WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical...

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WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey. Istanbul, Turkey.

Transcript of WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical...

Page 1: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL IN ISTANBUL

ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ?ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ?

Haluk GERÇEK (PhD)Haluk GERÇEK (PhD)

Istanbul Technical UniversityIstanbul Technical University

Istanbul, Turkey.Istanbul, Turkey.

Page 2: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

• Population: 12 MPopulation: 12 M• Area : 5,343 km2Area : 5,343 km2• Number of municipal districts : 32Number of municipal districts : 32• Number of motor vehicles : 2.4 M (20% of Number of motor vehicles : 2.4 M (20% of Turkey)Turkey)

• Number of automobiles : 1.6 MNumber of automobiles : 1.6 M

(28% of Turkey)(28% of Turkey)• Auto ownership : 134 cars per 1000 Auto ownership : 134 cars per 1000 inhabitantsinhabitants• GDP per capita : $ 3,063 (2001)GDP per capita : $ 3,063 (2001)

BASIC DATA ABOUT ISTANBULBASIC DATA ABOUT ISTANBUL

Page 3: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

RAPID INCREASE OF MOTOR VEHICLESRAPID INCREASE OF MOTOR VEHICLES

1980 2006Population (000) 4,700 12,000Auotomobiles (000) 201 1,607Motor Vehicles (000) 281 2,290Auto per 1000 inhabitants 43 134

Page 4: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

POPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION GROWTH

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Annual Growth Rates:Annual Growth Rates:

1950-1970 : 4.9% 1950-1970 : 4.9%

1970-1990 : 4.5%1970-1990 : 4.5%

1990-2000 : 3.2%1990-2000 : 3.2%

Page 5: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

POPULATION DENSITY (2005)POPULATION DENSITY (2005)

Persons per Sq Km0 - 34633464 - 94729473 - 1724717248 - 2893428935 - 4609246093 - 70279

• Average : 2,200 Average : 2,200 inhhabitants/km2inhhabitants/km2

Page 6: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

WORK PLACE DENSITY (2005)WORK PLACE DENSITY (2005)

Workplaces per Sq Km0 - 23352336 - 68856886 - 1401614017 - 2507325074 - 4786747868 - 89659

Page 7: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

MODAL SPLIT MODAL SPLIT

Mode 1987 1996 2006 (*)Car 19,3 19,3 26,3

Taxi+Dolmuş 10,2 9,4 4,8

Company/School Buses 10,4 11,4 21,5

Bus 35,2 34,1 24,1Minibus 19 19,6 16,7

Rail 3,8 3,6 4,6

Sea 2,1 2,6 2,0

Total 100,0 100,0 100,0

1987 1996 2006Trip rate 1,44 1,54 1,74Walk (%) 39,5 35 49,3

Page 8: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEM IN RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEM IN ISTANBULISTANBUL

LinesLines Length (Km)Length (Km)

• ExistingExisting 1212 125.2 125.2• Under constructionUnder construction

- GMI- GMI 7 7 72.3 72.3

- MoT- MoT 1 13.6 1 13.6• Projects being prepared 8 109.7Projects being prepared 8 109.7• PlannedPlanned 1515 187.0 187.0• TOTALTOTAL 43 507.843 507.8

Page 9: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

Haluk Gerçek, Istanbul Transportation: Problems and

Challenges, June 2007, Istanbul

EXISTING RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEMEXISTING RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEM

Sirkeci-Halkalı/ CR (TCDD) Length : 27.6 km

Daily Traffic : 75,000

H.Paşa-Gebze/ CR (TCDD) Length : 44.7 km

Daily Traffic: 80,000

Karaköy-Şişhane/ FUNICULARLength : 0.6 km

Daily Traffic : 13,000

Aksaray-Otogar-Havaalanı/LRTLength : 19.3 km

Daily Traffic : 200,000

Eminönü-Karaköy-Kabataş/ TRAMLength : 2.9km

Daily Traffic: 45,000

Kadıköy-Moda/ TRAMLength : 2.6 km

Daily Traffic : 5,000

Eminönü-Zeytinburnu/ TRAMLength : 11.2 km

Daily Traffic: 143,500

Taksim-4.Levent/ METROLength : 8.5 km

Daily Traffic : 160,000

Istiklal Street / TRAMLength : 1.6 km

Daily Traffic : 5,000

Eyüp-Piyer Loti/ CHAIRLIFTLength : 0.42 km

Daily Traffic :2,100

Taksim-Kabataş/ FUNICULERLength : 0.64 km

Daily Traffic : 14,000

Zeytinburnu-Güngören-Bağcılar/ TRAMLength : 5.5 km

Daily Traffic : 26,000

Page 10: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

Haluk Gerçek, Istanbul Transportation: Problems and

Challenges, June 2007, Istanbul

RAIL PROJECTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION RAIL PROJECTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION (GMI)(GMI)

Taksim-Yenikapı/ METROLength : 5.2 km

Estimated Cost : $364 M

Edirnekapı-Sultançiftliği/ TRAMLength: 15.3 km

Estimated Cost : $140 M

Kadıköy-Kartal/ METROLength : 21,7 km

Estimated Cost: $1.1 B

4.Levent-Seyrantepe-Ayazağa -Darüşşafaka/ METRO

Length : 8 kmEstimated Cost: $250 M

Aksaray-Yenikapı/ LRTLength : 0.7 km

Estimated Cost : $56 M

Otogar-Bağcılar/ LRTLength : 5.4 km

Estimated Cost: $173 M

Bağcılar-M.Bey-İkitelli Olympic Village / METRO

Length : 16 kmEstimated Cost: $800 M

BOSPHORUS TUNNEL-MARMARAYLength :13,5 km

Page 11: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

BOSPORUS RAILWAY TUNNELBOSPORUS RAILWAY TUNNEL(MARMARAY) PROJECT(MARMARAY) PROJECT

76.3 km76.3 km13.6 km tunnel (1.4 13.6 km tunnel (1.4

km immersed km immersed tube tunnel)tube tunnel)

40 stations40 stationsCapacity: 75,000 Capacity: 75,000

pphpd pphpd

Page 12: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

““3 Legged Stool” of SUSTAINABILITY3 Legged Stool” of SUSTAINABILITY

Environmental SustainabilityEnvironmental Sustainability

Social SustainabilitySocial SustainabilityEconomic SustainabilityEconomic Sustainability

Page 13: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

Transport Objectives and Their Transport Objectives and Their Contribution to SUSTAINABILITYContribution to SUSTAINABILITY

Economic Social Environmental

Improving transport safety ● ●Creating wealth ●Improving access ●Reducing congestion ● ●Reducing severance, fear, intimidation ●Protecting landscapes and biodiversity ● ●Reducing noise ●Reducing GHG emissions ●Improving air quality ●Promoting health ●Increasing equity within and between generations ●Being affordable and efficient ●Using resources within renewal or replacement rates ● ●Minimising the use of land ● ●

ECMT Sustainable Transport ObjectivesSustainability "Leg"

ECMT Report on Sustainable Transport Policy (2000)ECMT Report on Sustainable Transport Policy (2000)

EC DG Environment’s Guidance on Sustainable Urban Transport Plans (2005)EC DG Environment’s Guidance on Sustainable Urban Transport Plans (2005)

Page 14: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

Which Objectives Are Most Important Which Objectives Are Most Important ??

• There can be tensions between There can be tensions between objectives objectives

• Priorities differ accross the Priorities differ accross the countries and citiescountries and cities

• Maintaining a balance among Maintaining a balance among objectives is not easy and objectives is not easy and tradeoffs are necessarytradeoffs are necessary

• Therefore, for each city / countryTherefore, for each city / country• Set the “right” prioritesSet the “right” priorites• Pursue policies which support Pursue policies which support

the higher priority objectives the higher priority objectives ( a package of consistent ( a package of consistent policies & instruments)policies & instruments)

Page 15: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

A Long-Term or Immediate Focus ?A Long-Term or Immediate Focus ?

• Give sufficient emphasis to Give sufficient emphasis to longer term impacts longer term impacts (Reducing GHG, increasing equity (Reducing GHG, increasing equity between generations, avoiding between generations, avoiding resource depletion)resource depletion)

• Others objectives affect today’s Others objectives affect today’s citizens and require for citizens and require for immediate actionimmediate action

• Given 4-5 year life of a Given 4-5 year life of a government, policy makers focus government, policy makers focus on current needs and overlook on current needs and overlook longer term problemslonger term problems

Page 16: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

POLICY INSTRUMENTS (ECMT POLICY INSTRUMENTS (ECMT Reports)Reports)

Policy Instruments Urban TransportPublic transport

Walking

Cycling

Capacity reallocation

Technological Improvements Better vehicles

(Vehicles, fuels, infrastructure) New fuels

Regulation Public transport

(Manufacturers, providers,users) Land-use

Information, Awareness and Awareness campaignes

Education IT for users & operators

Pricing and Taxation Congestion charging

Infrastructure Provision &

Traffic Management

Page 17: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

How Well Do Policies Use Both How Well Do Policies Use Both Demand-Side and Supply-Side Demand-Side and Supply-Side

Measures ?Measures ?Major Projects Objectives

3rd Bosporus Bridge

Bosporus Road Tunnel

Urban Road Tunnels

Flyovers

Marmaray Reducing congestion

Rail Transit Projects Improving access

Park & Ride Facilities Improving transport safety

BRT Reducing GHG emissions

Ferries & Seabuses Improving air quality

Bikeways

Pedestrian pathways

Alternate work & school schedule

Parking charges

Company & school buses

Akbil (Smart ticket) Improving accessIT for users & operators Reducing congestion

TDM Reducing congestion

IT

Reducing congestion ?

Improving access ?

DO NOT EXIST

INF

RA

ST

RU

CT

UR

E

Page 18: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

LARGE ROAD PROJECTSLARGE ROAD PROJECTS• Projects faced Projects faced

opposition from opposition from professional professional organizations organizations and NGOsand NGOs- - Urban road Urban road tunneltunnels (s (156 km, 156 km, $2 B)$2 B)- 3rd Bosporus - 3rd Bosporus Bridge and Bridge and beltways ($2 B)beltways ($2 B)- Road tunnel - Road tunnel under Bosporus under Bosporus ($1.6 B)($1.6 B)- Flyovers (126 - Flyovers (126 built)built)

Page 19: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

MUNICIPALTY BUDGET FOR MUNICIPALTY BUDGET FOR TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION

• In 2001-2007 period,In 2001-2007 period,- $ 1.93 B spent on $ 1.93 B spent on road projectsroad projects- $ 3.45 B spent on rail - $ 3.45 B spent on rail projectsprojects

• In 2007,In 2007, - GMI will spend $ 2.94 - GMI will spend $ 2.94 billion (53.5% of its billion (53.5% of its total annual budget) total annual budget) on transportation on transportation projects.projects.

• Up to 2012Up to 2012, , - $ 15 B is required for - $ 15 B is required for transportation projectstransportation projects- GMI is planning to - GMI is planning to allocate $ 5.8 B.allocate $ 5.8 B.- $ 2 B is required for - $ 2 B is required for 156-km road tunnels.156-km road tunnels.

Page 20: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

DECISION MAKING in DECISION MAKING in TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION

• Who puts the Who puts the projects ?projects ?

• Who evaluates ?Who evaluates ?• Who decides ?Who decides ?• Who puts money ?Who puts money ?

• Transparent Transparent decision making is decision making is necessarynecessary

• There is a There is a credibility gap credibility gap between public between public and politicians and politicians

Page 21: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

TRAVEL TIME (min)TRAVEL TIME (min)

52,8

40,7

48,1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

1987

1996

2006

• Hyper -Hyper -congestion at congestion at low level of car low level of car ownershipownership

Page 22: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

EMISSIONS in TURKEY (2004)EMISSIONS in TURKEY (2004)

Turkey’s total GHG emissions = 296.6 Mt Turkey’s total GHG emissions = 296.6 Mt CO2 equivalent (81.8 % is CO2)CO2 equivalent (81.8 % is CO2)

• Transportation CO2 = 40,5 Mt ( 12 % of Transportation CO2 = 40,5 Mt ( 12 % of total CO2, increased by 55.8 % between total CO2, increased by 55.8 % between 1990 and 2004)1990 and 2004)

• Road Transport CO2 = 34 Mt (84 % of Road Transport CO2 = 34 Mt (84 % of transport sector)transport sector)

Source: Source: 1st National 1st National Comunication on Climate Comunication on Climate Change, Report of Turkey, Change, Report of Turkey, 20072007..

Page 23: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

3rd BRIDGE PROJECT3rd BRIDGE PROJECT

• Forests and Forests and wetland wetland area of 800 area of 800 ha ha is estimated is estimated to be to be demaged.demaged.

Page 24: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

SUCCESSESSUCCESSES

• Rail transit Rail transit improvementsimprovements

• Sea transport Sea transport improvements (Sea improvements (Sea buses, ferries)buses, ferries)

• Fare integration by Fare integration by electronic tickets electronic tickets (Akbil)(Akbil)

• Extended budgets Extended budgets allocated to urban allocated to urban transport projectstransport projects

• Increasing interest in Increasing interest in environmental issues environmental issues through news in through news in mediamedia

Page 25: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

FAILURESFAILURES

• Uncontrolled population growth and Uncontrolled population growth and urban sprawlurban sprawl

• Lack of integration of land-use, Lack of integration of land-use, transportation, environmental and transportation, environmental and economic development planseconomic development plans

• Barriers to implementation of plansBarriers to implementation of plans(finacial, legal & institutional, political (finacial, legal & institutional, political & cultural, technological)& cultural, technological)

• Hyper-Congestion at untolerable levelsHyper-Congestion at untolerable levels• Lack of public awarenessLack of public awareness• Lack of transparent & accountable Lack of transparent & accountable

decision-making processdecision-making process

Page 26: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

• Integrate land-Integrate land-use, use, transportation transportation and and environmental environmental planningplanning

• Improve and Improve and

integrate public integrate public transport modestransport modes

• Improve NMTImprove NMT• Develop reserved Develop reserved

routes for PTroutes for PT

SOLUTION for SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION for SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTTRANSPORT

Page 27: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

SOLUTION for SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION for SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTTRANSPORT

• RReduceducee and and rationalizrationalizee the use the use of of cars,cars, more more specifically in the specifically in the city centercity centers by s by TDMTDM.. (Congestion(Congestion pricingpricing, p, parking arking pricing and pricing and managementmanagement, , ttraffic calmingraffic calming, , regulatoryregulatory measuresmeasures))

• Set targets Set targets (Reduce CO2 by (Reduce CO2 by 30 % by 2012)30 % by 2012)

Page 28: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

A DIFFERENT WAY OF THINKINGA DIFFERENT WAY OF THINKING

• There is an urgent There is an urgent need for a change in need for a change in the way we think the way we think aboutabout transportation transportation (paradigm shifts)(paradigm shifts)

Sustainable Sustainable transportation transportation requires requires fundemental changes fundemental changes in our transportation in our transportation planning practices.planning practices.

Page 29: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.

THANK YOU...THANK YOU...

[email protected]@ins.itu.edu.tr