speaks of "research," "set-up" and "sig­nificant results." Golly, its awful. There are about seventy here in all. The Social Science Research Council pays their fares, and boards them, and feeds them, and washes their clothes, and gives them cards to the golf club, and then expects them to produce Significant Results.

I see Judd (School of Education) crossing the street. On the verandah under the tall colonial portico, Walter Rodgers is talking to Robert Lynd [age 38; then permanent secretary of the Council]. There is a special conclave of lawyers: Bigelow is here, and the

VOLUME 34, NUMBER 2

Deans of many another law school, and Judge Car­dozo is expected.

Thus do I touch the skirts of the Olympians.

5:30 Friday evening It is rather amusing to watch the Effective Minds in

action, but also a little depressing, like watching Shaw's he-ancients. Besides the psychological­ps ychia tric- an th ropo- sociological com mit­tee of mine, three visitors were there, distinguished educators (Judd was one). They all wore glasses, mustache and small pointed beard, and an intellectual expression. They were so alike they reminded me of naive efforts to portray the Trinity.

The psychologists run to fancy eye-glasses. Allport wore yellow glasses. Gardner Murphy [age 35] wore violet glasses. Sapir has the usual white glasses, but they are new bi-focals.

The discussion centered around the W. I. Thomas project to study crime and insanity among the Scan­dinavians, and the Lawrence Frank proposal to bring foreign students to a great seminar to train them to make standardized studies of their own cultures.

If I were more courageous I would enter into these discussions, because the only words you have to know are "approach" and "set-up" ...

Sunday evening In not many minutes Dr. Sapir is going to deliver a

lecture in this room; if I hurry I can get this letter written before his begins.

Where was I? Oh yes, last night Isaiah Bowman [age 52] delivered a talk on geography as a social science. It was pretty awful claptrap, and as Bowman is an aggressive, not very tactful person, the others

were laying for him, and there was a good deal of bickering not too well clothed in the subtleties of academic etiquette. It went on and on till eleven o'clock came. Then I hurried to the dormitory, and tumbled into bed. But Young, Lasswell, and some others wanted to work off their excitement and sense of ridicule, which they did, across the hall, with the help of some gin and ginger ale, and the racket kept up till late.

The session of the Committee this morning was quite interesting, especially a rather sharp conflict between the psychometric-statistical viewpoint on the one hand, and the psychiatric-sociological view on the other. The principal psychiatrist present is Harry Stack Sullivan [age 38], a droll person, and interest­ing. He is another one, like Sapir and Lasswell, with the gift of tongues. When the three of them get to­gether the polysyllabic confluences are amazing. I have found Sullivan's talk highly interesting, giving me glimpses into a field I know nothing about.

After a very large and very excellent Sunday dinner at the attractive [Hanover] Inn pictured above [on the letterhead], and the aforementioned conversation with Sullivan, I played tennis with Lasswell. He is much better than I, and he beat me in straight sets. It was grand for me-it is fun to butt oneself against someone stronger--one can let onself go utterly. I ran him around a little at times, and he was surprised to see me not totally infirm. It is amusing to see how he conceived me, and how playing tennis w~th him made him alter his conception of me. Lasswell is a sort of all-around fair-haired lad, with mental brilliance, physical effectiveness, and the most unrestrained self confidence .... The talk is about to begin. Have to stop. 0

Fellowships and Grants

CONTENTS 38-41 INTERNATIONAL DOCTORAL RESEARCH

FELLOWSHIPS Africa, China, Japan, Korea, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Near and Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Western Europe

41-44 GRANTS FOR INTERNATIONAL POST­DOCTORAL RESEARCH Africa, China, Eastern Europe, Japan, Korea, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Near and Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia

THESE PAGES Jist the names, affiliations, and topics of the individuals who were awarded · fellowships or grants by Council committees during the past few months. The grant

JUNE 1980

programs sponsored by the Council and the grant and fellowship programs sponsored by the Council jointly with the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) are both reported here. The programs are supported in part by a grant from the Ford Foundation and a matching grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Ad­ditional funding for the Latin America and Caribbean programs is provided by the Andrew W. Mellon Founda­tion and for the Japan postdoctoral program by the Japan-United States Friendship Commission. Unless it is specifically noted that a program is administered by the ACLS, the programs listed are administered by the Coun­cil.

In the administration of its fellowship and grant pro­grams, the Social Science Research Council does not dis-

37

criminate on the basis of race, creed, color, national origin, sex, age, disability, or marital status.

The programs change somewhat every year, and in­terested scholars should write to the Council for a copy of the new brochure.

INTERNATIONAL DOCTORAL RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS

Awards for dissertation research abroad have been an­nounced by the area committees of the Social Science Re­search Council and the American Council of Learned Societies. These committees administer the program of International Doctoral Research Fellowships (formerly the Foreign Area Fellowship Program). ~he Screening C~m­mittees are listed under the area hsts. The Screemng Committee for all five Asian programs consisted of Frank P. Conlon, Bruce Cumings, jack L. Dull, Susan Mann jones, Richard P. Madsen, Kathryn Sparling, Donald K. Swearer, jean Taylor, Sylvia]. Vatuk, and D. Eleanor Westney.

AFRICA

The following dissertation fellowships were awarded by the Doctoral Research Fellowship Selection Committee for Africa-Diann H. Painter (chairman), Rene A. Bravmann, Bennetta jules-Rosette, Peter Anyang'Nyong'o, Paul H. Riesman, and Marcia Wright-at its meeting on March 5, 1980. It had been assisted by the Screening Committee­Frederick Cooper, Monique P. Garrity, Ivan Karp, and Gayle H. Partmann.

Thomas j. Bassett, Ph.D. candidate in geography, Univer­sity of California, Berkeley, for research in the Ivory Coast and Senegal on peasant economy and livestock in northern Ivory Coast

Marla C. Berns, Ph.D. candidate in art history, University of California, Los Angeles, for research in Nigeria on the Gongola Basin and the role of art history in historical reconstruction

Phyllis]. Boanes, Ph.D. candidate in history, Northwestern University, for research in Ghana on the family and household in 19th century Asante

Katherine A. Demuth, Ph.D. candidate in linguistics, In­diana University, for research in Lesotho on the acquisi­tion of tense and aspect in Sesotho

William R. Duggan, Ph.D. candidate in history, Columbia University, for research in Botswana on the history of cultivation

Alan P. Fiske, Ph.D. candidate in behavioral sciences, Uni­versity of Chicago, for research in Upper Volta on the invocation of norms as a process of social reference to relations of shared substance, authority, and reciprocity among the Mossi

Paul W. Heisey, Ph.D. candidate in economics, University of Wisconsin, for research in Botswana on employment and income in Botswana's arable agriculture

Sharon E. Hutchinson, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, University of Chicago, for a restudy of the Nuer of the southern Sudan

james C. McCann, Ph.D. candidate in history, Michigan State University, for research in Ethiopia on adaptation

38

on the Ethiopian periphery: Ras Hailu's Gojjam, 1900-1935

CHINA

The following dissertation fellowships were awarded by the joint Committee on Contemporary China-Burton Pasternak (chairman), Cyril Birch, Paul A. Cohen, Robert F. Dernberger, Merle Goldman, Harry Harding,jr., Victor H. Li, Richard Solomon, and Martin K. Whyte-at its meeting on February 22-23, 1980.

Mark E. Lewis, Ph.D. candidate in history, University of Chicago, for research in China, japan, Paris, and Lon­don on the metamorphosis of early imperial Chinese military systems, with special reference to the origins of the Sui-Tang empires

Michael Marme, Ph.D. candidate in history, University of California, Berkeley, for research in Taipei on the urban center of Su-chou and its elite, 1368-c.1550

Sun Lung-kee, Ph.D. <:andidate i~ history, Stanfor~ lJni­versity, for research 10 ShanghaI, Tokyo, and TaIpeI on the Shanghai intellectual community, 1927-1937

Paul]. Smith, Ph.D. candidate in history, University of Pennsylvania, for research in Kyoto on Song fiscal ad­ministration and its impact on the regional economy

JAPAN

Under the program sponsored by the joint Committee on japanese Studies, the Subcommittee on Grants for Research-Haruhiro Fukui (chairman), Koya Azumi, Harumi Befu, William B. Hauser ,j. Thomas Rimer, and Gary R. Saxonhouse-at its meeting on March 14-15, 1980 voted to make awards to the following individuals.

Theodore C. Bestor, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Stanford University, for research in japan on the social organization of entrepreneurship in an urban commer­cial neighborhood

jennifer M. Corbett, Ph.D. candidate in economics, Uni­versity of Michigan, for research in japan on monetary policy and the internationalization of the japanese econ­omy

Norma Moore Field, Ph.D. candidate in East Asian studies, Princeton University, for research in japan on the motifs, images, and language of The Tale of Genji

Edward B. Kamens, Ph .D. candidate in East Asian lan­guages and literatures, Yale University, for research in japan on Minamoto no Tamenori's Samboekotoba (a 10th century introduction to the history, doctrines, and prac­tice of Buddhism)

Gregory j. Kasza, Ph.D. candidate in political science, Yale University, for research in japan on the Home Minis­try and the consolidation of japan's military­bureaucratic state, 1936-1945

KOREA

The following dissertation fellowship was awarded by the joint Committee on Korean Studies-Gari K. Ledyard (chairman), Bruce Cumings, Roger L. janelli, Chae-jin Lee, Young I. Lew, David R. McCann, and james B. Palais-at its meeting on March 7-8, 1980.

VOLUME 34, NUMBER 2

Sherrill McCullough Davis, Ph.D. candidate in East Asian languages and civilizations, Harvard University, for research in Korea and Japan on the process of cultural transmission from the Asian continent through the Ko­rean peninsula from the 4th through the 8th centuries

LA TIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

The following fellowships were awarded by the Doc-. toral Research Fellowship Selection Committee for Latin America and the Caribbean-Franklin Tugwell (chair­man), Allen Johnson, Frank R. Safford, Saul Sosnowski, and Lance Taylor-at its meeting on February 15, 1980. It has been assisted by the Screening Committee-Stephen G. Bunker,Joan R. Dassin, Thomas Flory, Merilee S. Grindle, Fretlerick G. Hensey, and John M. Ingham

William D. Belzner, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Uni­versity of Illinois, for research in Ecuador on the musical systems of the Canelos Quichua, Shuar, and Achuar Indians

Marc Edelman, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Colum­bia University, for research in Costa Rica on the impact of an expanding export economy on peasant production of basic food grains

Clark Erickson, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Univer­sity of Illinois, for research in Bolivia on prehistoric intensive agricultural systems

Julie M. Feinsilver, Ph.D. candidate in sociology, Yale Universitl' for research'in Cuba and'Puerto Rico on the politics 0 public health

Ricardo Godoy, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Colum­bia University, for research in Bolivia on mining and the peasant economy of the Jukumani Indians

Ann 1:. Golob, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, City Uni­versity of New York, for research in Ecuador and Peru on the history of the Upper Amazon, 1650-1767

Frances Hagopian, Ph.D. candidate in political science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, for research in Brazil on the effects of regime transformation on tradi­tional elites

Jonathan D. Hill, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, In­diana University, for research in Venezuela on the musi­cal performance system of the Korripaco Indians

Erick D. Langer, Ph.D. candidate in history, Stanford Uni­versity, for research in Bolivia on rural society and land tenure patterns in Chuquisaca, 1880-1930

Suzanne M. Lewenstein, Ph.D. candidate in archeology, Arizona State University, for research in Belize on pre­historic modes of production at Cerro Maya

Susan Lowes, Ph.D. -candidate in antnropo[ogy, Colum­bia University, for research in Antigua and the United Kingdom on the creation of a black middle class in the British West Indies -

Scott P. Mainwaring, Ph.D. candidate in political science, Stanford University, for research in Brazil on the erosion of an authoritarian regime

Deborah Merrill, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Cornell University, for research in Mexico on commercial beekeeping as a production strategy in a peasant econ­omy

Kathleefol Newman, Ph.D. candidate in Spanish language and ht~rature, Stanford University, for research in Argenttna on the social and historical implications of the Argentine political narrative, 1929-1979

Sharon Phillipps, Ph.D. candidate in sociology, University

JUNE 1980

of New Mexico, for research in Panama on labor policy under the Torrijos regime

Mary-Elizabeth Reeve, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, University of Illinois, for research in Ecuador on women's roles in production and their political significance within the Canelos Quichua Federation movement

Deborah L. Riner, Ph.D. candidate in political science, Princeton University, for research in Europe, the United States, Argentina, Colombia, and Peru on Euromarket borrowing and political change in Argentina, Colombia, and Peru

Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, The Johns Hopkins University, for research in Domimca on political consciousness among a Caribbean peasantry

Adriaan van ass, Ph.D. candidate in history, University of Texas, for research in Guatemala on the Catholic Church in colonial society, 1524-1821

NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST

The following dissertation fellowships were awarded by the Doctoral Research Fellowship Selection Committee for the Near and Middle East-Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot (chairman), Renata Holod, Joel Migdal, Francis E. Peters, and Marilyn Waldman-at its meeting on February 26, 1980. It had been assisted by the Screening Committee­Michael Bonine, Michael C. Hillman, Paul W. Rabinow, and Jerome B. Weiner.

Barbara Cottle Johnson, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, University of Massachusetts, for research in Israel and India on women's role in the maintenance of the bound­aries of social stratification among Cochin Jews

Muneera Murdock, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, State University of New York, Binghamton, for research in the Sudan on the impact of agricultural development on the Shukriya of eastern Sudan, a pastoral society

Andrew J. Newman III, Ph.D. candidate in Islamic studies, University of California, Los Angeles, for research in Egypt, Iran, and India on the life and works of Muham­med Baqir Majlisi

Saadia Sabah, Ph.D. candidate in sociology and an­thropology, Purdue University, for research in Morocco on the Moroccan lower level bureaucrat as a mediator between local and national systems

Daniel J. Schroeter, Ph.D. candidate in Near Eastern studies, University of Manchester, for research in Morocco on the history of Essaouira (Mogdor), 1764-1912

SOUTH ASIA

The following dissertation fellowships were awarded by the Joint Committee on South Asia-Stanley J. Hegin­botham (chairman), McKim Marriott, Michelle B. McAl­pin, Barbara D. Metcalf, Wendy D. O'Flaherty, John F. Richards, Myron Weiner, and Joanna Williams-at its meeting on March 28-30, 1980.

San jib Kumar Baruah, Ph.D. candidate in political science, University of Chicago, for research in three districts in India on agrarian structures, economic change, and peasant political participation

39

Carol A. Boyack, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Yale University, for research in Andhra Pradesh on women and economic development in rural South India

Anis A. Dani, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Univer­sity of Pennsylvania, for research in Pakistan on chang­ing patterns of conflict in rural Punjab

Catherine Sandin Meschievitz, Ph.D. candidate in history, University of Wisconsin, for research on law and society in South India, 1802-1862, with special reference to caste

SOUTHEAST ASIA

The following dissertation fellowships were awarded by the joint Committee on Southeast Asia-Stuart A. Schlegel (chairman), Benedict R. Anderson, Alton Becker, David Dapice, Daniel S. Lev, Lim Teck Ghee, Michelle A. Rosaldo, and Alexander Woodside-at its meeting on March 7-9, 1980.

Gregory L. Acciaioli, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Stanford University, for research on age, sex, inher­itance, and the organization of inequality among the Western Toraja of Central Sulawesi

Bowman Kimble Atkins, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Cornell University, for research in Thailand on the inte­gration of modern and Buddhist systems of education

S. Ahmad Hussein, Ph.D. candidate in political science, Yale University, for research in Malaysia on the political challenge of both the Dakwah Islamiyyah and dissent in the Malay community

Cornelia Ann Kammerer, Ph.D. candidate in anthropol­ogy, University of Chicago, for research in Thailand on Akha metaphysics and ritual

Nancy Melissa Lutz, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, for research in In­donesia on language and marriage exchange in Laran­tuka

Marina Roseman, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Cor­nell University, for research in Malaysia on the use of music in curing among the Temiar

Rohini S. Talalla, Ph.D. candidate in regional development planning, University of California, Los Angeles, for re­search in Malaysia on ethnodevelopment, particularly among the Orang Asli

WESTERN EUROPE

The following dissertation fellowships were awarded by the Doctoral Research Fellowship Selection Committee for Western Europe-juan J. Linz (chairman), Gerald D. Feldman, j. Lionel Gossman, joseph Lopreato, and Michael j. Piore-at its meeting on March 28, 1980. It had been assisted by the Screening Committee-Robert j. Be­zucha, Robert j. Flanagan, jan T. Gross, Susan Harding, Thomas Laqueur, and Timothy A. Tilton.

Carol Armstrong, Ph.D. candidate in art, Princeton Uni­versity, for research in France on the aristocrat and the artist infin de stecle Paris

judith Coffin, Ph.D. candidate in history, Yale University, for research in France on the relationship of technology and women's work as exemplified by the sewing machine and by outwork in the Paris garment industry

Salvatore Cucchiari, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, University of ~ichig~n, for research in Italy on Pen-

40

tecostalism, secular culture, and modernization in south­ern Italy

jennifer Davis, Ph.D. candidate in history, Boston College, for research in the United Kingdom on working-class lawbreaking and the creation of a criminal class in Lon­don, 1856-1875

Krintine Dever, Ph.D. candidate in comparative human development, Harvard University, for research in Ire­land on parent-child relationships and life-span devel­opment among families in a rural Irish c'ommunity

Robert Fishman, Ph.D. candidate in sociology, Yale Uni­versity, for research in Spain on the labor movement and labor relations

Ann Higginbotham, Ph.D. candidate in history, Indiana University, for research in the United Kingdom on the unwed mother in late Victorian Britain

Ronnie Hsia, Ph.D. candidate in history, Yale University, for research in Germany on the Reformation and the Counter Reformation in Munster, 1480-1570

Michael jones, Ph.D. candidate in history, University of Texas, for research in the United Kingdom on Germanic migration and invasion and the evolution of early En­glish society

Richard Kremer, Ph.D. candidate in the history of science, Harvard University, for research in Germany on the decline of Naturphilosophie in the 19th century and the formulation of a new method for the physical sciences

Tessie Liu, Ph.D. candidate in history, University of Michi­gan, for research in France on the rural face of industri­alization and changing family economies in the Choletais, 1820-1914

Michael Maas, Ph.D. candidate in history, University of California, Berkeley, for research in the United King­dom and Italy on the idea of ancestral custom in jus­tinianic Constantinople

Robert Martinez, Ph.D. candidate in political science, Yale University, for research in Spain on business elites

Patricia Meyer, Ph.D. candidate in art history, University of California, Berkeley, for research in Italy on narrative realism in Venetian painting as exemplified by The Miracles of the True Cross, commissioned by the Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista

Douglas Morris, Ph.D. candidate in history, University of Rochester, for research in Switzerland on Carl Gustav jung, Hermann Rorschach, and the rise of 20th century Swiss psychiatry

Mark Motley, Ph.D. candidate in history, Princeton Uni­versity, for research in France on aristocratic education and the role of formal schooling in the development of the status of youth, 1560-1680

Laurie Nussdorfer, Ph.D. candidate in history, Princeton University, for research in Italy on urban politics in Baroque Rome

Rosemary Orthmann, Ph.D. candidate in history, Indiana University, for research in Germany on the working­class family economy in Berlin during the period of industrialization, 1874-1913

Timothy Parrish, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, New School for Social Research, for research in Spain on the role of the regional elite of La Rioja in Spanish agrarian development, 1953-1975

john Ramsbottom, Ph.D. candidate in history, Yale Uni­versity, for research in the United Kingdom on English religious nonconformity, 1660-1720

Elaine Schechter, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Columbia University, for research in Denmark and Greenland on the Greenland criminal code as an ex­periment in Danish progressive jurisprudence

VOLUME 34, NUMBER 2

Kerry Whiteside, Ph.D. candidate in ,Political philosophy, Princeton University, for research m France on the de­velopment of Maurice Merleau-Ponty's political thought

GRANTS FOR INTERNATIONAL POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH

AFRICA

The Joint Committee on African Studies-John M. Jan­zen (chairman), Dan Ben-Amos, Abdalla S. Bujra, Allen F. Isaacman, Paul M. Lubeck, August H. Nimtz, Jr., Peter Anyang'Nyong'o, Diann H. Painter, Stanley Trapido, and Marcia Wright-at its meeting on March 6-8, 1 ~80 made awards to the following individuals :

Iris Berger, research associate, African Studies Center, Boston University, for research in South Africa on women in the industrial labor force from 1930 to the early 1960s

John Miller Chernoff, research fellow, Trinity College, Legon, Ghana, for research in northern Ghana on the ethnography of the Dagomba people

Mark W. DeLancey, associate professor of government and international studies, University of South Carolina, for research in western Cameroon on the origins, develop­ment, and future role of the cooperative movement

Alison L. Des Forges, visiting lecturer, State University of New York, Buffalo, for research in Rwanda on a history of the late 18th and 19th centuries

WiIIiam M. Freund, visiting fellow, Centre for the Study of Social History, University of Warwick, for research in the United Kingdom on capital restructuring and mass re­sistance in British Colonial Africa, 1939-51

Jane I. Guyer, research associate, African Studies Center, Boston University, for research in the United States on household structure and smallholder commodity pro­duction in Africa

Susanne D. Mueller, research associate, African Studies Center, Boston University, for research in Tanzania and Kenya on the development of tobacco froduction

David A. Northrup, assistant professor 0 history, Boston College, for research in Zaire on the recruitment of African labor in eastern Zaire, 1870-1930

Judith M. Perani, assistant professor of art history, Ohio University, for research in Nigeria on patron-artist in­teractions in Nigerian craft industries (joint with Norma H. Wolff)

Harold Scheub, professor of African languages and lit­erature, University of Wisconsin, for research in South Africa on the 10 separate literatures of southern Africa

Roy Sieber, professor of fine arts, Indiana University, for research in Europe on the northern factor in Subsaharan arts and crafts

Timothy C. Weiskel, faculty fellow, Harvard University, for research in the Ivory Coast on agroecology and sociocultural change among the Baule peoples

Norma H. Wolff, instructor in anthropology, Iowa State University, for research in Nigeria on patron-artist in­teractions in Nigerian craft industries (joint with Judith M. Perani)

CHINA

Research on Contemporary and Republican China

The Joint Committee on Contemporary China-Burton Pasternak (chairman), Cyril Birch, Paul A. Cohen, Robert

JUNE 1980

F. Dernberger, Merle Goldman, Harry Harding,Jr., Victor H. Li, Richard Solomon, and Martin K. Whyte-at its meeting on February 22-23, 1980 awarded grants to the following individuals:

John D. Berninghausen, assistant professor of Chinese, Middlebury College, for research in the United States, Taiwan, and Hong Kong on literary techniques and their impact on the ideological content in Mao Dun's fiction

Wellington K.K. Chan, associate. professor of history~ ~c­cidental College, for research m Hong Kong and Chma on structural change and innovative strategy in modern Chinese business as illustrated by two Chinese-owned modern department stores (jointly supported with the Subcommittee on Research on the Chmese Economy)

Chuan Ju-hsiang, assistant professor of history, Brandeis University, for research in Beijing on women elites in the Chinese revolution (joint award with Philip West)

Susan Mann Jones, assistant professor of Chinese civiliza­tion, University of Chicago, for research in the United States on merchants and trade organizations in China's new polity

Lillian M. Li, associate professor of history, Swarthmore College, for research in Taiwan and Japan on state pol­icy, flood, and famine in the Hai River basin during the modern period

Harriet C. Mills, professor of Chinese, University of Michi­gan, for research in the United States and China on the history of modern Chinese woodcuts, 1929-1979

Lawrence R. Sullivan, assistant professor of political sci­ence, Wellesley College, for research in the United States and Hong Kong on the politics of authority in China as evidenced in the 1977-78 party-building campaign

Philip West, associate professor of history, Indiana Univer­sity, for research in Beijing on women elites in the Chinese revolution (joint award with Chuan Ju-hsiang)

Arthur P. Wolf, associate professor of anthropology, Stan­ford University, for research in Beijing on family and fertility in rural China

Margery J. Wolf, affiliated scholar with the Center for Research on Women, Stanford University, for research in China on the changing status of women

Research on the Chinese economy

At its meeting on February 15-16, 1980, the Subcom­mittee on Research on the Chinese Economy-Robert F. Dernberger (chairman), Robert M. Hartwell, Dwight H. Perkins, and Thomas G. Rawski-made its recom­mendations to the Joint Committee on Contemporary China concerning grants. The Joint Committee approved awards to the following individuals:

Wellington K.K. Chan, associate professor of history, Oc­cidental College, for research in Hong Kong and China on structural change and innovative strategy in modern Chinese business as illustrated by two Chinese-owned modern department stores (jointly supported with the Joint Committee on Contemporary China)

Carl Riskin, associate professor of economics, Queens Col­lege, City University of New York, for research in the United States and Cpina on Chinese development policies and problems during the 1958-76 period

EASTERN EUROPE

The Joint Committee on Eastern Europe (administered

41

by the American Council of Learned Societies)-Dean S. Worth (chairman), Morris Bornstein, Barbara jelavich, Kenneth T. jowitt, William G. Lockwood, Piotr S. Wan­dycz, and Thomas G. Winner-at its meeting on March 7, 1980 made awards to the following individuals:

Marianna D. Birnbaum, adjunct associate professor of Hungarian and comparative literature, University of California, Los Angeles, for research on the survival of Latinity in 16th century Hungal'y-Croatia

Anna M. Cienciala, professor of history, University of Kan­sas, for research on the Polish question in World War II

Nancy Condee, Providence, Rhode Island, for research on the reception of Soviet literature in the German Demo­cratic Republic

Thomas j. Doulis, professor of English, Portland State University, for research on modern Greek historical fic­tion, 1830-1880

Scott M. Eddie, professor of economics, University of To­ronto, for research on the limits of fiscal independence of .sovereign states in a common market: Austria­Hungary, 1867-1913

Mary Gluck, assistant professor of history, Brown Univer­sity, for research on the Lukacs Circle and the emergence of modernism infin de siecie Hungary

Micaela S. Iovine, Sofia, Bulgaria, for research on literary language among Bulgarian Catholics, 17th-19th cen­turies

Beata Kitsiki-Panagopoulos, associate professor of art his­tory and architecture, San jose State University, for re­search on the architecture of 18th century mansions in the Balkans under Ottoman rule

Gail Kligman, visiting assistant professor of anthropology, University of Chicago, for research on ideology and praxis as exemplified by ritual in contemporary Romania

john H. Komlos, assistant professor of economics, Au­rora College, for research on the origins of industrializa­tion in the Czech crown lands

Richard C. Lukas, professor of history, Tennessee Technological University, for research on Poland and the Cold War, 1945-53

jay J. Rosellini, assistant professor of German, Massachu­setts Institute of Technology, for research on a critical introduction to Volker Braun

JAPAN

Under the program sponsored by the joint Committee on japanese Studies, the Subcommittee on Grants for Research-Haruhiro Fukui (chairman), Koya Azumi, Harumi Befu, Robert M. Hauser, j . Thomas Rimer, and Gary R. Saxonhouse-at its meeting on March 14-15, 1980 awarded grants to the following individuals:

Robert Borgen, assistant professor of japanese, University of Hawaii, for research in japan on the poetry of Suga­wara no Michizane

Linda Keller Brown, senior research associate, Center for the Social Sciences, Columbia University, for research in japan on women as corporate managers

john C. Campbell, associate professor of political science, University of Michigan, for research in japan on gov­ernmental policy toward the elderly

john B. Cornell, professor of anthropology, University of Texas, for research in japan on two urbanizing villages in Okayama

42

Radcliffe G. Edmonds, jr., assistant professor of econom­ics, Southern Illinois University, for research injapan on spatial variation in the quality of primary school educa­tion in metropolitan Tokyo

W. Mark Fruin, associate professor of history, California State University at Hayward, for research in japan on the emergence and formation of the modern industrial enterprise

Terry E. MacDougall, associate professor of government, Harvard University, for research in japan on Asukata Ichio and the dilemmas of socialist leadership

james L. McClain, assistant professor of history, Brown University, for research in japan on urban political ad­ministration during the Tokugawa period

Dana Morris, researcher, Department of History, Univer­sity of California, Berkeley, for research in the United States on agriculture and society in japan during the Heian period (8th-12th centuries)

Tetsuo Najita, professor of history and Far Eastern lan­guages, University of Chicago, for research in japan on the political consciousness of Tokugawa merchants

Kate Wildman Nakai, assistant professor of history, Uni­versity of Oregon, for research in japan on the To­kugawa samurai family

Henry D. Smith II, associate professor of history, Univer­sity of California, Santa Barbara, for research in japan on transformations in japanese pictorial space, as repre­sented in views of the city of Edo (Tokyo) from the early 18th to the mid-19th century

Makoto Ueda, professor of japanese, Stanford University, for research in the United States on modern japenese poets and the nature of literature

KOREA

The joint Committee on Korean Studies-Gari K. Ledyard (chairman), Bruce Cumings, john C. jamieson, Roger L. janeIIi, Chae-jin Lee, Young I. Lew, David R. McCann, and james B. Palais-at its meeting on March 7-8, 1980 awarded grants to the following individuals :

jonathan W. Best, assistant professor of Asian art history, Wesleyan University, for research in the United States on the politics of diplomacy in the late Three King­doms period

Sung-il Choi, associate professor of political science, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, for research in the United States on the primacy of politics and the subver­sion of democracy in South Korea, 1949-1979

Griffin Dix, assistant professor of sociology and anthropol­ogy, University of Santa Clara, for research in Korea on the political economy of wealth distribution in rural Korea

Hee Sung Keel, assistant professor of religion, St. Olaf College, for research in the United States on Hyujong, the transmitter of the Korean Zen tradition

Chong-Sik Lee, associate professor of political science, University of Pennsylvania, for research in the United States on political leadership in Korea, 1945-1948

Siyoung Park, assistant professor of geography, Western Illinois University, for research in Korea on the spatial impact of growth centers on regional development

Doh C. Shin, visiting fellow, Institution for Social and Pol-icy Studies, Yale University, for research in Korea on public perceptions of the quality of life

VOLUME 34, NUMBER 2

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

The Joint Committee on Latin American Studies­Albert Fishlow (chairman), Richard R. Fagen, Shepard Forman, Jean Franco, Friedrich Katz, Larissa Adler Lom­nitz, Guillermo O'Donnell, Hans-Jiirgen Puhle, and Fran­cisco C. Weffort-at its meeting on March 13-15, 1980 awarded grants to the following individuals:

Regis D. Andrade, research officer, Center for the Study of Contemporary Culture (CEDEC), Sao Paulo, for re­search in Brazil on popular movements and the for­mation of the Brazilian state, 1930-1954

Silvia M. Arrom, assistant professor of history, Yale Uni­versity, for research in Mexico on the Mexico City poor house, 1774-1872

Frederick P. Bowser, associate professor of history, Stan­ford University, for research in Mexico on socioeco­nomic power and political change in Michoacan, 1750-1869

Julianne Burton, assistant professor of literature, Univer­sity of California, Santa Cruz, for research in the United States and Cuba on the relationship of the cinema to social change in Latin America

Roberto Da Matta, visiting professor of anthropology, U ni­versity of Wisconsin, for research in Portugal on ritual and ideology in Portugal and Brazil

Jose del Castillo, professor of sociology, Autonomous Uni­versity of Santo Domingo, for research in the Dominican Republic and the United States on the recent political history of the Dominican Republic, 1966-1979

Francisco Delich, executive secretary, Latin American Council of the Social Sciences (CLACSO), Buenos Aires, for research in Argentina and Paraguay on the agrarian bases of the Paraguayan state

Ina Dinerman, associate professor of sociology, Wheaton College, for research in Mexico on patterns of household composition, land tenure, and migration in two Mexican communities

Patricia Weiss Fagen, associate professor of history, San Jose State University, for research in Chile, Brazil, Mexico, and EI Salvador on state terror and human rights in Latin America

Alberto Flores Galindo, professor of history, Catholic Uni­versity of Peru, for research in Spain on the Peruvian mercantile class, 1760-1830

Thomas H. Flory, assistant professor of history, University of Michigan, for research in Brazil on land, society, and environmental perception in a Brazilian farming com­munity, 1750-1900

Pierre-Michel Fontaine, associate professor of political sci­ence, University of California, Los Angeles, for research in Brazil on the relationship between race and class

Richard Graham, professor of history, University of Texas, for research in Brazil on social structure, political power, and economic development in late 19th century Brazil

Evelyn Hu-DeHart, assistant professor of history, Wash­ington University, for research in Mexico on Chinese immigrants and local commercial development in north­west Mexico, 1880-1935

Charles J. Humphrey, lecturer in sociology, University of Liverpool, for research in Brazil on workers in the auto­mobile industry

Gordon D. Inglis, Seville, Spain, for research in Spain on patterns of local economy in Cuba, 1763-1790

John Randal Johnson, assistant professor of literature, Rutgers University, for research in Brazil on the role of the state in the development of the Brazilian cinema

JUNE 1980

Lyman L. Johnson, associate professor of history, Univer­sity of North Carolina, Charlotte, for research in Argen­tina on the distribution of wealth in Buenos Aires during the Rosas period

Franklin W. Knight, professor of history, The Johns Hop­kins University, for research in Cuba and Jamaica on Jamaican migrants and the Cuban sugar industry, 1900-1934

Santiago E. Kovadloff, Buenos Aires, Argentina, for re­search in Argentina on aesthetic criteria and the political process in the production of Argentine literature, 1960-1980

Oscar R. Landi, researcher, Center for the Study of State and Society (CEDES), Buenos Aires, for research in Argentina and Brazil on a comparative analysis of politi­cal culture in the two countries, 1930-1946

Linda Lewin, assistant professor of history, Princeton Uni­versity, for research in Brazil on the social history of Brazilian family law, 1889-1980

David J. McCreery, assistant professor of history, Georgia State University, for research in Guatemala on rural wage labor, 1890-1980

Ellen Messer, assistant professor of anthropology, Yale University, for research in Mexico on the community of Mitla, Oaxaca

Lisandro O. Perez, associate professor of sociology, Louisiana State University, for research in Cuba and the United States on the social demography of 20th century Cuba

Ofelia Pia netto, Cordoba, Argentina, for research in Argentina on labor organization in an agricultural ex­port economy, 1880-1930

Brian H. Pollitt, lecturer in economics, University of Glas­gow, for research in Cuba on agrarian development since 1959

Anna C. Roosevelt, curator, Museum of the American In­dian, New York City, for research in Venezuela on sub­sistence production and demography in prehistoric Parmana

Frank E. Safford, professor of history, Northwestern Uni­versity, for research in Colombia on regionalist politics, 1845-1863

Gregory P. Urban, instructor in linguistics, University of Chicago, for research in Brazil on grammatical categories among the Shokleng (G€:) Indians

Reiner Tom Zuidema, professor of anthropology, Univer­sity of Illinois, for research in Peru on the ritual and mythological organization of space in and around the valley of Cuzco

NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST

The Joint Committee on the Near and Middle East­Francis E. Peters (chairman), Ali Banuazizi, Richard W. Bulliet, ~amir Khalaf, Robert J. Lapham, Ann Elizabeth Mayer, and Amal Rassam-at its meeting on March 1 15-16, 1980 awarded grants to the following individuals:

Shahrough Akhavi, associate professor of government and international studies, University of South Carolina, for research in Egypt on the political culture of Egyptian workers

Michael E. Bonine, assistant professor of Oriental studies, University of Arizona, for research in the United Arab Emirates on Iranian merchant communities

William L. Cleveland, associate professor of history, Simon

43

Fraser University, for research in the Middle East on Shakib Arslan and the politics of Islamic nationalism

Arnold H. Green, associate professor of Arabic studies, American University in Cairo, for research in Utah on family history in the Arabic world

Kemal Karpat, professor of history, University of Wiscon­sin, for research in Turkey on migration and settlement in the Balkans and the Middle East, 1850-1920

Reinhold and Erika Loeffler, associate professor~ of an­thropology, Western Michigan University, for research in Iran on village Iran after the revolution

Fedwa Malti-Douglas, assistant professor of Oriental lan­guages, University of Virginia, for research in the Mid­dle East on blindness and the blind in medieval Islam

Thomas S. Noonan, professor of history, University of Min­nesota, for numismatic research in Anatolia on relations between the Islamic world and Eastern Europe, 800-1015

Daniel A. Wagner, visiting fellow, Harvard University, for research in Morocco on Quranic education and access to literacy in Morocco an.d Qatar . _

Marvin Zonis, associate professor of political science, Uni­versity of Chicago, for research in the Middle East on the Shah of Iran and the revolution of 1977-79

SOUTH ASIA

The Joint Committee on South Asia-Stanley J. Hegin­botham (chairman), McKim Marriott, Michelle B. McAl­pin, Barbara D. Metcalf, Wendy D. O'Flaherty, John F. Richards, Myron Weiner, and Joanna Williams-at its meeting on March 28-30, 1980 awarded grants to the following individuals:

John Carswell, curator, The Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, for a preliminary survey for the excavation of ancient Mantai, Sri Lanka

Diana L. Eck, assistant professor, Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, for research on India's sac­red geography as a study of symbol and culture

Marcia A. Fentress, research associate, Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, for research on the natural history of the Gangetic Valley

Stewart Gordon, research associate, University of Michi­gan, for research on the history of a crossable caste boundary between the Bhils and the Rajuts

John R. McLane, professor of history, Northwestern Uni­versity, for research on land, law, and dependency in rural West Bengal, 1750-1850

Morris D. Morris, professor of economics, University of Washington, for research on change and stagnation in the I ndian economy, 1700-1947

Gene H. Roghair, postdoctoral fellow in South Asian studies, University of Wisconsin, for research on Telugu oral literature in the context of hero and goddess festi­vals

Alan Roland, research associate, Southern Asian Institute, Columbia University, for psychoanalytic research on the Indian self and the adaptation of Indians to American relationships

George Rosen, professor of economics, University of Il­linois, Chicago Circle, for research on the Ford Founda­tion and its role in economic planning in I ndia and Pakistan, 1950-1970

44

Richard D. Saran, Ph.D. in ancient Indian history, Yp­silanti Regional Psychiatric Hospital, for research on Jaitaran, a Rajasthan pargana in the Mughal period

SOUTHEAST ASIA

The Joint Committee on Southeast Asia-Stuart A. Schlegel (chairman), Benedict R. Anderson, Alton Becker, David Dapice, Daniel S. Lev, Lim Teck Ghee, Michelle Z. Rosaldo, and Alexander Woodside-at its meeting on March 7-9, 1980 awarded grants to the following indi­viduals:

Leo Alting von Geusau, associate professor of philosophy, Long Island University, for research in northern Thai­land on the traditional medical system of the Akha

Bel1iamin A. Batson, research fellow, Department of Pacific and Southeast Asian History, Australian National University, for research in Thailand on Thai-Japanese relations, 1868-1945

David Bradley, lecturer in linguistics, University of Mel­bourne, for research in Thailand on the decay and ac­culturation of a Tibeto-Burman language

Thak Chaloemtiarana, associate professor of political sci­ence, Thammasat University, for research at Cornell University on dimensions of power, leadership, and legitimacy in contemporary Thai society

Clark E. Cunningham, professor of anthropology, Univer­sity of Illinois, for research in Indonesia on multiple curing systems in East Sumatra

Stephen C. Headley, research associate, Centre de Docu­mentation et de Recherche sur l'Asie du Sud-Est et Ie Monde Insulindien, Paris, for research in Java on con­cepts of time and space in Javanese divination

Reynaldo C. Ileto, assistant professor of history, University of the Philippines, for research on Southern Tagalog responses to the American occupation, 1900-1902

Audrey Kahin, editor, Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, for research in Indonesia on the changing role of Islamic leaders in the nationalist movement in West Sumatra, 1930-1950

Tsuyoshi Kato, associate professor of sociology, Kyoto University, for research in Indonesia on Minangkabau populations in Jakarta

Linda Yuen-Ching Lim, assistant professor of economics, Swarthmore College, for research in Malaysia and Sin­gapore on changing modes of industrial redeployment to deVeloping countries

Mah-Hui Lim, postdoctoral fellow in sociology, Duke Uni­versity, for research in West Malaysia on the develop­ment of the Malay business community since indepen­dence

Mattani Rutnin, professor of drama, Thammasat Univer­sity, for research in Thailand on the influence of the Chinese cultural revolution on contemporary Thai liter­ature and drama

James T. Siegel, professor of anthropology and Asian studies, Cornell University, for research in Indonesia on the place of imagery in Javanese culture

Keith Taylor, McBain, Michigan, for research on the tran­sition of Vietnamese society from a dependency of the Chinese imperial system to a fully independent kingdom in the 9th, 10th, and lIth centuries

VOLUME 34, NUMBER 2

Current Activities at the Council Indicators of social change

The Council founded its Center for Coordination of Research on Social In­dicators in Washington, D.C. in 1972 and established an Advisory and Planning Committee on Social Indicators to guide its activities. Funded principally by the National Science Foundation, the Center has from its inception been engaged in four major kinds of tasks. First, it fosters communcations on social indicators through means that include publishing Social Indicators Newsletter and maintaining a specialized research library. Second, it facilitates the development of new models of social reporting, most recently by commissioning topical social reports for a series to be published by Harvard Univer­sity Press. Third, the Center provides for the appraisal and stimulation of research on social indicators. For example, the re­search planning of the Working Group on Neighborhood Quality led to three analyses of the Annual Housing Survey data addressing (1) the relationship be­tween neighborhood conditions and satis­faction with neighborhoods, (2) the effect of race on subjective assessments of housing and neighborhood quality, and (3) the relative importance of different features of neighborhoods. The Sub­committee on Science Indicators plans to undertake an assessment of citation analysis as a research method in science indicators. Fourth, the Center encourages improvement of the scope and quality of data bases for social indicators through activities such as its conference and sub­sequent publication on the National Lon­gitudinal ("Parnes") Surveys of Labor Market Experience, which are supported by the U.S. Department of Labor.

The Center recently sponsored a work­shop on two major approaches to social accounting that seem amenable to em­pirical application in social indicators re­search: Demographic Accounts, and combined Time BudgetlNational Income and Product Accounts. Demographic Ac­counting builds upon traditional demo­graphic and sociological notions of popUlation stocks in, and flows among, various sociodemographic states (e.g., age, schooling status, labor force status, occupation, marital status, attitudes, etc.). This approach to social accounting emerged as a distinct field with Richard Stone's OECD monograph in 1971. It has

JUNE 1980

grown with a series of United Nations publications by Stone and others and now provides a unified framework for iden­tifying and correcting inconsistencies in sociodemographic data through the lon­gitudinal analysis of transition proba- ­bilities between states.

The time budget approach to social ac­counting is based on surveys that measure how people allocate time among various activities. This information is combined with recently developed economic theories of time allocation and of theories of household production and consump­tion to rearrange the extant National In­come and Product Accounts . The result­ing analyses provide insight into the values that individuals and society place on work, on raising the next generation, on social mobility, and on the search for a better life. In addition, they allow economists and other social scientists to measure and incorporate into a general framework many "productive" activities (e.g., housework, and participation in voluntary organizations) that occur out­side the market economy.

The purpose of the recent workshop was to assess the promise of these ap­proaches for increasing understanding of social change. The workshop papers are to be published by Academic Press in a volume edited by Kenneth C. Land, Uni­versity of Illinois, and F. Thomas Juster, University of Michigan.

In addition to the above tasks, the Center was urged by a 1977 site visit team from the National Science Foundation to

undertake a reconnaissance of the field of social indicators and an assessment of its current needs and accomplishments, and then to propose an agenda for future re­search in the field.

Among the new activities is one that has been inspired by a question posed by members of the NSF site visit team: In 20 years time, what will we wish we had been measuring today? In illustrating the idea, one team member conjectured that the legitimation of bilingual education could lay the foundation for separatist senti­ment in the Southwestern U.S., and urged the development of measures de­signed to provide information on such trends.

Issues J:e1ated to values and social or­ganization may serve to structure the re­port of the planning project. Recognizing the considerable importance of values in so-

cial indicators research, the Center has asked Duncan MacRae, Jr., University of North Carolinia, to address the relation­ship between values and the conduct of social indicators research. At least two questions will be discussed. One concerns the extent to which values are or should be the object of social indicators research. The second concerns the role that value choices play in the selection of research problems and the analysis of observed trends.

The activities outlined here, together with the other activities of the Center, are intended to foster sound research and act as guides to the development of social indicators during the next 10 to 20 years.

Staff appointments

David E. Myers, a sociologist, joined the Council in June as a staff associate at the Council's Center for Coordination of Re­search on Social Indicators in Washing­ton, D.C. Mr. Myers received a B.S. in sociology from Western Washington State College in 1975, an M.A. in sociology from Washington State University in 1977, and the Ph.D. in sociology from Washington State University in 1980. His research interests include human ecology and demography. With Lewis F. Carter, he is presently writing a book offering a computer-oriented introduction to statis­tics. He will serve primarily on a program of science planning for the field of social indicators.

Robert Pearson joined the Council in June as a staff associate for the Commit­tee for the Coordination of Research on Social Indicators in Washington, D.C. Mr. Pearson received a B.A. in political sci­ence from the University of Missouri in 1971, an M.A. in political science from the University of Chicago in 1973, and a Ph.D. in political science from the Uni­versity of Chicago in 1980. He comes to the Council from the National Opinion Research Center (Chicago), where he held the position of assistant survey di­rector from 1978 to 1980. His major interests are in the study of leadership selection and in the public's attitudes toward science and technology, serving as associate principal investigator on the National Science Foundation's 1979 study of the public's attitudes toward science and technology.

45

./ Recent Council Publications Elites in the Middle East, edited by

I. William Zartman. A publication of the Joint Committee on the Near and Middle East. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1980. x + 252 pages. Cloth, $21.95.

This is a volume of papers generated at a conference in Belmont, Maryland in March 1972 and at a workshop in New York in March 1975.

The scholars associated with the project decided at an early stage not to focus upon descriptions of particular elites, but rather to adopt what came to be called a "whole-system" approach to elite studies. The characteristics of elites-their social backgrounds, promotion patterns, geo­graphical and ethnic origins, ideological leanings, and generational member­ship-were viewed as data with which to measure reactions to social change and to determine the processes that lead to such outputs of the national system as policies and strategies. The result of the project is not claimed to be a new theory of e1ites­rather it is both a stock taking and an indication of new directions for 'future work.

The "Introduction," by the editor, I. William Zartman, New York University, describes the history of the project and the goals of the book. The substantive chapters are by Charles E. Butterworth, University of Maryland ("Philosophy, Stories, and the Study of Elites"); I1iya Harik, Indiana University ("Power and the Study of Elites"); Mr. Zartman ("Toward a Theory of Elite Circulation"; Leslie L. Roos,Jr., University of Manitoba ("Approaches to Elite Research"); Marvin G. Weinbaum, University of Illinois ("Structure and Performance of Mediat­ing Elites"); and Russell A. Stone, State University of New York, Buffalo ("The Impact of Elites and Their Future Study"). The book concludes with a 28-page consolidated bibliography of works referred to in the text. Because of the

cross-cutting nature of elite studies, the bibliography serves as a useful inventory of recent (largely) English-language social science research on the Middle East­from Morocco to Afghanistqn.

II The Entertainment Functions of Tele-

vision, edited by Percy H. Tannenbaum. Papers based on a conference organized by the Committee on Television and So­cial Behavior, held in New York on Octo­ber 24-25, 1975. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1980. ix + 262 pages. Cloth, $19.95.

The Committee on Television and So­cial Behavior (1973- 79) recognized early in its deliberations that among the ne­glected items on the communication re­search agenda was the great appeal of the public media in general and television in particular as a means of disseminating entertainment fare on a broad basis. This volume of studies by 12 psychologists and sociologists--one of two volumes spon­sored by the committee-focuses on tele­vision's entertainment functions.

In addition to Mr. Tannenbaum, who edited the volume, contributors include Leo Bogart, Newspaper Advertising Bureau (New York); Hilde T. Himmel­weit, London School of Economics; Marianne E. Jaeger, London School of Economics; Paul E. McGhee, Texas Technological University; Harold Men­delsohn, University of Denver; Stephen C. Scheele, University of California, Santa Barbara; Thomas J. Scheff, University of California, Santa Barbara; Jerome L. Singer, Yale University, H. T. Spetnagel, University of Denver; Betty Swift, Open University (London); and Dolf Zillmann, Indiana University.

The eight chapters that follow Mr. Tannenbaum's introduction reflect the substantial diversity of interests and con­ceptual approaches characterizing re­search in this field. The chapter by Men-

delsohn and Spetnagel, "Entertainment as a Sociological Enterprise," gives a broad historical perspective within which contemporary issues may be examined. The chapter by Singer, "The Power and Limitations of Television: A Cognitive­Affective Analysis," reports on the au­thor's research dealing with fantasy, chil­dren's learning through entertainment formats, and the like, but also on the brain-hemisphere theory separating log­ically reasoned, linear intellectual pro­cesses from more spontaneous, emotion­ally tinged neural activity. The chapter by Himmelweit, Swift, and Jaeger, "The Audience as Critic: A Conceptual Analysis of Television Entertainment," directs attention to the categories, and their underlying judgmental dimensions, of selected entertainment programming from the viewer's perspective. The chap­ter by Tannenbaum, "Entertainment as Vicarious Emotional Experience," devel­ops a set of theoretical ideas centered on the role of emotional arousal through communication. The contribution pre­pared by Zillmann, "Anatomy of Sus­pense," also utilizes an arousal model to describe and analyze the content of sus­pense. Operating from a somewhat dif­ferent theoretical stance, Scheff and Scheele explore "Humor and Catharsis: The Effect of Comedy on Audiences." McGhee's contribution, "Toward the In­tegration of Entertainment and Educa­tional Functions of Television: The Role of Humor," explores that role in abeting the use of television as a learning device. The chapter that closes the volume, "Television News as Entertainment" by Bogart, examines the influence on news programming of such factors as the in­troduction of "show business" and other audience-building techniques and for­mats in order to promote higher ratings.

SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL 605 THIRD AVENUE, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10016

Incm-poroted in the State of Illinois, December 27, 1924, for the purpose of advancing research in the social sciences

Directors, 1979-80: IRMA ADELMAN, ROSEDITH SITGREAVES BOWKER, CLIFFORD GEERTZ, PETER R. GOULD, GERALD H_ KRAMER, PHILIP W. JACKSON,

JANE B. LANCASTER, OTTo N. LARSEN, ROBERT A. LEVINE, ELEANOR E. MACCOBY, CORA BAGLEY MARRETT, DWIGHT H. PERKINS, KENNETH PREWITT,

MURRAY L. SCHWARTZ, STEPHAN A. THERNSTROM, FINIS R. WELCH, WILLIAM J. WILSON

OffICers and Staff" KENNETH PREWITT, President; DAVID L. SILLS, Executive Associate, GEORGE REID ANDREWS, RONALD AQUA, ROBERT A. GATES, MARTHA

A. GEPHART, DONALDJ. HERNANDEZ, DAVID E. MEYERS, ROBERTA BALSTAD MILLER, ROWLAND L. MITCHELL,JR., ROBERT PARKE, ROBERT PEARSON, PETER B.

READ, RICHARD C. ROCKWELL, LONNIE R. SHERROD, DAVID L. SZANTON; ANNE F. THURSTON; RONALD J. PELECK, Controller; NANCY McMANUS, Librarian

46 ~3