University of Engineering University of Engineering & Technology& Technology

Taxila , PakistanTaxila , Pakistan

Presentation ByPresentation By

– Junaid NaseerJunaid Naseer

– 03F-EE-2203F-EE-22

ZIONISM & ISRAELZIONISM & ISRAEL

CONTENTSCONTENTS IntroductionIntroduction Historical BackgroundHistorical Background Attempted Assimilation in EuropeAttempted Assimilation in Europe Anti-Semitism & Jewish ReactionAnti-Semitism & Jewish Reaction Balfour Declaration & World War I Balfour Declaration & World War I Nazi support for ZionismNazi support for Zionism Inter War PeriodInter War Period 1948 Arab Israeli War1948 Arab Israeli War 1956 Suez Crisis1956 Suez Crisis Israeli Nuclear ProgramIsraeli Nuclear Program 1967 Arab Israeli War1967 Arab Israeli War 1973 Arab Israeli War1973 Arab Israeli War Lebanon InvasionLebanon Invasion First IntifadaFirst Intifada Madrid Conference & Oslo peace AccordMadrid Conference & Oslo peace Accord US aid to IsraelUS aid to Israel Muslim Countries and IsraelMuslim Countries and Israel Al Aqsa IntifadaAl Aqsa Intifada

IntroductionIntroduction

Zionism, Zionism, movement to unite the movement to unite the Jewish people of the Diaspora and Jewish people of the Diaspora and settle them in Palestinesettle them in Palestine; it arose in ; it arose in the late 19th century and culminated the late 19th century and culminated in 1948 in the establishment of the in 1948 in the establishment of the state of Israel. state of Israel.

ZionZion 18901890 by the Austrian Jewish by the Austrian Jewish

philosopher philosopher Nathan BirnbaumNathan Birnbaum..

Historical BackgroundHistorical Background

In the In the 6th century BC6th century BC, the Jews were , the Jews were expelled by the expelled by the Babylonians.Babylonians.

Over the centuries, the Jews of the Over the centuries, the Jews of the Diaspora associated the hope of the return Diaspora associated the hope of the return with the coming of the with the coming of the MessiahMessiah, a savior , a savior whom God would send to deliver them.whom God would send to deliver them.

Individual Jews often migrated to Individual Jews often migrated to Palestine, but they remained a small Palestine, but they remained a small minority among a largely Arab population.minority among a largely Arab population.

Attempted assimilation in EuropeAttempted assimilation in Europe This process began in the 18th century with the This process began in the 18th century with the

HaskalahHaskalah ,a movement inspired by the European ,a movement inspired by the European Enlightenment and initiated by the German Enlightenment and initiated by the German Jewish philosopher Jewish philosopher Moses MendelssohnMoses Mendelssohn. .

The liberal Jewish reform movement sought to The liberal Jewish reform movement sought to reduce Judaism to a religious denominationreduce Judaism to a religious denomination, , allowing Jews to adopt the local culture.allowing Jews to adopt the local culture.

The achievement of political equality by The achievement of political equality by European Jewry began in the European Jewry began in the French Revolution French Revolution in 1791 and spread over most of Europe during in 1791 and spread over most of Europe during the next few decades.the next few decades.

Anti-Semitism & Jewish ReactionAnti-Semitism & Jewish Reaction

In the second half of the 19th century organized In the second half of the 19th century organized anti-Semitic parties emerged in Germany and anti-Semitic parties emerged in Germany and Austria-Hungary. In Russia, the assassination of Austria-Hungary. In Russia, the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881 unleashed a wave of Tsar Alexander II in 1881 unleashed a wave of pogromspogroms..

To escape persecution, large numbers of Russian To escape persecution, large numbers of Russian Jews emigrated to the West, primarily to the Jews emigrated to the West, primarily to the United StatesUnited States. A smaller number, went to . A smaller number, went to Palestine, which was then under Palestine, which was then under Turkish ruleTurkish rule..

In the mid-19th century, European Orthodox In the mid-19th century, European Orthodox rabbis, adapted the traditional belief in a Messiah rabbis, adapted the traditional belief in a Messiah to modern conditions by teaching that to modern conditions by teaching that Jews Jews themselves must lay the groundwork for his themselves must lay the groundwork for his comingcoming..

Theodor HerzlTheodor Herzl

Writer and journalist Writer and journalist Theodor HerzlTheodor Herzl, , founder of modern founder of modern political Zionism, political Zionism, published a pamphlet published a pamphlet in in 18961896 advocating advocating the establishment of a the establishment of a Eretz YisraelEretz Yisrael. Herzl is . Herzl is considered one of the considered one of the great influences on great influences on the formation of Israel.the formation of Israel.

Foundation of the Zionist Foundation of the Zionist MovementMovement

Herzl secured audiences with the German Herzl secured audiences with the German emperor emperor William IIWilliam II and and Sultan Abd al-Hamid IISultan Abd al-Hamid II of Turkey, but he was unable to secure their of Turkey, but he was unable to secure their support.support.

1897 Herzl organized the first Zionist Congress in 1897 Herzl organized the first Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland. Basel, Switzerland.

Herzl directed his diplomacy toward Britain, but Herzl directed his diplomacy toward Britain, but the British offer to investigate the possibility of the British offer to investigate the possibility of Jewish colonization in East Africa—the so-called Jewish colonization in East Africa—the so-called Uganda schemeUganda scheme —nearly split the Zionist —nearly split the Zionist movement.movement.

Argentina SchemeArgentina Scheme

Balfour Declaration & World War IBalfour Declaration & World War I

During World War I, the British During World War I, the British promoted the Zionists. The promoted the Zionists. The declaration, contained in a declaration, contained in a letter from letter from Foreign Foreign Secretary Arthur J. BalfourSecretary Arthur J. Balfour to a Chaim Weizmann , to a Chaim Weizmann , approved the establishment in approved the establishment in Palestine of a “national home Palestine of a “national home for the Jewish people.”for the Jewish people.”

Russian-born chemist Russian-born chemist Chaim Chaim WeizmannWeizmann helped secure the helped secure the British government’s approval British government’s approval of the 1917 Balfour of the 1917 Balfour declaration. He later served declaration. He later served as the first president of Israel, as the first president of Israel, from from 1949 to 19521949 to 1952..

Nazi Support of Zionism Nazi Support of Zionism Herzl recognized that anti-Semitism would further Herzl recognized that anti-Semitism would further

his cause, the creation of a separate state for his cause, the creation of a separate state for Jews.He wrote that Zionism offered the world a Jews.He wrote that Zionism offered the world a welcome “welcome “final solution of the Jewish questionfinal solution of the Jewish question.” .” Zionism was supported by the Zionism was supported by the German SSGerman SS and and GestapoGestapo. . HitlerHitler himself personally supported himself personally supported Zionism. Zionism.

Transfer AgreementTransfer Agreement implemented in implemented in 19331933 is is an important example of the cooperation an important example of the cooperation between Hitler’s Third Reich and international between Hitler’s Third Reich and international Zionism. Zionism.

Hitler and the Zionists had a common goal: to Hitler and the Zionists had a common goal: to create a world Jewish Ghetto as a solution to the create a world Jewish Ghetto as a solution to the Jewish Question.Jewish Question.

Inter War PeriodInter War Period During the period of the British mandate During the period of the British mandate

(1922-48), the Yishuv grew from (1922-48), the Yishuv grew from 50,000 50,000 to 600,000to 600,000 people. people.

The The White PaperWhite Paper of May 1939 terminated of May 1939 terminated Britain's commitment to Zionism and Britain's commitment to Zionism and provided for the establishment of a provided for the establishment of a Palestinian state within ten years.Palestinian state within ten years.

Biltmore programBiltmore program : In May 1942, Zionist : In May 1942, Zionist leaders meeting at the Biltmore Hotel in leaders meeting at the Biltmore Hotel in New York City demanded from the New York City demanded from the USUS a a state—in all of western Palestine as part of state—in all of western Palestine as part of the new world order after the warthe new world order after the war..

Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein Albert Einstein said,Albert Einstein said,““My awareness of My awareness of the essential nature of the essential nature of

Judaism resists the idea of a Jewish Judaism resists the idea of a Jewish state with bordersstate with borders, an army, and a , an army, and a

measure of temporal power, no matter measure of temporal power, no matter how modest. I am afraid of the inner how modest. I am afraid of the inner

damage Judaism will sustain -- damage Judaism will sustain -- especially from the development of a especially from the development of a

narrow nationalism within our own narrow nationalism within our own ranks, against which we have already ranks, against which we have already had to fight strongly, even without a had to fight strongly, even without a

Jewish state”Jewish state”

In a letter to the NY Times in 1948, In a letter to the NY Times in 1948, Albert Einstein warned of the insidious Albert Einstein warned of the insidious fascism of the fascism of the Israeli Freedom PartyIsraeli Freedom Party. . The Freedom Party had its roots in The Freedom Party had its roots in right-wing terrorism .Freedom Party right-wing terrorism .Freedom Party merged with many others to form the merged with many others to form the Likud PartyLikud Party..

David Ben-GurionDavid Ben-Gurion David Ben-Gurion David Ben-Gurion

served as the served as the first first prime minister of prime minister of IsraelIsrael when the when the country was created in country was created in 1948. Prior to that time, 1948. Prior to that time, Ben-Gurion had worked Ben-Gurion had worked for the creation of a for the creation of a Jewish state in Jewish state in Palestine.. His Palestine.. His determined efforts were determined efforts were rewarded in 1948 when rewarded in 1948 when Britain recognized Israel Britain recognized Israel as an independent as an independent state.state.

The State of IsraelThe State of Israel On On May 14, 1948May 14, 1948, at midnight, , at midnight,

the British mandate over the British mandate over Palestine ended, and the Jews Palestine ended, and the Jews declared their independence in declared their independence in the new state of Israel. Israel the new state of Israel. Israel owed its existence to a unique owed its existence to a unique set of circumstances: set of circumstances:

Western sympathy for Jewish Western sympathy for Jewish suffering;suffering;

the political influence of the political influence of American Jews in securing the American Jews in securing the support of President Harry S. support of President Harry S. Truman; Truman;

Britain's loss of will to continue Britain's loss of will to continue its rule in Palestine; and,its rule in Palestine; and,

The Yishuv's determination and The Yishuv's determination and ability to establish and hold on ability to establish and hold on to its own state.to its own state.

1948 Arab-Israeli War1948 Arab-Israeli War

In 1948 combined forces of several Arab nations and Palestinian guerillas attacked the newly independent nation of Israel. Israel defeated the Arab forces between 1948 and 1949, taking much of the land that had been granted to the Palestinians by the United Nations in 1947.

Shimon PeresShimon Peres In In 19521952 he was appointed he was appointed

deputy director-general of deputy director-general of the ministry of defense; the ministry of defense; within a year he was within a year he was promoted to director-promoted to director-general. He established general. He established close military cooperation close military cooperation with the French with the French government, which helped government, which helped him develop Israeli him develop Israeli governments weapons governments weapons industry and establish industry and establish Israel’s nuclear Israel’s nuclear weapons programweapons program..

He Received He Received Nobel Peace Nobel Peace PrizePrize in 1994. in 1994.

Israeli Nuclear ProgramIsraeli Nuclear Program France built the reactor and ex-traction plant secretly in the France built the reactor and ex-traction plant secretly in the

Negev desert, at a site called Negev desert, at a site called DimonaDimona. . Plumbat affairPlumbat affair In 1968 Israel skirted nuclear export In 1968 Israel skirted nuclear export

controls by diverting 200 metric tons of Belgian uranium in controls by diverting 200 metric tons of Belgian uranium in barrels marked Plumbat on the high seas. barrels marked Plumbat on the high seas.

From 1959 to 1963 Israel imported 20t From 1959 to 1963 Israel imported 20t heavy waterheavy water from from Norway and 3.9t from the United States. This would supply Norway and 3.9t from the United States. This would supply Dimona indefinitely if the reactor stayed at its rated power Dimona indefinitely if the reactor stayed at its rated power of 24 megawatts. of 24 megawatts.

In a In a September 4, 1974September 4, 1974, CIA concluded, ", CIA concluded, "We believe that We believe that Israel already has produced nuclear weapons from Israel already has produced nuclear weapons from Dimona’s Plutonium." Dimona’s Plutonium."

During the 1973 Arab-Israeli war, Israel reportedly During the 1973 Arab-Israeli war, Israel reportedly assembled 13 bombs and readied them for use. In May assembled 13 bombs and readied them for use. In May 1985 a Los Angeles businessman, Richard Smyth, was 1985 a Los Angeles businessman, Richard Smyth, was indicted for smuggling to Israel 810 high-speed electronic indicted for smuggling to Israel 810 high-speed electronic switches, called switches, called krytonskrytons, which are used as nuclear , which are used as nuclear weapon detonators. Smyth vanished a week before he was weapon detonators. Smyth vanished a week before he was to appear for trial.to appear for trial.

Dimona Atomic RectorDimona Atomic Rector

Israel’s Nuclear Program RevealedIsrael’s Nuclear Program Revealed Mordechai VanunuMordechai Vanunu, who worked at Dimona for 8 , who worked at Dimona for 8

years. In years. In September 1986September 1986 he detailed Israel's he detailed Israel's production techniques to the production techniques to the Sunday TimesSunday Times, , providing almost providing almost 60 color photographs60 color photographs of Israel's of Israel's underground bomb factory.underground bomb factory.

According to Vanunu's data, According to Vanunu's data, Israel nowIsrael now1.1. has 100 to 200 advanced fission bombs,has 100 to 200 advanced fission bombs,2.2. has mastered a thermonuclear design, has mastered a thermonuclear design, 3.3. has a number of thermonuclear bombs ready for has a number of thermonuclear bombs ready for

use. use. Dimona, is producing Dimona, is producing 40 kilograms per year40 kilograms per year, ,

which is enough for 10 advanced fission bombs. which is enough for 10 advanced fission bombs. Dimona is also making tritium and deuterium, the Dimona is also making tritium and deuterium, the thermonuclear bomb ingredients. thermonuclear bomb ingredients.

After telling his story to the Sunday Times, Vanunu After telling his story to the Sunday Times, Vanunu disappeared on September 30. He turned up 2 disappeared on September 30. He turned up 2 weeks later in an Israeli jail charged with espionage weeks later in an Israeli jail charged with espionage and other crimes. Vanunu said he was kidnapped in and other crimes. Vanunu said he was kidnapped in Rome, though Israel refuses to say how he was Rome, though Israel refuses to say how he was arrested. arrested.

Suez CrisisSuez Crisis

International International confrontation along confrontation along the Suez Canal in the Suez Canal in 1956 that pitted Egypt 1956 that pitted Egypt against the combined against the combined forces of Israel, forces of Israel, Britain, and France.Britain, and France.

““Lavon” AffairLavon” Affair Strait of TiranStrait of Tiran Jamal Abdul Nasser Jamal Abdul Nasser

and Aswan Damand Aswan Dam

1967 Arab-Israeli War : Operation 1967 Arab-Israeli War : Operation blitzkriegblitzkrieg

Anticipating an Arab invasion, Israel attacked and defeated its Arab neighbors in the Six-Day War of 1967.

On June 8, the U.S.S. Liberty, a U.S. Navy electronic intelligence vessel was attacked by Israeli planes and motor torpedo boats. More than 30 officers and men of the Liberty were killed and 75 wounded

1973 Arab-Israeli War1973 Arab-Israeli War

Armed conflict between Israel and the Arab Armed conflict between Israel and the Arab countries of Egypt and Syria, fought during the countries of Egypt and Syria, fought during the month of month of October 1973October 1973. .

The conflict began on the Jewish holiday of The conflict began on the Jewish holiday of Yom Yom KippurKippur and took place during the Muslim holy and took place during the Muslim holy month of month of RamadanRamadan..

Pakistani Participation on the side of Syria.Pakistani Participation on the side of Syria. Mohammed Zia-ul HaqMohammed Zia-ul Haq reputedly fought reputedly fought

alongside the Jordanian army in alongside the Jordanian army in 19711971 while he while he was on a military training mission.was on a military training mission.

Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords Signed by Jimmy Carter, Anwar al-Sadat and Menachem Begin in 1978, the Camp David Accords led to a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel the following year. Sadat and Begin shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. Egyptian president Anwar al-Sadat was assassinated in Cairo by Islamic extremists within the Egyptian army on October 6, 1981. They killed him for negotiating a peace agreement with Israel in 1979.

Invasion of LebanonInvasion of Lebanon Operation Peace for Galilee in June Operation Peace for Galilee in June

19821982 PLO expulsion from JordanPLO expulsion from Jordan Syrian military presenceSyrian military presence Israeli forces killed 19,000 civilians and Israeli forces killed 19,000 civilians and

maimed 30,000 more in six weeks. maimed 30,000 more in six weeks. Israeli warplanes dropped cluster and Israeli warplanes dropped cluster and phosphorous bombs on whole phosphorous bombs on whole neighborhoods of Beirut. neighborhoods of Beirut.

Under Israeli protection, its allies in Under Israeli protection, its allies in minority Christian neo-fascist minority Christian neo-fascist PhalangePhalange militias massacred more militias massacred more than 2,000 Palestinian refugees in the than 2,000 Palestinian refugees in the SabraSabra and and ChatilaChatila refugee camps refugee camps

1996 1996 "Grapes of Wrath""Grapes of Wrath" Bombardment of Lebanon which drove Bombardment of Lebanon which drove 400,000 civilians from their homes .400,000 civilians from their homes .

First intifadaFirst intifada 9 december,19879 december,1987 An uprising by An uprising by

Palestinians against Palestinians against Israeli rule in the West Israeli rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip Bank and Gaza Strip territories.territories.

180,000 Israeli troops 180,000 Israeli troops deployed.deployed.

Israeli forces killed Israeli forces killed more than 1,200 more than 1,200 Palestinians, including Palestinians, including 344 children younger 344 children younger than 16.than 16.

Madrid Conference & Oslo Peace Madrid Conference & Oslo Peace AccordsAccords

In September 1993, Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin, left, and Palestine Liberation Organization chairman Yasir Arafat, right, agreed to the signing of a historic peace accord.In July 1994 Yitzhak Rabin, and King Hussein of Jordan, came together in the United States, in the presence of Bill Clinton, to sign a peace agreement ending 46 years of war and tension between their countries.

US aid to IsraelUS aid to Israel Israel receives Israel receives $1.8 billion$1.8 billion in military aid. in military aid. Israel receives Israel receives $1.2 billion$1.2 billion in economic aid. in economic aid. In 1997 alone, Israel received In 1997 alone, Israel received $525.8 million$525.8 million above and above and

beyond its $3 billion from the foreign aid budget, and yet beyond its $3 billion from the foreign aid budget, and yet another another $2 billion$2 billion in federal loan guarantees. in federal loan guarantees.

So the complete total of U.S. grants and loan guarantees to So the complete total of U.S. grants and loan guarantees to Israel for fiscal 1997 was Israel for fiscal 1997 was $5,525,800,000$5,525,800,000 which is 1/3 which is 1/3rdrd of of its total foreign aid.its total foreign aid.

1949-1996 time frame, the total of U.S. foreign aid to all of 1949-1996 time frame, the total of U.S. foreign aid to all of the countries of sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the the countries of sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean combined was Caribbean combined was $62,497,800,000$62,497,800,000..

Lump payment in the first month.Lump payment in the first month. Most U.S. loans to Israel are forgivenMost U.S. loans to Israel are forgiven Cranston AmendmentCranston Amendment

US aid to Israel (contd.)US aid to Israel (contd.) After the United States, the principal donor of both After the United States, the principal donor of both

economic and military aid to Israel is Germany.economic and military aid to Israel is Germany. By far the largest component of German aid has been in the By far the largest component of German aid has been in the

form of form of restitution paymentsrestitution payments to victims of Nazi atrocities to victims of Nazi atrocities The total of German assistance in all of these categories to The total of German assistance in all of these categories to

the Israeli government, Israeli individuals and Israeli private the Israeli government, Israeli individuals and Israeli private institutions has been some institutions has been some $31 billion$31 billion

All of the All of the $45.6 billion$45.6 billion in U.S. foreign aid to Egypt since in U.S. foreign aid to Egypt since Egypt made peace with Israel in 1979 (compared to Egypt made peace with Israel in 1979 (compared to $4.2 $4.2 billionbillion in U.S. aid to Egypt for the preceding in U.S. aid to Egypt for the preceding 26 years26 years). ). U.S. foreign aid to Egypt, which is pegged at two-thirds of U.S. foreign aid to Egypt, which is pegged at two-thirds of U.S. foreign aid to Israel, averages $2.2 billion per yearU.S. foreign aid to Israel, averages $2.2 billion per year

America’s America’s $84.8 billion$84.8 billion in aid to Israel from fiscal years in aid to Israel from fiscal years 1949 through 1998, and the interest the U.S. paid to borrow 1949 through 1998, and the interest the U.S. paid to borrow this money, has cost U.S. taxpayers this money, has cost U.S. taxpayers $134.8 billion. $134.8 billion.

Jewish Lobby in the USJewish Lobby in the US

Probably the only members of Congress Probably the only members of Congress who even suspect the full total of U.S. who even suspect the full total of U.S. funds received by Israel each year are the funds received by Israel each year are the privileged few committee members who privileged few committee members who actually mark it up. And almost all actually mark it up. And almost all members of the concerned committees members of the concerned committees are Jewish, have taken huge campaign are Jewish, have taken huge campaign donations orchestrated by donations orchestrated by Israel's Israel's Washington, DC lobbyWashington, DC lobby, the , the American American Israel Public Affairs CommitteeIsrael Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), or both.(AIPAC), or both.

Muslim countries and IsraelMuslim countries and Israel Full diplomatic relations with Full diplomatic relations with Turkey, Turkey,

Egypt, JordanEgypt, Jordan and and MauritaniaMauritania. Israel . Israel now has ties of one kind or another with now has ties of one kind or another with Morroco ,Tunisia, Oman, QatarMorroco ,Tunisia, Oman, Qatar and and BahrainBahrain..

Israel has diplomatic relations with Israel has diplomatic relations with 9 non-9 non-Arab Muslim statesArab Muslim states..

In August 2004,Silviam Shalom met with In August 2004,Silviam Shalom met with the Indonesian foreign minister. the Indonesian foreign minister.

In September 2005, Silviam Shalom met In September 2005, Silviam Shalom met with Pakistani foreign minister.with Pakistani foreign minister.

Al-aqsa intifadaAl-aqsa intifada 29 september, 2000. Ariel Sharon’s visit to Temple

Mount. No. of injuried is 29,251 and No.

of Deaths is 3,881. No. of children detained is 6758. No. of Palestinians detained is

6536 current. Poverty rate in 1999 was 20% and

in 2004 was 51% No. of Palestinian Residency

revoked is 6,396 (1989-2004) No. of houses demolished is 3345 No. of people made homeless is

10,683 (2000-2004) There are 242 Israeli settlements

and civilian land use sites in the West Bank, 42 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 25 in the Gaza Strip, and 29 in East Jerusalem

The EndThe End