Reference models

Objectives

• Understand the architecture of Internet with an analogy.

• ISO/OSI Reference model

• TCP/IP Reference model

• Compare ISO/OSI and TCP/IP

Analogy: Airline System

Horizontal Layering

Protocol Layers• To reduce the design complexity, most

networks are organized as a stack of layers or levels, each one built upon the one below it.

• The purpose of each layer is to offer certain services to the higher layers, shielding those layers from the details of how the offered services are actually implemented.

The OSI Reference Model

• The model is called the ISO OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model because it deals with connecting open systems—that is, systems that are open for communication with other systems.

The OSI Reference Model

Application LayerPresentation Layer

Session LayerTransport LayerNetwork LayerData link layerPhysical Layer

• The seven layers of ISO/OSI model

The OSI Reference Model…

• The physical layer is concerned with transmitting raw bits over a communication channel.

• The design issues here largely deal with – mechanical, electrical, and timing interfaces, and – the physical transmission medium, which lies

below the physical layer

The Physical Layer

• The main task of the data link layer is to take a raw transmission facility and transform it into a line that appears free of undetected transmission errors to the network layer.

• The sender break the input data up into data frames and transmit the frames sequentially.

The Data Link Layer

DataFrame1

Frame2

Data Link Layer

• The network layer is concerned with controlling the operation of the subnet.

• A key design issue is determining how packets are routed from source to destination.

The Network Layer

• The basic function of the transport layer is to accept data from above, split it up into smaller units if need be,

• Pass the DU to the network layer, and ensure that the pieces all arrive correctly at the other end.

The Transport Layer

DU1

DU2

Data Transport Layer

• The session layer allows users on different machines to establish sessions between them.

• Dialog control – (keepingtrack of whose turn it is to transmit)

• Token management – (preventing two parties from attempting the same

critical operation at the same time) and • Synchronization – (checkpointing long transmissions to allow they to

continue from where they were after a crash).

The Session Layer

• Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information transmitted.

The Presentation Layer

• The application layer contains a variety of protocols that are commonly needed.

• One widely-used appplication protocol is HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), which is the basis for the World Wide Web.

• When a browser wants a Web page, it sends the name of the page it wants to the server using HTTP.

• The server then sends the page back. • Other application protocols are used for file

transfer, electronic mail, and network news.

The Application Layer

The TCP/IP Reference Model

• ISO OSI Model TCP/IP Model

Application LayerPresentation Layer

Session LayerTransport LayerNetwork LayerData link layerPhysical Layer

Application Layer

Transport LayerInternet Layer

Link LayerPhysical Layer

• Permit hosts to inject packets into any network and have them travel independently to the destination.

• The internet layer defines an official packet format and protocol called IP (Internet Protocol).

• The job of the internet layer is to deliver IP packets where they are supposed to go.

The Internet Layer

• The first protocol defined is TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)

• TCP is a reliable connection-oriented protocol that allows a byte stream originating on one machine to be delivered without error on any other machine in the internet.

• It fragments the incoming byte stream into discrete messages and passes each one onto the internet layer.

The Transport Layer

• The second protocol in this layer, UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

• UDP is an unreliable, connectionless protocol for applications that do not want TCP’s sequencing or flow control and wish to provide their own.

• It is also widely used for one-shot, client-server type request-reply queries and applications in which prompt delivery is more important than accurate delivery, such as transmitting speech or video.

The Transport Layer…

• It contains all the higher-level protocols.• The early ones included virtual terminal

(TELNET), file transfer (FTP), and electronic mail (SMTP)

• The TELNET allows a user on one machine to log into a distant machine and work there.

• The FTP provides a way to move data efficiently from one machine to another.

• SMTP was originally just a kind of file transfer, but later a specialized protocol was developed for it.

The Application Layer

• Domain Name Service (DNS) for mapping host names onto their network addresses

• HTTP, the protocol used for fetching pages on the World Wide Web

The Application Layer…

• Below the internet layer is a great void.• The host has to connect to the network using

some protocol so it can send IP packets over it.

• This protocol is not defined and varies from host to host and network to network.

The Host-to-Network Layer

OSI Vs TCP/IP

•Did not originally clearly distinguish between service, interface, and protocol• The protocols came first, and the model was really just a description of the existing protocols.•Four layers•connectionless in the network layer but supports both modes in the transport layer

• Three concepts are central: Services, Interfaces, Protocols

• The OSI reference model was devised before the protocols were invented

• Seven layers• Connectionless and

connection-oriented communication in the network layer, but only connection-oriented communication in the transport layer