Istanbul Analysis

Leeds Metropolitan UniversitySchool of Architecture

ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

ContentsISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Historical Development

Historical Narrative

The European Capital of Culture Programme and its Legacy 2010

Modernity and the Cinema in Istanbul

Image of the City

Transport

Urban Space, Orientation, Prospect and Aspect

Building Typology, Form and Materials

Building Analysis

Townscape Studies

Memories of the City

The Relationship of the City to Water

The Futures of the City

The architecture of alter ego can be seen as the meeting of East and West, of Asia and Europe, of Istanbul and Constantinople contained within one place.

“It was a brutal symbiosis: Western observers love to identify the things that make Istanbul exotic, non-Western, whereas the Westernisers amongst us register all the same things as obstacles to be erased from the face of the city as fast as possible.”

Orhan Pamuk, ‘Istanbul: Memories and the City’, 2005, p218

This study was carried out prior to the Istanbul Field trip in October 2011

ContextISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Historical DevelopmentISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Jane Wilkinson, Jordan Blacker, Gemma Walker

In the late Ottoman era, the city started to develop from the historical peninsula on the Bosporus.

By 1950, the built-up area expanded along the East-West axis, covering most of the coast.

Between 1950 and 1970, the first wave of large scale migration brought with it gecekondu (informal) settlements occupying large areas onthe peripheries.

Industrial development continued to promote migration, and by 1990, the country was threatened by uncontrolled development, further fuelled by the opening of two bridges spanning the Bosporus.

In 2000, the built-up area spread further outwards on the European and Asian sides. A significant portion of this recent expansion can either be tied to the development of gatedcommunities for the wealthiest of the city’s population or to mass housing for its middle classes

Roman Empire 330-395 1261-1453

Byzantine Empire 395-1204 Latin Empire 1204-1261

Ottoman Empire 1453-1922 Republic of Turkey 1923 -


Hagia SofiaThe Great Palace Basilica of Ravenna- Di sant Vitale

Grand BizzarBosphorus BridgeNot only does the bridge provide a physical connection between Europe and Asia in terms of trade and travel routs but it unites two continents

Today, the grand bazaar houses two mosques, two hamams, four fountains, and multiple restaurants and cafes. The bizzar is of high importance for local trade

Literary sources record new building and restoration of a number of impressive architectural projects and monuments survived the travails of the Latin Occupation, such as the Basilicas of Ravenna.

The Hagia Sophia is famous in particular for its massive dome, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture and is said to have “changed the history of architecture. It was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years.

The Great Palace of Constantinople was the large Imperial Byzantine palace complex located in the south-eastern end of the peninsula now known as Old Istanbul.

Roman Empire 330-395 1261-1453 Byzantine Empire 395-1204 Latin Empire 1204-1261

Ottoman Empire 1453-1922 Republic of Turkey 1923 -


Istanbul Land Walls survive to-date from the 5th century Roman era. The Land Walls are regarded as the most fortified defense structures for the pe-riod between the antique age and end of medieval age

The registered wooden buildings, solid elements of civil architecture, are characterizing Süleymaniye and Zeyrek districts

The square will be redesigned by put-ting emphasis on its past functions and its present identity. With the improve-ments and re-organization of the square, it is aimed to design a livable area.

European Capital of Culture 2010ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Ashley Ball, Sam Spence, Ross Couper, Ben Courtney

Why Remember Me All of a Sudden?

The film is about duality - a parallel, a paradox.

Existing film representations have been edited to create a new interweaving narrative.

The film explores the identity of Istanbul and how it has been portrayed from internal sources. A communal feeling of melancholy, nostalgia and loss compose the concept of huzun. But this goes deeper.

Be patient, listen...

Bleak, quiet and neglected occurances build up this universally accepted cultural emotion. The film begins with a sombre notion ‘drink to death’, within which is an undertone of hope and desire.

Walking through a colourless landscape, protests, neglected buildings all come together to create an image of the everyday notion of living in Istanbul.

In dichotomy to this, the second film contrasts against the first. This time collating external representations of Istanbul. The main rule for the film was to embrace the legacy of Capital of Culture 2010. It investigates a possible cultural shift required to appeal to a Western society, namely the tourist. By highlighting what Istanbul has to offer, does it lose its original sensitivity?

A new injection of artistic interventions, combined with consumerisation and tourist spots has shifted Istanbul from an outsider of the EU into a possible contender.

This film has many deeper dualities, some of which may be misinformed which is important to recognise.

The intertwining of images, movement, sounds, and poetry builds up a mixture of identities. But does Istanbul have its own identity, or is it shifting?

Why remember me all of a sudden?


Film stillsFilm length 13 mins 11 secs

Films used: -Uzak-Crossing the Bridge-Edge of Heaven-Capital of Culture advertisements-Youtube documentaries

Modernity and the Cinema in Istanbul - ‘Huzun’ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Harry Robinson, Morgan Cope, Katie Neal, Launa Cowen

Text box(size 12 text)

This is our Huzun, our Keyif. Our code of conduct.We’re a city defined by our immediate actions, not our longing regret.We’re not depressed by it’s soul but enlightened,We don’t skulk in the shadows, we bask in our light.Because it is our light, not the darkness that frightens people.For playing small does not serve the world as we do.We shine because we can, we shine because we do, there’s an arrogance embedded into Leed’s soul.It’s created by our everlasting youth, constantly regenerating, year after year. We just live it, day after day. Week after week.It and our faults both inspire and define us as a city, as an entity.

LEEDS SOUL:

HUZUN IN ISTANBUL:Huzun denotes a feeling of deep spiritual loss but also a hopeful way of looking at life. It is a state of mind that is ultimately as life-affirming as it is negating. It is the spiritual anguish one feels at not being close enough to God; for Saint John of the Cross, this anguish causes the sufferer to plummet so far down that his soul will, as a result, soar to its divine desire. Huzun is a sought-after state, and it is the absence, not the presence, that causes the sufferer distress. Huzun is not a singular preoccupation but a communal emotion, not the melancholy of an individual but the black mood shared by millions. Those Millions of Istanbul.

Modernity and the Cinema in Istanbul - ‘Huzun’ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Modernity and the Cinema in Istanbul -’Huzun’ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

CINEMAS IN ISTANBUL

AFM Fitaş Atlas Emek Istanbul Modern Kanyon Mars Sinepop Taksim-Beyoĸlu YeşilçamLocation map

1st camera equipment

The first cinema First Showing at Yıldız Palace The first film Fuat Efendi - First patron of turkish cinema

Propoganda - demolishion of the Russian monument

Omer Lutfi Akad - Strong influence

Most success-ful film of the Yeşilçam era

One of the only two movies released in Tur-key during the decline of the Yeşilçam era

Most profitable film released in Turkey

We decided to produce a Slide Viewer to give an individual experience of film in Is-tanbul. We had two slide reels as above that showed the various different cinemas, and a history timeline through the start and development of cinema in Istanbul to present day. Along side this we had an audio track that would be played through headphones to the individual that gave a brief description of each slide as you moved through the reel.

To the left are a few images that show the slide viewer in use. It shows how it cuts everything else out and gives an enclosed personal experience that can be interpreted in each individuals own way.

Image of the CityISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Nick Hart-Woods, Kimberly Ward, Danielle Landrum

Image of the CityISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Chris Paraskos, Richard Harcourt, Nathalia Azevedo

Ataurk airport first opened on the European side in 1924 , it was europe’s busiest airport in 2010 and handels nearly 30,000,000 passengers yearly.

Sabiha Gökçen Airport is the smaller of the two aiports on the Asiaside of istanbul . The most used flights are to germany, France, England and

Russia. Sabiha aiprt built in 2009 is the largest earthquake safe structure and Ataturk aiprot was built with simmilar technologies .

BusesDepartures per week Trains Planes

Departures per week Planes

Changes in modes of intercity trasportation, Turkey , 1990 - 2004

Domestic travel in turkey

International flights from Istanbul

Currently the most common mode of intercity travel is automobile and with automobile ownership rising constantly in larger citys like Istanbul a traffic problem and polloution is arrising. People seam to be resorting to using the car because there has been little development to the public transeport system untill more recent years.

TransportationISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Exsisting and future vehicular tunnelsThe public view on solving the transport problems

Commuter traffic by mode of transportation, 2008

Total track distance of metro-undergrounds in selected major cities, 2009

B1/B2 lines - Suburban trains, also known as the istanbul commuterrailway, carries an

average of 22,000passengers daily M2/M4/M5- Underground trains,

M6 lines The underground was in planning since 1800’s but the first one opened in

2000.M1/M3 lines- Light rail , first opened 1989 between

Aksaray and Kartaltepe but now reaches

the airport MB 34/34A/ - Busway, Route follows main highway

34G/34T/34Z on its own designated road, approximatly 500,000 passengers

daily.T1/T4 - Historic tramwayF1/F2 - Vehicular tunnels


1 Üsküdar Iskelesi Frequent ferries cruise across to Üsküdar, the principal

Asian suburb, once called Scutari. If you just want to take a short cruise across the Bosphorus, hop aboard,

and ride it right back if you like.

2 Kadıköy IskelesiThe suburb of Kadıköy is not of much interest to most visitors,

but this ferry also frequently stops at Haydarpaşa Railway Station, the terminus for trains to and from Anatolia.

3 Bosphorus Dock Dock for those daily Touristic Bosphorus Cruise ferries.

4 Boğaziçi YolTurA third choice for a 1-1/2-hour Bosphorus cruise.

5 Harem Feribot IskelesiThis car ferry also takes passengers across the Bosphorus to the

Harem Otogar, the intercity bus terminal on the Asian shore.

6 Sarayburnu DockFor larger ship/ferries on longer routes.

7 Karaköy Feribot İskelesiFerries every 15 minutes to Haydarpaşa Station

and Kadıköy on the Asian shore.

8 TurYol Eminönü Ferry DocksTurYol boats for Bosphorus cruise, Üsküdar & Kadıköy.

9 TurYol Karaköy Ferry DocksTurYol ferries to additional destinations

10 Kabataş Ferry DocksFerries to Üsküdar & Princes Islands


Istanbul12,697,164 Inhabitants195 km Sytem Length

London7,556,900 Inhabitants1,760 km Sytem Length

Comparing istanbul and Londons public transeport system, after comparing the sytem lenth and population you can see that Istanbul has a larger population but less public transport system length. This has contributed to the gridlock on the streets of istanbul, people who would use the public transport have resorted to using cars because the system that is in place just carnt handle the demand for travel.

Traffic congestion key facts:- 1.8 million cars on the roads, rising by 84,000 a year- Average trip time 40 mins- Car ownership 139 per 1000- 59% of people in urban age study say traffic is their main concern

Restricted crossing of the bosphorus cause the issue of bottlenecks during rush hours because large numbers of commuters are at-temting to cross the bridge, which was orginally designed to handle half the traffic. The resticted number of crossing also makes the Asia side of Istanbul feel cut off from the European side.

Increassing the crossing points on the bosphorus would decrease the stress on the one bridge, there is a proposed underground highway crossing and a underground rail crossing, improving the connection with the west and the east side of istanbul.


Land Sea

Trade over air only accounts for 10% of all trade exported from Istanbul, the main reason for this is that is infrastructure isent in place for air trade, the rest is a combination of land and sea. The major trading countries are Russia, Germany, Italy, China and America.

Over 60% of istanbuls trade through Istanbul.

Historic exports from Istanbul - Textiles- Clothing- Leather - Leather Products - Carpets

More recent additions to trade in Istanbul- Tobacco- Electronics- Rubber and Metals- Glass- Alcoholic Drinks- Fruit- Olive Oil


Urban Space / Orientation, Prospect and AspectISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Jonny Wrynne, Tom Rawson, Jonathan Evans, Jack Green

Urban Grain/ Sites A, B, C

Building Purposes & Distribution - Site B


Building Purposes & Distribution - Site B

Public Green Spaces/ Sites A, B, C


Post Visit Conclusion

Space Uses - Street Views



Urban Spaces > Through Axes and Intersection

Kizanlik Caddesi

Onalti Mart Sehitler Caddesi

It is commonly observed that Istanbul has a lack of Urban/Public space in their City Centre. To the visiting tourist this may be seen as an issue and may be considered something the city needs.

To those who live in the city would disagree. Public space in Istanbul just isn’t used, the main form of interaction between the city dwellers are in amongst their busy streets.

Axes and intersections are substitutions for the public squares found in most European cities and is part of the intriguing urban fabric of Istanbul.

Urban Spaces > Macar Kardesler Cad

Macar Kardesler Cad is the main road which runs through Eminonu over the bridge at the North of the Penninsula.

The lack of urban/public space is shown in this area. The Aquaduct that runs across the main road is an interesting focal point however there is a lack of footfall.

The image below shows the sparsely populated streets and lack of commercialism and trade. Consequently the local people aren’t drawn to the area.

Factors such as lack of shading for pedestrians adds to the problem as the area is prone to over heat. In a city with such large spells of high climate this is essential. The people of Istanbul have no need for areas such as this.

Private / Semi Private Spaces

This graphic shows a typical street forma-tion in Istanbul and can be linked to the ideals of tradditional Islamic planning.

This planning system involves Urban ‘space’ being set back from public street-sand pedestrian routes. This planning works systematically with idea the routes should be shaded for walkers in high climate countries.

The result is a very pourous looking city plan and within these pours are a cellular network of spaces.

There is no distinct separation between public and private space, the two seem to merge in to one. Subsequently there is a symbolic relationship between the two.

In this system each smaller space is a microcosm of larger spaces and each microcosm has the same inward looking typology.

The breakdown of spaces runs along this program:

The Majlis - Center of the Home

MirrorsThe Courtyrad - Center of the building.

MirrorsThe Mosque or Public Space - Centre of

the community.

Tatar Beyu Sk, Beyoglu.

Public Space / Mosque. Majlis.


The reality of these spaces are difficult to map and to visualise. The pourous formation is clear with first hand experience but many of these spaces in the centre of buildings are being left as voids and un-usable spaces. The symbolism is still there however the influence that globalisation is having on the city is turning an inward looking Istanbul out-

wards.

Fatih Park is the section of open space in this area, the park includes a monument and park benches for the public to use.

The shaded red area shows the area of land which has little to no built structures and the land is flat surrounding it. The topography of this area enables a greater aspect, which means that a lot can be seen of the surrounding locality.

The benefits of the area are still not utilised due to the push towards trade, which brings with it the need for for shade. Found in the areas of much higher density buildings.

Urban Spaces > Fatih Park

Gedikpasa > Areas of high density.

High density of buildings obstruct the aspect of a substantial amount of the area of Eminonu. Many views across the penninsula are unobtainable. These obstructions can either be helped or hindered by the topography of the area. In this situation the streets are in valleys or in areas of flat land which is a significant hinderence to aspect views.

The streets are not in a grid formation and follow and amorphous form which obstruct aspect views even more. In high density built-up areas it is difficult to see even to the end of the street.

Balipasa Yokusu

Yahya Pasa Sk


Building Typologies, Form and MaterialsISTANBUL ANALYSIS

James Bromley, Nino Takvarelia, Hina Shah


Sam Stalker, Thomas Booen, Sarah Wardrope, Sandeep Sandhu

Townscape StudiesISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Sam Stalker, Thomas Booen, Sarah Wardrope, Sandeep Sandhu

Townscape StudiesISTANBUL ANALYSIS

The Relationship of the City to WaterISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Amy Featherstone, Matthew Pickersgill

The Relationship of the City to WaterISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Memories of the CityISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Will Board, Naomi Rayner, Lauren Di Pietro, Ayesha Lqbal

Memories of the CityISTANBUL ANALYSIS

The Futures of the CityISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Paul Pilkington, Hamani Bucheeri

The Futures of the CityISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Istanbul Analysis

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Transcript of Istanbul Analysis