Istanbul University from the Establishment in 1453 by...
Transcript of Istanbul University from the Establishment in 1453 by...
21
Istanbul University from the Establishment in 1453
by Fatih Sultan Mehmed to Atatürk‟s University
Reform in 1933
Prof.Dr.Dr.Arslan Terzioğlu
I. INTRODUCTION
2003 is a very important year for it is hosting very important
events: one of the crucial events of the past millennium; the conquest
of Istanbul and the 550th anniversary of the establishment of Istanbul
University by Fatih Sultan Mehmed; the 80th anniversary of the
establishment of the Turkish Republic and the 70th anniversary of the
university reform in 1933 by Great Ataturk. Today, by the opening of
this international symposium, we will enlighten scientifically the
relations between one of the Europe‟s oldest universities; Istanbul
University’s past and the European Universities.
The Ottoman Turkish Empire was realm on 3 continents during 14th
,15th and 16th centuries. One of the reasons for this success, that this
huge empire‟s government was putting emphasis on science, technique
and young generations who would be directing the culture. The empire
was applying a multidirectional educational system. We can classify
Ottoman educational system under four dots.
1. Settlement of the universities (medreses) to educate kadı
(lawman), doctors, mufti, nişancı (Grand Chancellor),
teachers, who were civil servants at the level of civil
citizens. These universities were similar to the ones that
were established under the realm of Sultan Alparslan, the
Emperor of the Great Seljuk Empire at 11th century. Medrese
were settles in Iznik, Bursa, Edirne, and other cultural
centers(1), which have the qualifications of the Seljuk‟s
Nizamiye Universities that are considered as the first state
universities.
2. A disciplinary education based on master- learner
relationship for rasing up young talented staff on art and on
other subjects about business in the guilds like Ahilik
Association, Sedefkarlar Karhanesi, Necceran-ı Mimaran
Karhanesi(2).
3. The educational support for Ottoman army in technical
professions on military basis.
4. For the sake of the future of the empire, maintaining the
education for qualified and sophisticated young politicians
and government men at military palace universities and
schools like Enderun-u Humayun, at the palaces of Ottoman
Emperors in Istanbul and Edirne(3).
Rather than the influences of ancient Sumerian, ancient Egypt,
Museion and its library which was built in Hellenistic era in
22
Alexandria in 331 B.C, Gondeshapur medicine school that has been
established in 350 A.C, the school of science for the name of Bayt al-
hikma in Abbasid period in Baghdad at 830 A.C; the influence of
Qarahanid, Gaznawid and Seljuk Turks were dominant in this wide range
education system.
According to some science historians, Nizamiye University that
has been established in Baghdad by Seljuk Turks, was the oldest state
University in the world.
Another important point is the book of Keykavus bin Iskender „s
book that he wrote in 1082 in early Seljuk Turks realm. The book was
in Persian and named as Qabusname. This deontological book recommends
some piece of works and books that will be useful in medicine
education at hospitals and universities. It put emphasis on Galenos
Sitte Aşere and Hippocrates‟ Aforizmaz (4). After Keykavus bin
Iskender, again in Seljuks era, Nidhamii Aruzi, in his book Chahar
Maqala, counts Er- Razi‟s Hunayn bin Ishaq‟s and Ibn Sina‟s (Avicenna)
Qanun (5), beside the work of Galenos and Hippocrates. Depending to
this point, it is seen that in 12th century, in Seljuk medicine
education, Avicenna‟s Qanun was dominant. It‟s a fact that it is
reflected to Europe. The important works that shape and classify the
scşence and medicine in Europe were Hunayn bin Ishaq‟s Medhal fi‟t–
Tıbb (in Latin; Isogoge in artem - 9th century) and al – Farabi‟s (A.C
950) Kitab-ül Ihsa‟il – ulum on declaring of the sciences.
According to this and other related information, if we look at
Schipperges‟ list, depending on his researches on the books of
Europe‟s medicine schools like Salerno, Montpellier and Paris in the
middle era and Renaissance; we see the influence of Seljuk
universities and hospitals not only on medicals and hospital
architecture, but also medicine education (Table II).
This influence was so great that in the classification of
medicine and medicine education in Europe; Hunayn b. Ishaq‟s
classification was taken as basis. Prof. Dr. Schipperges‟ researches
declare it as below.
Table I:
Ars medicina (articella)
Theorica
Practica
Naturalia
(Physiology)
Nonnaturalia
(Dialectic)
Praeternaturalia
(General
Pathology,
Aetiologie
Symtomatologie)
Diaeta
Pharmacia
Chirurgia
1- Elemanta
2-
1- Aer (Air)
1- Morbus
2-Causa
23
Temperamenta
3- Humores
4- Membra
5- Virtutes
6- Actiones
7- Spiritus
Additiva
1- Aetates
2- Colores
3- Figures
4-
Sexualitas
2- Motus et quies (Movement and Resting)
3- Cibus et potus (Eating and Drinking)
4- Somnus et vigilia (Sleeping and
Awakening)
5- Excreta et retenta (Excretory and
Saturation)
6- Affectus animi (Affection of Soul)
(occasio)
3- Signum
The examinations of the doctors were done by the high civil
servants called muhtesip, which were equal to vezirs in Seljuk. In
Ottoman Empire there were “ihtisab”s servants who were responsible of
these exams.
Prof. H. Schipperges put out the fact that, this control
mechanism in Seljuk is seen in Catholic Spanish cities under the name
of Hermandades, Communidades, Germanias(8).
As we pointed out before, the medicine of the Europe of Hunayn
bin Ishaq, er – Razi, İbn Sina, Galenos and Hippocrates of Seljuk. In
addition to this; long before Friedrich the II‟s Constitutiones
Medicinales in 1231; we see a PhD thesis in medicine, submitted to
Adudi Hospital in Baghdad in Seljuk era in 1178. One of the copies of
this thesis is held in Hagia Sophia Museum today. All these lead to
the conclusion of the importance of the influence of Seljuk‟s
universities and medicine schools on Salerno Medicine School.
Schipperges point out that; Friedrich‟s Constitutiones Medicinales
(1231) was put into legislation in Seljuk‟s era with the influence of
Islam rather than the applications of health institutions of Arl,
Marcillia, Northern Italy and Germany with the influence of Roman and
Byzantium tradition. This shows the influence level of Seljuk (9)
while Seljuk education system was acting a dominant role on European
Universities of Renaissance; at the center of Byzantium, Istanbul, the
first university was established under the name “Katholicon Mouseon”
in 1400 by Byzantium Emperor Manuel II (1391 – 1425) located around
Kariye Mosque. At the establishment of this university, French and
British universities were taken as example(10).
Another important point to show the Seljuk influence is this; in
Paris University (establishment in 1254) the student were classified
into 4; according to their nationalities as: natio gallicorum, natio
picardorum, natio normanorum, natio anglicorum. 30 years bedore this;
in Mustarsirriye university (established in 1232 in Baghdad at Seljuk
era) which considered as the second university for medicine education;
there was same kind of division between students according to their
religion(11).
The Byzantium Emperor Manuel the 2nd‟s university was placed in
Prodromos Petra Monastry at first ; and then moved to Ksenon Tou
Kralou Hospital which was established in 1296. Hence this university
was giving education heavily on medicine. The last president (rector)
of this university was Joannes Argyropoulos (on duty between 1410 –
1448) who returned from Paduva University at 1444. A miniature from ;
Oxford (cod. Barroci 87 Folio, 33v) shows the portrait of the person
and a part of the mentioned medicine faculty(12).
24
II. THE CONQUEST OF ISTANBUL AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A
UNİVERSİTY İN ISTANBUL
Fatih Sultan Mehmed conquered Istanbul at 29th of May 1453 at a
very early age. He decided to make this city; Ottoman Empire‟s and
even Eupope‟s one of the very important cultural center(12a). So he
gave pace to structural organizations. He established the first
Istanbul University in Molla Hüsrev Medrese in the rooms of Hagia
Sophia, and the medrese of Molla Zeyrek in Pantokrator Monastry.
Histrorical data and the resources give us information about this
subject: on Hagia Sophia Medrese, we see information in Taşköprüzade‟s
eş – Şakaik. More detailed information is in Ebû Behrâm ed-Dimashkî‟s
translation of Atlası Minor. He gives information about Istanbul
University: Fatih Sultan Mehmed; by arranging a special budget for the
students that were going to have education; established a high school
(equal to university); at the north of Hagia Sophia(12b). This is
before the construction of the old palace (1454). The establishment of
the Istanbul University at Hagia Sophia is declared in Fatih
foundation documents.
The papers of Fatih Foundation, at the realm of Sultan Murad the
3rd, and the translations of these documents, mentiones the university
of Fatih at Zeyrek(13). In addition to this; the copy of eş–Şekaik,
page 53 of Halil Hamid Pasha Library, nb. 327 in Isparta gives
information.
Table II
THE BOOKS OF MEDICINE EDUCATION OF FATIH'S UNIVERSITY IN ISTANBUL
(BASED ON SELJUK MEDICINE EDUCATION) AND OF EUROPEAN MEDICINE
FACULTIES
SELJUKS (XI.-XIV.century) EUROPE (Salerno, Montpellier, Paris)
(XII.-XVI.yüzyıl)
1st Year
Hunayn b.Ishaq: al-
Mesa‟il fi‟t-tıbb
Hunayn b. shak: Medhal
fi‟t-tıbb
Hippocrates: Aforizmalar
(Fusul-ü Bokrat)
Hippocrates: Maü‟s-Şair
Nişabûrlu Nili’nin bu üç
eser hakkında yazdığı
şerhî
1st Year
Hunayn b.Ishaq (Johannitus): Isagoge in
artem parvam Galeni
Hippocrates: Aphorismen
Hippocrates: Prognostikon
Hippocrates: De regimine acutorum
(Constantinus Africanus tercümesinden)
2nd Year
er-Razi: Kitab at-tıbb
al-Mansuri
Galenos: Summeria
Alexandrinorum
(Galenin 16 Makalesi =
2nd Year
er-Razi (Rhazes): Liber de medicina ad
Almansorem
Galenos Summeria Alexandrinorum
(Montpellier de 1308 de)
Galenos: De malicia complexionis
25
Sitte Aşer li-Calinus)
Galenos: Teşrih-i Büzürk
Tabit bin Kurra’nın
Zahire‟si
Ebu Bekir Ecvinî’nin
Hedayası
Ahmed Ferec’in Kifâyesi
yahut Ehliyesi
Seyyid İsmail Cürcani:
Zahire-i Harzemşahî
Sehlî Mesili’: Sad Bab
De complexionibus
De ingenio sanitatis
De simplici medicina
De morbo et accidenti
De crisi et critis diebus
3rd and the other
following years
er-Razi: Kitab al-Hâwi
Ali Abbas el-Majusi:
Kitab al-Mûlûkî
İbn Sina: Kanun fi‟t-Tıbb
3rd and the other following years
er-Razi (Rhazes): Liber Continens
Haly Abbas: Liber regius (Translation of
Constantin Africanus)
İbn al-Jazzar: Viaticum (Translation of
Constantin Africanus)
Avicenna (İbn Sina): Canon medicinae (In
Paris, after 1330)
Montpeiller 16th century
In 17th century in Vallodolid,Avicenna (Ibn
Sina) Department has been establihed.
Fatih Sultan Mehmed, not only established Istanbul University in
Monasrty of Pantakrator dedicated to Molla Zeyrek. In this university,
Seljuk university system was being applied. The establishment was lead
by one of the famous scientists Molla Hüsrev. Fatih Sultan Mehmed was
also made brought the science men to Istanbul that that have
contributions to Renaissance; but had to escape from Europe because of
the conservative Catholis pressure and racist understanding in 15th
century. The scientists from Italt and Spain, such as doctors like
Ephraim bin Sandschi, Maestro Jakobo; artists, Gentile Bellini, Matteo
de Pastis; architect Antonio Filarete(14). Fatih also added to his
university these names; Greek rooted Georgios Amuritzes, who wanted
protection from Fatih after the conquest of Trabzon; Ali Kuşçi from
Semerkant; Ahmet Kutbeddin (later he was going to be the chairman of
the medicine school of Fatih‟s University) and Altunizade, Ahi Çelebi,
Beşir Çelebi from Iran(15).
By these contributions; Fatih Sultan Mehmed established the
first university; including astronomy and medicine; all positive and
applicational sciences were being thought, just like the first state
university of the world; Nizamiye Medresesi, established by Seljuk in
Baghdad in 1067, other Seljuk universities and the hospital that was
established by Yıldırım Beyazid in 1396 at Bursa(16). Fatih has given
importance to positive sciences. An example of this is Ali Kuşçi. He
26
had copleted his education in Semerkant Observation House under the
supervision of his master Uluğ Bey. Ali Kuşçi was visiting Istanbul
as a consulate, but Fatih insisted him to stay in Istanbul and be a
lecturer in his University. He was earning 200 akçe per day as his
service as a professor. This amount of money had never been given to
anyone until Ali Kuşçi(17). Some of the lectures that Ali Kuşçi gave
aat the first university of Istanbul; today can be found in Inebey
Libarary in Bursa. (nr. 24, hand written copies). Hagia Sophia Museum
has the “Muhammediye” which is dedicated to Fatih Sultan Mehmed. It
was written on astronomy and mathematics in Arabic. His second book
was in Persian in hand written form. (nr. 2733)(18).
One of our previous Rectors of Istanbul University Prof. Cemil
Bilsel (who also wrote the history of our university) declares that
“After Fatih conquered Istanbul, in Zeyrek and in Hagia Sophia (at the
university that he established), there was literature and Islamic law
education in Turkish and medicine education began with literature and
law(18a).
We have proofs for this claim. At the last period of Seljuks,
there was Amasya Hospital and Medical School established in 1308.
After 14 years of lecturing and medical practice, in 1465, Sharaf ad-
din Sabuncuoğlu wrote his famous book “Cerrahiyetü‟l Haniye” in
Turkish with surgery paintings. Later he came to Istanbul to present
his book to Fatih Sultan Mehmed. Under his masteries, we see Muhyiddin
Mehi. (later he became palace physician) and Ghıyas Ibn Muhammed
Isphahani (he was also Safawid palace physician in Persian) raised
up(18b).
According to this, at the time Fatih conquered Istanbul in 1453,
there was medicine education in the rural – prince (şehzade) city
Amasya. We can accept that there was medicine education in this first
university of Istanbul. The reason for this, in addition to Prodromos
Petra Monastry, the left parts of the Byzantium University, were
located in Ksenon Tou Kralou Hospital. The Byzantium University was
established by Manuel the second in the earlies of 1400). It is known
that the last president of this Byzantium University was Joannes
Argyropoulos, who returned from Paduva in 1444. He was a professor,
first in Florence than in Roma Universities before the conquest of
Istanbul(19). In addition to these there was a hospital in Pantokrator
(which can be considered as the first step of Istanbul University).
This hospital was established in 1204 but plundered by the crusaders.
According to some sources, it‟s been possible that, there would be a
medicine education in the remained parts of this hospital(20).
Following the first establishment, there were hospitals and medreses
in Fatih Külliyesi. In this multipurpose mosque, there was also
medicine education in addition to other sciences. We see this
information written in Fatih Foundation documents(21).
According to the old sources, in addition to Molla Hüsrev
Medrese in Hagia Sophia rooms and Molla Zeyrek Medrese in Pantakrator
27
Monastry, Fatih Sultan Mehmed has also given the start of the
establishment of the two new universities.
1. The University in Fatih Külliyesi (completed in 1470). In
this university, there were education of almost all sciences,
including medicine(21a).
2. Palace University called Enderun-u Hümayun. This university
was settled in Topkapı Palace, which was called Saray-ı
Cedid-i Âmire, between 1462 – 1478(22).
1. Fatih established the university and named with his own name:
Fatih Külliyesi. This university is the basis of today‟s
Istanbul University. The content and the schedule of the
courses were organized by Ali Kuşçi and Molla Hüsrev. This
fact was declared in Ayvansaraylı Hüseyin Efendi‟s book
called Haikat‟ül Cevami. The schedule was transferred from
Kanun-u Talebe-i Ulum(23).
According to Prof. Süheyl Unver: “Unfortunately we don‟t have
the completed one. If this is really “the order of
universities” (Medreseler Nizamnamesi) written by Molla
Hüsrev, with the approval of Ali Kuşçi, this piece of work is
very valuable. The language is the language of the period
which makes us believe that this is the original(24).
According to Sami History, the program of the universities
was organized as first college and the second college by Ali
Kuşçi(25). This will considered as a proof for the claim that
was mentioned above(26).
2. Fatih Sultan Mehmed established palace school in the old
palace which has been built after the conquest of Istanbul He
also established “Enderun Teşkilatı” in Topkapı Palace (that
was established as Saray-ı Cedid-i Âmire between 1462 –
1478). In Topkapı, there was also a palace school and Enderun
was the highest level of it(27). During the wars of Belgrad
and Bogdan; the Enderun School members and graduates acted
like Fatih‟s guards; and died for him in order to protect
him. Fatih Sultan Mehmed saw this deication and put more
emphasis on Enderun. He increased the number of people who
were studying in Enderun; and Enderun took a public identity
just like palace university(28). Fatih ordered to educate
civil servants for every level needs of government. This
information is placed in old sources like Tarih-i Ata(29).
According to Tarih-i Ata, in Enderun School, there were
cources like “Gypsy Life and Civilization, Public Services,
Politics, Art of War, Astronomy, Natural Sciences, and other
arts and sciences including medicine(30). The graduates were
getting diplomas with Sultan‟s monogram on it(31).
28
Alberto Bobovio‟s book in Italian “Saray-I Enderun”. It is
written that in Enderun University, there were not only
religious and philosophy sciences, Turkish, Arabic, Persian,
music and other arts, there were but also the education of
mathematics, technical and medical sciences. There were also
qualified Turkish and Jewish lecturers(32).
These universities and schools about Istanbul University in
Fatih time, followed by the big university, built by Sinan the
Architect in Süleymaniye Külliyesi, in Kanuni Sultan Suleyman era.
There was medicine education in Süleymaniye Hospital (which‟s
construction was completed at 14th of May, 1557) and in schools of
medicine(33). As Katip Çelebi puts in his work called Mizan‟ül Hak,
the Ottoman Empire‟s going backwards began with not paying attention
and importance to natural sciences in 17th century after Kanuni(34).
III. THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN MEDICINE EDUCATION OF
ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY
Turkey, either on technical or scientific terms was taking
Europe as example. At the beginning of the 17th century, Ottoman palace
doctors were translating the famous works of their European colleagues
in Istanbul; and by the help of translators of the Pashas in Vienna.
This might lead us to the point that Turkish medicine was becoming
European. In fact the real European attempts were achieved under the
realm of Sultan Selim the 3rd, and Sultan Mahmut. At the 2nd at the
beginning of 19th century, Sultan Selim III, has accomplished the
modernization of the navy along with the army. The law that was made
at 17th of February 1805, callede “Bahriye Kanunnamesi” declared that ,
in Istanbul Navy (Tersane-I Amire), a modern medicine center should be
established to raise doctors and surgeons. First, a hospital called
Spitalya has opened at 9th of January 1806; then Tıbhane (or Tabibhane)
has opened following to this. It has military basis. All this
information gained from archieves(35).
The hospitals were closed due to the Kabakçı case at 25th May
1807 which led to the dismiss of the Sultan Selim III; and the
following rebellious act Alemdar Mustafa Paşa case at 14th/15th of
November 1808. The hospital buildings were completely burnt down in
July 1822(36).
Chief Physician (Hekimbaşı) Mustafa Behçet Efendi, according to
some sources , who were supposed to has his medicine education in
Venice, offered to establish a modern medicine school to Sultan Mahmud
II. This proposal was accepted by the Sultan and the new medicine
school was established as Tıbhane-I Amire and Cerrahhane-I Amire at
Tulumbacıbaşı Konağı in Şehzadebaşı at 14th of March 1827(37). This
school can be considered as the step in the development of Mekteb-I
Tıbbiye-I Adliye-I Şahane. The latter was established at 17th of
February 1839 in Galatasaray by the orders of Sultan Mahmud II. The
30
IV. FROM THE IMPERIAL MEDICAL SCHOOL (MEKTEB-I TIBBIYE-I
ADLIYE-I ŞAHANE) IN GALATASARAY - ISTANBUL TO DAR‟UL –
FUNUNU OSMANI FACULTY OF MEDICINE
At the end of year 1838, the school moved to „Enderun Agaları
Mektebi‟ near Galatasaray Imperial Medical School and got the name of
“Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Adliye-i Şahane. The principal was Dr. K. A.
Bernard (1808 – 1844) from Vienna. Ziver Paşa wrote a poem about the
establisment of the department to the door of the school. This poem
was placed in Ziver Paşa‟s master work(27). He gives date for the year
but no specific month of day.
Mevki‟nde kıldı ihya Padişah Tıbhaneyi
1254
Fenn-i ebdan saye-i Şahide bulsun iştihar
1254
(Here is a calculation of ebced which means that the first
mnemonic formula of Arabic letters according to their numerical value.
Elif 1, be 2, jim 3, dal 4)
In the history of Ata, year is given as 1839, but again there is
no exact date(39).
In the archieves that we found in Haus, Hof and Staatsarchiv of
Vienna in 1989, it‟s declared that Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane has
opened with, first formal than religious ceremony at 17th of February
1839. After that with another new ceremony at 11th March 1839, the
education has begun(40). Another important point is, in both of these
ceremonies, Sultan Mahmud the second made a speech called Nutk-u
Humayun and this speech was published in the 5th of May 1872 dated and
1460 numbered issue of Takvim-i Vekayi; but nne of these are mentioned
in these sources(41).
At the end of the education year of Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane,
Sultan Abdülmecit honered and came to the final examinations that were
done at 22th of November 1840. This information is in Berliler
Medicinische Central Zeintung, issue dated 27th of November 1840(42).
After French Revolution, French became a favorite language
trougt out the Europe. In this Galatasaray Medicine School, the
education language was also French. It is important to emphasis the
point that while all the lecturers were from Vienna, why French
language was being choused. Along with Vienna Medicine School,
Josephinum was opened at 7th of November 1785 in Vienna. This school
was based on military and surgery medicine and was very famous in
Europe. It has impacts on the famous military medicine school Academia
Chirurgica Regia in Copenhagen established in 1797 and Berlin military
medicine school Pepinier(43). In addition to this, the Ottoman
diplomat Mehmed Vahid Efendi, mentiones about the military medicine
31
school Josephinum with admiration in his book Sefaretname, which was
translated to French later. He made his observations through his visit
in Vienna between 1st-17th of February 1807. He adds in his book that;
although Paris has this kind of institution; it was none better than
the one established in Vienna(44).
The director from Vienna, Dr. Bernard, organized the medicine
school at Galatasaray as taking Josephinum Vienna as example. He
established a botanic garden and made brought a gardener called Skalak
from Vienna(45). Galatasaray Mekteb-I Tıbbiye-I Sahane has a rich
library of 1300 medcicine books and mineral collection in 1842(46). Dr
Bernard was lecturing on surgery and inner diseases. The clinic
lectures were given at five patient yards of Mekteb-I Tıbbiye-i
Şahane. At school, also midwifes were raised and injections were done
free. Dr. Bernard declared that, the medicine school was giving
education for 4 years of preparation and 4 years of medicine
education. This declaration was placed in the rapport called “Rapport
sur les truvaux de l‟Ecole de Medicine de Galata-Serai”(47) in Journal
de Constantinople et des interet Orientaux, dated 26th of September
1843; and in the news of Klenckes Allgemeiner Zeitung German
Magazine(48) in 1844. The preparation school‟s lectures were; zoology,
mathematics, geography painting, calligraphy, Ottoman History,
Turkish, Arabic, and also, M.Guerrieri was giving Latin language
lectures.
In 20th of July 1842 dated Allegemenie Medicine Central Zeitung,
it is written that last week an application medicine school called
“Hospital d‟Instruction” was established in Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane.
The hospital consisted of inner diseases, surgery and eye clinics of
50 beds each(49).
There were similarities between the Galatasaray‟s education
program and the one of Josephinum – Vienna, which was being applied
till 1822 and endures for 5 years (50).
According to Allgemeine Medicinische Central – Zeitung’s 3rd of
December 1845 dated, 97th issue (sp. 776); 22th of Nov. 1845 dated news
declares that the new director Ismail Efendi (took the duty 14 years
ago) said that the preparation and the medicine education of the
school raised to 5 years each; so the complete education was totally
raised to 10 years. Dr. K.A. Bernard, after the intense work of
lecturing and management, died from Pyamie a result of Phlegmone in
his neck at the age of 36 at 2nd of November 1844. He buried in Maria
Draperis Church’s cemetery (51) Till the day he died, he wrote lots of
books in French, for his students. He wrote books on botanic,
Auskultation and Perkussion and as a result of his disease in his
eyes, he wrote a book on Bursa thermal waters after his visit for
healing(51).
The book was in French and after this he is known as the first
establisher of Balneology in Turkey. His book, published in 1844,
Pharmacopea Castrensis Ottomana, considered as the first
32
pharmacological work of Turkey. In addition to this, under his
supervision, the publishing of “la Gazette Medicale de Constantinople”
began. After his death, according to Ottoman sources in 1846, but
according to Wurzbach, in 1847, Doctor Sigmund Spitzer from Vienna
became the manager of Galatasaray Medicine School(52). Spitzer played
an important role in the education of dissection of the corpses. He
sent four successful students of the seniors to Vienna to give their
Medical Doctor exams in order to prove that Galatasary Medicine School
was giving qualified European education. In 1848, these students had
succeeded in their exams and became doctors of Vienna Medicine
Faculty(53). One of these students Musa Arif Bey, became Mekteb-i
Tıbbıye Nazırı(54) after a very profession life. Another student of
these group, Stephan Aslanian Pasha became a lecturer in Mekteb-I
Tıbbiye-I Şahane(55).
With the examinations in Vienna, the medicine school in
Galatasaray has proved its quality. During the management of Spitzer;
the school continued to live its golden age that began with Dr.
Bernard. The Sultan declared that, the Medicine School has turned to a
faculty called Darulfünun-u Tıbbıye-I Şahane(56). If we examine the
diplomas, we see that the institution name was written as “Faculté de
Medicine de Constantinople” (Istanbul Medicine Faculty) This is just
like the diplomas of European Universities, giving the doctors the
rights and privilidges of being doctors and surgeons with the words:
“docteur en Medicine et en Chirurgie”(57).
At the 11th of November 1848, after the burnt of the building at
Galatasaray, “Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane” moved to Kumbarahane
barracks. After 18 years in this building, the school had had to move
into the city walls of Topkapı Palace, because of the Cholera
epidemic. (The Kumbarhane Barracks were turned to cholera hospital.)
The military medicine school‟s managerial parts moved to red barracks
in Gülhane; the classes moved to Gergeroğlu Konağı in Hasköy. In 1874,
there was a return to Galatasaray, then back to Demirkapı in 1876 and
the management part moved to Kuleli(58)(59).
V. FROM DARÜ‟L FUNUN-U OSMANİ MEDICINE SCHOOL TO ISTANBUL
MEDICAL FACULTY OF ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY
Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Askeriye-i Şahane joined with Mekteb-I
Tıbbiye-I Mülkiye-i Şahane at the building Haydarpaşa(60) with the
recommendations of the head master Prof. R. Reider Pasha. The school
got the name of Darulfünun-u Osmani Medicine Faculty in 1909(61) and
important impacts on Turkish Medicine.
The building at Haydarpaşa, opened at the birthday of abdülmecid
the 2nd. In the planning of this building, we see Italian architects
Valauri and D‟Aranco and also the very important contributions of
Reider Pasha. He recommended to construct pavilion system, the patient
pavilions were built as the ones in Hamburg‟s Eppindorf Hospital‟s
33
Curschman type pavilions; and the main conference hall was built as
the auditorium of Leipzig‟s Surgery Clinic(62).
The lecturers of the military school came together and wrote a
letter to ministry of military at 23rd of July 1908, at the
establishment of constitutional government; asking for better
conditions for the academy. The ministry of military made the
declaration that the development of the school had being left to the
school itself. At the first meeting of the related issue; the decision
of the unifying the military and the civil medicine school had taken.
At the mentioned time, the lecturers of the civil medicine
school, Cemil, Ziya Nuri and Süleyman Numan Pashas thought that, this
kind of reform could be applicable in the civil medicine school; so
they decided to transform the civil medicine school to medicine
faculty. Both civil medicine school and Şam Mekteb-I Tıbbiye began to
give education under the supervision of ministry of education. After
being a faculty, the beginning of this institution is taken as 1st of
November, 1908. (63) This medicine school which was one of the schools
of Darulfunun-u Osmani, now referred as medicine faculty; and with
total acceptation teacher of surgery clinic, Muşir Cemil Pasha became
the Dean of this faculty(64).
The last general meeting of the lecturers of this medicine
school at Kadırga was 29th of June, 1909 and the decision for a break
till 1st of September 1909 had taken(65).
The lecturers of the military medicine school didn‟t approve the
transform of this medicine school to faculty at Kadırga.
The military medicine school joined to medicine faculty in term
of financial basis after the Minister of Finance Cavit Bey passed the
budget of 1909 of military medicine school to medicine faculty(66).
Although the academic staff problem hadn’t being solved; at 5th of
September 1909, the commission decided to give the clinics of the
military school and the building at Haydarpaşa to Darulfünun-u Osmani
Medicine Faculty. All the equipment of the building had passed to the
control of Ministry of Education and the students of the military
medicine school had the obligation of staying in the parts that were
left to them.
The Darülfünun-u Osmanî Medicine Faculty, settled in Haydarpaşa,
organized according to the order of the Medicine Faculty of Lyon in
France and served for Turkish Medicine until the university reform of
Ataturk in 1933.
With the beginning of the World War I, all the staff of the
faculty had joined to the army, so the faculty couldn‟t be opened.
Hospital with 1500 beds had turned to a military hospital. In 1916,
the faculty began to give education and for the short terms, it
graduated doctors for Turkish army. For some reasons, for a short
while, the faculty moved to the old Turkish Doctors Association
building in Cağaloğlu in 1917. The last graduates of the faculty began
34
their internship at the various hospitals in Istanbul from 1925 and
then.
The developments such as the acceptance of the female students
began in 1922, just before the Republic. In 1924 – 1925 education
semester, F.K.B. class had being opened(67).
In Ataturk time, with the efforts of the time‟s Minister of the
Education Dr. Reşit Galip, the university reform has taken into
consideration with the law numbered 2252, at 31st of May 1933. At the
same year’s 31st July, Dar’ül-Funun has being closed and at 18th of
November 1933 Istanbul University has been established. In this way,
Istanbul University reborn in the university(68).
As mentioned before, in 1848, the students of the Mekteb-i
Tıbbiye-i Şahane had taken the exams in Vienna Medicine Faculty and
graduated as the doctors of the mentioned schools. After this The
Sultan gave order for turning the medicine school to medicine faculty
with the name Darülfünun Tıbbiye Şahane. On the connection, a brief
summary of Darülfünun will be necessary.
VI. FROM DARÜ‟L–FÜNUN ERA TO ISTANBUL MEDICAL FACULTY OF
ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY
In Mahmud the 2nd era, Mekteb-i Maarif-i Adli has being
established. In 1845, the idea of the establishment of Daru‟lfunun has
appeared. (69)
1. At 21st of July, Daru‟lfunun has being established. Italian
architect Fossati, completed the construction of Daru‟lfunun
building near Hagia Sophia in 1868. The principal of the
Mekteb-i Osmani in Paris Hoca Tahsin Efendi became the
principal of Daru‟lfunun. After a short time, the school
dismissed.(70)
2. Daru‟lfunun Osmani, has being opened at 20th of February 1870
by the Minister of Education Safvet Pasha. Hoca Tahsin Efendi
became the principal and the program consist of :
35
1 – Philosophy and Literature
2- Law
3- Natural Science and Mathematics(70a)
3. At Galatasaray Mektebi Sultanî, Daru‟lfunun-ı Sultanî has
being established. In this instution, departments were:
1- Literature and Philosophy
2- Law
3- Natural Sciences
after 1881, there is no source or data about this school(71)
4. Daru‟lfunun-ı Şahane, has being opened at today‟s Kız Lisesi
at 1st of September 1900 and departments were:
1- Teology
2- Mathematics
3- Literature and Philosophy(72).
In addition to this; at the building settled in 1903 at
Haydarpaşa, Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane and Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i
Mülkiye unified under the name of Daru‟lfunun-u Osmani
Medicine Faculty, in 1909.
5. At 20th of April 1912, in the Minister of Education Emrullah
Efendi era, with a program, Istanbul Daru‟l Funun has been
established. At 7th of October 1925, with Istanbul Daru‟l
Fununu Talimatnamesi, it gained and legal and scitific
identity(73).
Dar‟ul-Funun has being closed and Istanbul University has
been established depending on the law 2252 at 31st of May
1933(74).
Istanbul Daru‟l Funun Medicine Faculty was operating in the
building that was constructed according to the ideas of Prof. Dr.
Reider Pasha. The medicine faculty moved to the clinics at Çapa,
Gureba and Cerrahpaşa in the European side. 42 German professors, who
were running away from the Hitler Germany, placed with the lecturers
who left the faculty with 1933 reform. In this action, there were two
important names; Swiss pedagogy pfrofesor Malche and German pathology
professor Schwartz. Only in Istanbul Medicine Faculty, there were 19
German medicine professor have worked as clinic and institute director
between 1933 and 1945. In addition to these, the very important
Turkish lecturers as Akil Muhtar Özden, Mazhar Osman, Hulusi Behçet,
Tevfik Salim Sağlam Paşa, Neşet Ömer (who were very famous in their
fields) have worked as academic staff in Istanbul University Medicine
Faculty.
Thus, Istanbul Medicine Faculty, became one of the very
important medicine faculties of Europe after Ataturk‟s university
reform in 1933(75).
36
VII. CONCLUSION
Finally, it is important to emphasis one more thing: The Jewish
scientists had a crucial role in European Renaissance with their
translations of the Islamic works to Latin. Because of the
conservative Catholic and racist attitudes, there was the dismiss of
these scientists from Italy and Spain in 15th century. After the
conquest of Istanbul, Fatih Sultan Mehmed established a university in
Istanbul, 550 years ago; and he gathered around very important Jewish
doctors like Maestro Jacobo ran away from Italy (later he became
Muslim and got the name Yakup Pasha) and Spanish Ephrahim b. Sandschi.
Later he added artists, Gentile Bellini, Matteo de Pastis from Italy;
architect Antonio Filarete; Greek rooted Georgios Amuritzes, who
wanted protection from Fatih after the conquest of Trabzon; Ali Kuşçi
from Semerkant; Ahmed Kutbeddin from Persia (later he was going to be
the chairman of the medicine school of Fatih‟s University with a very
high a salary of 20,000 Akçe) and Altunizade, Ahi Çelebi, Beshir
Çelebi from Anatolia. There are very important similarities between
the first creator of the Turkish Renaissance Fatih Sultan Mehmed‟s
work and the university reform of Atatürk in 1933.
At the 550th anniversary of our university‟s establishment, we
like to present our respect and thanks to our establisher Fatih Sultan
Mehmed and Atatürk, who made us one the best universities of Europe
with the university reform he made 70 years ago.
REFERENCES
(1) Uzunçarşılı,İ.H.: Osmanlı Devletinin İlmiye Teşkilâtı. Ankara 1965, p.1-3;
Baltacı, Cahit: XV.-XVI. Asırlarda Osmanlı Medreseleri. İstanbul (1976)
p.15-16,46,47; A.Adnan Adıvar: Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim. İstanbul (1970),
p.12,13,38-41.
(2) Evliya Çelebi: Seyahatname. Publisher: Z.Danışman, İstanbul (1962), vol.2,
p.301-303; Erdenen, Orhan: “Eski Mimarlarımızın Yetişmeleri”, Mimarlık,
32, 1966, p.20. Erdenen, Orhan: “Osmanlılarda Mimarlık Teşkilâtı”, Hayat
Tarih Mecmuası, 2/12, 1967, p.47.
(3) In Emin Bey: “Tarihçe-i tarik-i tedris,” İlmiye Salnamesi, İstanbul 1334
H., p.642-646 claims that one of the medreses in Süleymaniye mosque
settled only for mathemathics education. Mehmed Ali: Aynî. Daru’lfünun
Tarihi, İstanbul 1927, p.3 and Uzunçarşılı İ.H.: Osmanlı Devletinin İlmiye
Teşkilâtı Ankara 1965, p.34 claim that one of the mentioned high schools
left for natural sciences. But there is no data about these in the
foundations registrations and documents. For the claim of education of
architecture and engineering in Süleymaniye Complex, see Ergin, Osman:
Türk Maarif Tarihi. İstanbul 1977, c.1-2, s.147,148,152; Erdenen, Orhan:
“Eski Mimarlarımızın Yetişmeleri” Mimarlık, 32, 1966, p.20.
(4) Keykâvus b. İskender b. Kâbus b. Veşmgir b. Ziyâr: Kâbusnâme. Mercimek
Ahmed‟s translation. İstanbul (1978), p.2, 59-61.
37
(5) Nizamii Arûzî: Çehar Makale, Tıb İlmi ve Meşhur Hekimlerin Mahareti.
Translated by. A. Gölpınarlı, ed. Süheyl Ünver. İstanbul 1936, p.17-18.
(6) Schipperges,H: Arabische Medizin in lateinischen Mittelalter. Heidelberg-
New York 1976, p.105-106.
(7) Schipperges,H: op. cit ., p.105-109.
(8) See Baltacı,Câhid: XV-XVI. Asırlarda Osmanlı Medreseleri. İstanbul 1976,
p.58.
(8a) Schipperges,H: Arabische Medizin im lateinischen Mittelalter. Heidelberg,
New York 1976, p.107-118.
(9) Schipperges,H: 1976, p.125-126; Hein, Wolfgang-Hagen u. Sappert, Kurt: Die
Medizinalordnung Friedrichs II. Eutin 1957, p.13, 101; Hein, W. H. und
Sappert, K.: Zur Datierung der Medizinalordnung Friedrich II. Dtsch.
Apotheker-Ztg. 1955, Geschichtsbeilage Nr. 2.
(10) Birchler-Argyros, Urs Benno: Byzantinische Spitalgeschichte. Ein
Überblick. Historia Hospitalium, Heft 15, 1983-1984, p.73-75.
(11) Mazaherî, Ali: Ortaçağda Müslümanların Yaşayışları, Trc. Bahriye Üçok,
İstanbul 1972, p. 167-168; Rückbrod, Konrad: Universität und Kollegium.
Baugeschichte und Bautyp. Darmstadt 1977, p.10, 11, 26.
(12) Birchler-Argyros, Urs Benno: op.cit., p.73-74.
(12a) Kritovulos: İstanbul‟un Fethi. Translated by: Karolidi, İstanbul (1967),
p.119.
(12b) Üniversite Kütüphanesi, Yıldız Nr.1522; Nuruosmaniye Kütüphanesi,
Nr.2994.
(13) See Bilsel Cemil: İstanbul Üniversitesi Tarihi. İstanbul 1943, p.8; See
Ünver, Süheyl: Fatih, Külliyesi ve Zamani İlim Hayatı. İstanbul 1946,
p.9,11,13.
(14) Babinger, Franz: Jaqûp, ein Leibarzt Mehmed‟s II. Roma 1951, p.87-88.
(15) Terzioğlu, Arslan: Türk-İslam Hastaneleri ve Tababetinin Avrupa‟da Tıbbi
Rönesansı Etkilemesinden Türk Tıbbının Batılılaşmasına. İstanbul 1992,
p.17.
(16) See Terzioğlu, Arslan: Gründungsurkunden der Seldschukischen und
Osmanischen Krankenhäuser. Kunst des Orients, Bd.X 1/2, 1976, p.149-150.
(17) Tarih-i Nişancı Paşa:Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Esad Efendi kısmı, Nr.2185;
Ünver, Süheyl: Türk Pozitif İlimler Tarihinden Bir Bakış. Ali Kuşçi,
Hayatı ve Eserleri, İstanbul 1948, p.17-18.
(18) See Ünver, Süheyl, op. cit., p.69-70.
(18a) Bilsel, Cemil: İstanbul Üniversitesi Tarihi. İstanbul 1943, p.90.
(19) See Lampros, S: Agyropouleria (Agyropoulos). Verlag Sakellarios, Atina
1910.
(20) See Eyice, Semavi: Über die byzantinischen Krankenhäuser. Historia
Hospitalium, Heft 15, 1983-1984, p.150-152. See., Isparta, Halil Hamid
Paşa Library. Nr. 327, copy of eş-Şekaiki Numaniye , Fol. 53.
(21) Terzioğlu, Arslan: op cit. Kunst des Orients, Bd.X 1/2, 1976, p.149-150.
38
(21a) See İlmiye Sahnamesi, İstanbul 1334, p.645; See Terzioğlu, Arslan:
op.cit., p.150.
(22) See Terzioğlu, Arslan: Saray-ı Humâyûn‟da Teknik Eğitim. Tarih ve Toplum.
(23) Yaltkaya, Şerefeddin: Tanzimattan evvel ve sonra medreseler. Tanzimat I,
İstanbul 1940, p.463-464.
(24) Ünver, Süheyl: op.cit., p.18-19.
(25) Sami Tarihi. İbrahim Müteferrika tab‟ı, fol. 90.
(26) Ünver, Süheyl: op. cit., p.19.
(27) Baykal, İsmail H.: Enderun Mektebi Tarihi. İstanbul 1953, vol.1,
p.18,26,30,48,49.
(28) Ali Seydi Bey: Teşrifat ve Teşkilatımız. İstanbul 1972, p.130.
(29) Tayyârzâde Ahmed Ata: Tarih-i Ata. İstanbul 1874-1876, Vol.1, p.39,40.
(30) Tayyârzâde Ahmed Ata: op. cit., p.39,40.
(31) Tayyârzâde Ahmed Ata: op. cit., Vol.1, p.40; Bkz. Miller, Bernatte: The
Palace School of Muhammed the Conqueror. Cambridge 1941, p.36.
(32) Alberto Bobovio: Serai Enderum. Das ist İnwendige Beschaffenheit der
Türkischen Kayserl: Rezidenz zu Constantinopoli… Wien 1667, p.2,3,
(33) Terzioğlu, Arslan: Mittelalterliche islamische Krankenhäuser. Diss. TU -
Berlin 1968, p.171; Ünver, Süheyl: Fatih, Külliyesi ve Zamanı İlim Hayatı,
İstanbul 1946, p.20; Barkan, Ömer L.: Süleymaniye Cami ve İmareti İnşaatı,
Vol.1, Ankara 1972, p.78.
(34) Katip Çelebi: Mizanü‟l-Hak fi İhtiyari‟l-Ahakk. Ed.: O.Şaik Gökyay,
İstanbul 1980, p.21.
(35) Başbakanlık Arşivi, Cevdet Bahriye Tasnifi Nr. 1252.
(36) Saffet: Bahriye tarihimizden filâsalar. İstanbul 1329, p.30.
(37) For further information see. Uzluk, Feridun: Türk Tıbbiyesinin 748.
yıldönümü dolayısı ile Hekimbaşı Mustafa Behçet. Ankara (1954).
(38) For further information see. Terzioğlu, Arslan: Das Josephinum und seine
Ausstrahlung. Apotheker Journal, Heft 4 (1986), p.42-47.
(39) Ahmed Sadık Ziver Paşa: Âsâr-ı Ziver Paşa-Divanı ve Münşaat. Bursa 1313 H.
(1895), p.198-99.
(40) Terzioğlu, Arslan: İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Tarihçesi. İst. Tıp Fak Mecm.
Vol.63, Nr.2, Supplementum 2, 2000, p.66.
(41) Terzioğlu, Arslan: op.cit., p.68.
(42) Berliner Medicinische Central Zeitung. IX Jg., 48.Stück; 27 November 1840,
Sp.959.
(43) Terzioğlu, Arslan: Das Josephinum und seine Ausstrahlung. Apotheker
Journal. 8 (1986), p.42.
(44) Vahid Efendi: Sefaretname-i Seyyid Mehmed Emin Efendi. El yazma nüshası.
Süleymaniye Bibliothek, Esat Efendi Küt. İstanbul, Nr. 2277, varak 8 a, 8
b; Terzioğlu, Arslan: Das Josephinum und seine Ausstrahlung. Apotheker
Journal, 8, (1986), p.42-43.
39
(45) Başvekâlet Archiv: 1844 (1260 H.) Tarihli İrade Defteri; Neuburger, Max:
Österreichische Ârzte als Pioniere der wissenschaftlichen Medizin und
Sanitätswesens in der Türkei (1839-1856). Wiener medizinische
Wochenschrift 67 (1917), p.1685-1686.
(46) Wurzbach, Constant von: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaisertums Österreich.
Bd. 1, Wien 1856, p.323.
(47) Bernard, K.A.: Rapport sur le truvaux de l‟Ecole de Medicine de Galata-
Sérai. Journal de Constantinople et des intéréts Orientaux, 26. Sept.
1843, p.22.
(48) Allgemeine Zeitung für Militärärzte, herausgegeben von Ph. F.H.Klenckel.
2. Jg. Braunschweig 1844, p.141, 142, 159-160, 165-167.
(49) Stern, Bernhard: Medizin., Aberglaube und Geschlechtsleben in der Türkei.
Bd. 1, Berlin 1903, p.55-56.
(50) Terzioğlu, Arslan: Das Josephinum und seine Ausstrahlung. Apotheker
Journal, 8 (1986); p.44-46.
(51) Allgemeine Medicinische Central – Zeitung, XIV.Jg., 97. Stück, 3 December
1845, Sp.776.
(52) Rigler, Lorenlz: Nekrolog (für Dr.Joseph Wartbhichler). Wiener
Medizinische Wochenschrift. 2 Jg. Nr.39, (1852), Sp.678.
(52a) The grave of Dr.Bernard is found by the art historian Prof.Semali Eyice
in 1952. See. Eyice Semai: Mekteb-I Tıbbiyenin İlk Müdürü Dr.Bernard‟ın
Mezarı. Tarih Dergisi, Bd.2, 1952, p.71-76.
(53) Neuburger, Max: op. cit., Sp. 1688; See Ünver, Süheyl: Tıp Tarihimiz
Yıllığı I. İstanbul 1966, p.48; Wurzbach, Constant von: op.cit., Bd.36,
p.195.
(53a) See. Sonntagsblättern Wiener Boote Nr.2, 1848.
(54) Ünver,A.Süheyl: Osmanlı Tababeti ve Tanzimat Hakkında Yeni Notlar.
Tanzimat I, Istanbul 1940, p.943.
(55) Mezbur, Artin: Ermeni Hekimler (Universitaire) (1688-1940). İstanbul 1950,
p.108-115.
(56) Özbay,Kemal: Türk Asker Hekimliği Tarihi ve Asker Hastaneleri. Vol.2,
İstanbul 1976, p.57.
(57) Terzioğlu, Arslan: İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Tarihçesi. İst. Tıp Fak. Mecm.
Vol.63, Nr.2, Supplementum 2, 2000, p.16.
(58) See A.Z.: Notice sur l‟Ecole de Médecine de Constantinople. Gazette
Medicale d’Orient, No.12 (1871), p.192; Ünver,Süheyl: İstanbul Tıp
Fakültesi (1827-1934). 107 Yılda Geçirdiği Çığırlar. Dirim, Vol.10, 1-2
(1935), p.16.
(59) Terzioğlu, Arslan: op.cit., İst. Tıp Fak. Mecm. Supplementum 2, 2000,
p.71.
(60) Unat, Ekrem Kadri, Samasti,Mustafa: Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Mülkiye. İstanbul
1990, p.8.
(61) Unat, Ekrem Kadri ve Samasti Mustafa: op.cit., p.76.
40
(62) Rieder, Robert: Für die Türkei. Bd.2, Die neue Militärmedizinische. Schule
Haidar-Pascha. Jena 1904, p.XII, XVIII, XX.
(63) See. Darülfünun-u Osmani Tıp Fakültesi Cemiyet-i Muallimin Mukerrerat ve
Zabıt Defteri. 24 Şevval 1326, 5 Teşrinisani 1324 and 18th of November
1909. İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Department of History of Medicine
Library.
(64) Unat, Ekrem Kadri: Kadırga‟daki Tıp Fakültesi. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi
Dergisi, Vol.12, Nr.:2, 12 Nisan 1981, p.211.
(65) Unat, Ekrem Kadri: op. cit., p.218.
(65a) Topuzlu, Cemil: İsbitbad-Meşrutiyet-Cumhuriyet Devirlerinde 80 Yıllık
Hatıralarım. İstanbul 1951, p.90-100.
(66) Unat,Ekrem Kadri, Samasti,Mustafa: Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Mülkiye, İstanbul
1990, p.77.
(67) Tis Medicine School in Haydarpaşa is declared as Medicine High School in
10th of October 1919 dated Darülfünun-u Osmanî Nizamnamesi.(See. Düstur,
Second order, Vol 11, p.401). The law about İstanbul Darülfünunun
Şahsiyesi Hükmiyesi is accepted at 21st of April 1924 and here also, the
medicine faculty is referred as medicine high school. (See. Zabıt
Ceridesi: Vol 8, p.1098-1106). At the first years of the republic, on the
diplomas,it is written as İstanbul Darülfununu Tıp Medresesi (medical
high school); after the Alphabet Revolution in 1929, on the diplomas, it
is written as Istanbul Darülfununu Tıp Fakültesi (medicine faculty).
(68) Terzioğlu, Arslan: Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türk Tıbbına ve Tıp Eğitimine Kısa
Bir Bakış, İstanbul 2003, p.22-25.
(69) Aynî, Mehmet Ali: Daru‟l-fünûn Tarihi. Ed.: Metin Hasırcı, İstanbul
(1995), p.36-38.
(70) Aynî, Mehmet Ali: op. cit., p.40-46; Aslanapa, Oktay: İstanbul Darüfünun
ve Üniversite Binaları Tarihçesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Vol.I, İstanbul
(1983), p.38-39.
(70a) Aynî, Mehmet Ali: op. cit., p.50-56; Aslanapa, Oktay: op.cit., p.39.
(71) Aynî, Mehmet Ali: op. cit., p.57-58; Aslanapa, Oktay: op.cit., p.39-40.
(72) Aynî, Mehmet Ali: op. cit., p.59-61; Aslanapa, Oktay: op.cit., p.39.
(73) Aynî, Mehmet Ali: op. cit., p.61-62; Aslanapa, Oktay: op.cit., p.42-43.
(74) Terzioğlu,Arslan: Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türk Tıbbına ve Tıp Eğitimine Kısa Bir
Bakış. İstanbul 2003, p.22-25.
(75) Terzioğlu,Arslan: op. cit, p.34.
METNE AİT RESİMLER / PICTURES RELATED TO TEXT
42
İstanbul‟un fethi esnasında Osmanlı Türk ordusunun konumunu gösteren bu orjinal resim
Voyage d‟outremer de Bertanton de la
Bronnuière‟den alınmıştır (Francesco Gabrieli (Ed.): Histoire et civilisation de L‟Islam
en Europe (Bruxelles 1983), s.16).
The painting shows the position of the Turkish army during the conquest of Istanbul.
This picture is taken from Voyage d’outremer de
Bertanton de la Bronnuière. (Francesco Gabrieli (Ed.): Histoire et civilisation de
L’Islam en Europe (Bruxelles 1983), p.16).
43
Selçuklu hastane ve tıp okulları ile Avrupa tıp fakültelerinde eserleri ders kitabı
olarak okutulan İbn Sina (Avicenna), Hippokrates ve
Galenos (İbn Sina‟nın el-Kanun fi‟t-tıbb eserinin 1608‟de Venedik‟te basılan Latince
tercümesinin kapak sayfasından)
Hippocrates, Galenos and Avicenna whose books were being used for the medicine education
in Seljuk and European medicine schools
and hospitals (This painting is the cover page of the Latin translation (published in
1608 in Venice) of Avicenna’s book el – Kanun fi’t-tıbb)
44
Tıbbi eserleri Selçuklu hastane ve tıp okulları ile Avrupa tıp fakültelerinde ders
kitabı olarak okutulan Huneyn bin İshak, Ali Abbas el Mecuzi
ve onların eserlerini Latinceye tercüme eden Constantin Africanus (Huneyn İbn İshak‟ın
Omnia opera Ysaac adıyla latinceye
tercüme edilen eserinin Lugduni 1515 baskısından)
Huneyn bin Ishak and Ali Abbas el Mecuzi whose books were being used for the medicine
education in Seljuk and European
medicine schools, faculties hospitals. Next to them, there is Constantin Africanus who
translated these books to Latin (This painting
is from the Latin translation of Huneyn ibn Ishaq’s book Omnia Opera Ysaac (published
in Lugduni, 1515)
45
İstanbul‟da Bizans Üniversitesi‟nin son rektörü Johannes Argyropoulos sağ elinde
rektörlük asası ile, arkada ise tıp ağırlıklı bu
Bizans Üniversitesi‟nin yerleştiği Kseno tou Kralou hastanesi görülmekte (Bu resmin
orjinali Oxford Bodleian Library,
Ms. Barroci 87, fol. 33v).
46
The last rector of the Byzantium University, Johannes Argyropoulos with the rector stick
in his hand. At the back; Kseno Tou Krolou
Hospital (in which this medical basis university is settled) is seen (the original
painting is in Oxford Bodleian Library,
Ms. Barroci 87, fol. 33v.)
47
Schedel‟in “Dünya Tarihi” (=Weltchronik) eserine göre Fatih Sultan Mehmed
Sultan Fatih Mehmed II., (Nach der Schedelschen Weltkronik, Blatt CCLVII.)
48
Fatih Sultan Mehmed‟in elçi kabulünü (16. yy. ikinci yarısı) gösteren Cima da
Conegliano‟nun bu tablosu Zürich‟te özel bir
koleksiyondadır (Bkz. Chastel, André: Italienische Renaissance. Die Ausbildung der
grossen Kunstzentren in der Zeit von
1460 bis 1500. München (1965), s.15-18, Abb.17)
Fatih Sultan Mehmed’s acceptance of the messengers (the second half of the 16th
century). The painting of Cima da Conegliano.
This painting is held in a private collection in Zurich (Chastel, André: Italienische
Renaissance. Die Ausbildung der grossen
Kunstzentren in der Zeit von 1460 bis 1500. München (1965), p.15-18, Abb.17)
49
Fatih Sultan Mehmed‟in Gentile Bellini tarafından yapılan portresi
The portrait of Sultan Mehmed painted by Gentile Bellini.
50
Ayasofya Camii müze yapılınca esasını Fatih Sultan Mehmed‟in yaptırdığı medresenin ahşap
kısımlarıyla birlikte yıkılmadan önce
alınmış resmi. Şimdi bundan hiç bir eser kalmamıştır (A. Süheyl Ünver‟den)
The picture of the Istanbul University (medrese) of Fatih Sultan Mehmed, in wood
construction, just before the destruction.
It demolished when Hagia Sophia was turned to a museum (from A. Süheyl Ünver)
51
Ayasofya Camii müze olunca, bugün temelinin ve hiçbir taşının bir hatırası kalmadan
ortadan kaldırılan
Fatih Sultan Mehmed‟in yaptırdığı medresenin esas planı (A. Süheyl Ünver‟den).
The plan of the Istanbul University (medrese) of Fatih Sultan Mehmed.
There is nothing left when Hagia Sophia was turned to a museum (from A. Süheyl Ünver)
52
1453‟de Ayasofya ve kuzeyindeki İstanbul Üniversitesi‟nin kurulduğu medreseyi gösteren 1574
tarihli bu suluboya
resmin aslı Cambridge, Trinity College, Ms Freshfield 0.17.2 fol.20‟dedir.
Water colored that shows Hagia Sophia and the medrese that Istanbul University was established in
1453. The original paintingfrom 1574 is in Cambridge, Trinity College, Ms. Freshfield 0.17,2
fol.20.b
53
Ali Kuşçi Fatih Sultan Mehmed‟e yazdığı matematik kitabını sunarken.
Ali Kuşci eseri Fatih‟e sunduktan sonra eğilerek elini öpmektedir (Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi
Hazine K. N. 1263‟de kayıtlı,
Taşköprülüzade Ahmet Efendi‟nin Şekayiki Nu‟maniye eseri tercümesinde ressam Nakşî bey
tarafından yapılmıştır.)
Ali Kuşçi, presenting his book to Fatih Sultan Mehmed. After his presentation, he kisses
his hand (as a sign of respect)
(stored as K.N. 1263 in Topkapı Palace. This painting is in Taşköprüzade Ahmet Efendi’s
book eş-Şekayık-i Numaniye,
created by the artist Nakşi
54
Son Bizans Üniversitesi‟nin yakınında bulunan Chora Manastırı
The position of the Chora Monastery, which is close to the last Byzantium University
55
Bizanslı hekim Nikolaus Myrepsos (13.yy), Pantokrator Hastanesi‟nde hasta kabulü
esnasında
(National Bibiothek Paris MS Grec 2243)
Doctor Nikolaus Myrepsos from Byzantium (13th century), during his acceptance of his
patients in Pantakrator Hospital
(National Bibliothek, Paris, MS Grec 2243).
56
İstanbul‟daki Pantokrator Hastanesi‟nin planı (Orlandos‟a göre)
The plan of the Pantakrator Hospital in Istanbul (according to Orlandos)
57
İstanbul‟daki Bizans ve Osmanlı dönemi hastane ve tıp okulları
The Byzantium and Ottoman eras hospitals and medicine schools in Istanbul.
58
İstanbul Üniversitesi‟nin açılışını gösteren ünlü ressam Şeref Akdik‟in bu
tablosunun aslı
İ.Ü. İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Deontoloji ve Tıp Tarihi Anabilim Dalı
FATİH KÜLLİYESİ
Devrinin resim usulünce bir hatıra olarak çizilmiştir (Dr. A.S. Ünver)
Fatih’s Complex in Istanbul (drawn according to the time’s painting understanding, as a souvenir)(Dr.
A.S. Ünver)
59
İstanbul‟da Fatih Sultan Mehmed Hastanesi (A. Süheyl Ünver‟den)
The Medical School and Hospital Fatih Sultan Mehmed’s (from A. Süheyl Ünver)
Tetimme Medreses
60
Fatih Sultan Mehmed‟in İstanbul‟da 1470‟de inşa ettirdiği Fatih Külliyesi‟nde Fatih
Hastanesi‟nin konumu
The position of the Fatih Hospital in Fatih’s Complex in Istanbul (1470)
Karadeniz Medreses
Cami
(Mosque) Hastane
(Hospital and
Medical
School)
Tabhane
(Hospiz.)
Akdeniz Medreses
Tomb of
Fatih
Tetimme Medreses
64
Topkapı Sarayı‟nın Alman mimarı Wilhelm Dilich tarafından yapılan ve 1606‟da Kassel‟de
yayınlanan planı ve görünüşü.
Sağda Nr.18 ile gösterilen Enderun Hastanesi solda ise Nr.6 ile gösterilen yerin üst
tarafında görülen kule,
Hekimbaşı kulesi ve saray eczanesi. Üstte orta avlunun sol köşesinde ise Helvahane
görülmekte.
The plan of the Topkapı Palace drawn by German architect Wilhelm Dilich and published in
1606 in Kassel.
At the right there is Enderun Hospital shown by nr. 18 and at the left there is Tower of
Chief Physician and
palace pharmacy shown by nr.6. at the top, in the middle Helvahane (pharmacy of court).
Enderun
Hospita
l
66
Alberto Bobovio‟nun 1665‟te yazdığı Saray-ı Enderun adlı İtalyanca eserin British
Museum‟daki el yazma nüshasının kapağı
(üst-solda) ve 1667‟de Almanca tercümesinde Saray Üniversitesi‟nden bahseden sayfası
The cover of the hand written copy of Alberto Bobovio’s book Saray-i Enderun. (in
Italian, 1665, top-left) and the page
that mentiones palace university (in German. 1667)
67
Alberto Bobovio‟nun 1665‟te yazdığı Saray-ı Enderûn isimli İtalyanca el yazma eserdeki
Topkapı Sarayı‟nın ve
bu sarayın girişinde sağ tarafta bulunan Enderun Hastanesi‟nin planı. 50. Enderun
Hastanesi, 51. Hastanenin idari amirinin dairesi,
52. Analar denilen yaşlı kadın hastabakıcılar, 53. Hasoda‟ya ait hastane, 54. Hazine
Odası‟na ait hastane, 55. Büyük Oda‟ya ait hastane,
56. Seferli Odası‟na ait hastane, 57. Küçük Oda‟ya ait hastane, 59. Hadımağaların
hastanesi, 60. Enderun Hastanesi‟ne giriş,
68. Hastane hamamı.
The plan of the Topkapı Palace and Enderun Hospital (in Italian, Alberto Bobovio);
Saray-i Enderun (hand written). 50. Enderun Hospital,
51. The part of the manager of the hospital 52. Nurse’s aides called mothers (they
washed dothes of ones from Enderun)
53. The hospital that belongs to Hasoda (Hall of the Royal Chamber) 54. The hospital
that belongs to Chamber of Treasury
55. The hospital that belongs to Büyükoda (Great Chamber), 56. The hospital that
belongs to Chamber of Campaign.
57. The hospital that belongs to Küçükoda (Little Chamber) 59. The hospital that
belongs to Hadımağaları (Euruchs)
60. The enterance of the Enderun Hospital 68. Hospital Bath
68
Hünername‟de Topkapı Sarayı‟nda Enderun Hastanesi‟nin girişinde hadım ağaları ve hasta
arabasını gösteren minyatür
(Hünername, Topkapı Sarayı Hazine Kütüphanesi Nr. 1523)
The miniature that shows the hadımağaları (euruchs) and patient chart at the enterance
of the Enderun Hospital
(Hünername, Topkapı Palace, Treasury Library, Nr.1523).
69
Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman‟ın İstanbul‟da yaptırdığı ve içinde Tıp Medresesi ile uygulama
hastanesinin de bulunduğu
Süleymaniye Külliyesi önünde gösteren bu resim, o devirde İstanbul‟da bulunan Melchior
Lorich tarafından yapılmıştır.
1559‟da yapılan bu resmin aslı Londra‟da British Museum‟dadır.
Sultan Süleyman, in front of Süleymaniye Complex. This Complex has mosque, medicine
school and an applicational hospital.
This painting is done by Melchior Lorich who was visiting Istanbul at that era, in 1559.
The original painting is in
British Museum, London.
72
İstanbul‟da Galatasaray‟da tesis edilen Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane‟nin 17 Şubat 1839‟da
dini ve
mülki törenle açılışını bildiren 20 Şubat 1839‟da İstanbul‟daki Avusturya
Büyükelçiliği‟nden Stürmer imzası ile
Prens Meternich‟e gönderilen rapor (Aslı Viyana‟daki Haus-Hof und Staatsarchiv‟dedir).
The report, dated 20th of February, 1839, with the signature of Stürmer from Austria
Embassy in Istanbul; sent to Prince Meternich.
The report gives information about the opening of Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane and the
opening ceremonies
(The original is in Haus – Hof und Staatsarchiv, Vienna)
74
Darülulum el-Hikemiyye Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane Tıp ve Cerrahi doktoru diploması,
22 Şabat 1268 (11 Haziran 1852), 40x56 cm., 1826 Edirne doğumlu Michel N.Didymos‟a
verilmiştir (Aslı Prof.Dr.Turhan Baytop
koleksiyonundadır)
Diploma of surgeon and doctor of the Imperial Medical Faculty Istanbul (Mekteb-i
Tıbbiye-i Şahane) (11th of June 1852; 40x56 cm).
Given to Michel N. Didymos, born in Edirne in 1826. (Private collection Prof.Dr.Turhan
Baytop)
75
Prof.Dr.Robert Rieder‟in tavsiyesi üzerine paviyon sisteminde İtalyan mimarlar Vallauri
ve d‟Aranco tarafından planlanan
Haydarpaşa‟daki Darülfünun-u Osmani Tıp Fakültesi‟nin umumi vaziyet planı
The plan of Darul Funun-u Osmani Medicine Faculty in Haydarpaşa, which was drawn by the
Italian architects Vallauri and
d’Aranco with the recommendations of Prof.Dr.Robert Reider