Isl Art Arch-libre

UCL Qatar Module UCLQG112

Art & Archaeology of the Islamic World

2012-2013 Year 1 Core 30 Credit Module

Module co-ordinator:

Timothy Power [email protected]

Cover illustration shows a Saljq ruler. From a drawing of a early thirteenth-century Iranian bowl in the Freer Gallery. All line drawings in the handbook are taken from B. Lewis (ed.) The World of Islam:

Faith, People & Culture (London, 1976 repr. 2002). All maps are taken from I. Lapidus, A History of

Islamic Societies (Cambridge, 2002).

CONTENTS

1. MODULE OVERVIEW

SHORT DESCRIPTION 1

MODULE STRUCTURE 1

WEEKLY SUMMARY 5

BASIC TEXTS AND RESOURCES 7

METHOD OF ASSESSMENT 8

TEACHING METHODS 8

LECTURES 9

SEMINARS 9

TUTORIALS 9

WORKLOAD 10

2. AIMS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES

AIMS 11

LEARNING OUTCOMES 11

3. COURSEWORK SUBMISSION DATES AND ASSESSMENT

COURSEWORK SUBMISSION DATES AND ASSESSMENT 12

COURSEWORK OPTIONS AND ESSAY QUESTIONS 12

4. SCHEDULE & SYLLABUS

THE FORMATIVE PERIOD (AD 650-1050) 13

THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (AD 1050-1450) 23

THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES (AD 1450-1850) 33

5. LIBRARY AND OTHER RESOURCES

QATAR LIBRARY HOLDINGS 39

ONLINE MUSEUM COLLECTIONS 40

OTHER ONLINE RESOURCES 40

ARABIC TRANSLITERATION GUIDE 41

QUICK REFERENCE TIMETABLES 42

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1. MODULE OVERVIEW

SHORT DESCRIPTION

The module provides an introduction to the material culture of

the Islamic world. Geographical parameters reach from Spain

to Central Asia and from the Crimea to Zanzibar, i.e. Eurasia,

the Sub-Continent and East Africa. Chronological parameters

span the Middle Eastern pre-Islamic empires and the European

colonial empires, i.e. broadly the sixth to nineteenth centuries.

MODULE STRUCTURE

The course is structured chronologically and divided into the Formative Period (AD 650-

1050), the Classical Period (AD 1050-1450), and the Gunpowder Empires (AD 1450-1850). The

material culture of a given period is considered from the conceptual frameworks of

superstructure (i.e. political & ideological factors, focus on dynasties, art historical

approaches) and infrastructure (i.e. economic & social factors, focus on regions,

archaeological approaches). The chronological periods and conceptual frameworks are

explained in greater detail below. More weight is given to the earlier periods to give five

module components, as follows:

[1] Formative Period (AD 650-1050) [1.1] Superstructure

[1.2] Infrastructure

[2] Classical Period (AD 1050-1450) [2.1] Superstructure


[3] Gunpowder Empires (AD 1450-1850) [3.1] Super- / Infrastructure

(Note that students with a interest in the Gunpowder Empires will be able to take an

optional module on this subject in the second year of the degree. Please contact me in

Semester II if you are interesting in choosing this option.)

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Each of the five module components is allocated four classroom sessions, as follows:

[1] Formative Period

(AD 650-1050)

[1.1] Superstructure

[1.1.1] Introduction to Islamic Civilisation & Material Culture

ESSAY

1

[1.1.2] The World of Late Antiquity & Rise of Islam, AD 250-650

[1.1.3] The Arab Empire of the Umayyads and Abbsids, AD 650-850 [1.1.4] The Fragmentation of the Caliphate & Shite Schism, AD 850-1050


[1.2.1] Landscape & Settlement in Bild al-Shm I: AD 500-1000 [1.2.2] Cities & Urbanism I: From Polis to Madna [1.2.3] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World I: AD 500-1000

[1.2.4] Production & Exchange in the Mediterranean World I: AD 500-1000

[2] Classical Period

(AD 1050-1450)

[2.1] Superstructure

[2.1.1] The Coming of the Turks & Sunn Revival AD 1050-1250

ESSAY

2

[2.1.2] The Mongol Onslaught & Rise of the Persianate World, AD 1250-1500

[2.1.3] The Eastern Frontier: The Turks in India, AD 1000-1500

[2.1.4] The Western Frontier: The Berbers in Spain, AD 1000-1500


[2.2.1] Landscape & Settlement in Bild al-Shm II: AD 1000-1500 [2.2.2] Cities & Urbanism II: Medieval Cairo as Umm al-Duny [2.2.3] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World II: AD 1000-1500

[2.2.4] Production & Exchange in the Mediterranean World II: AD 1000-1500

[3] Gunpowder Empires

(AD 1450-1850) [3.1] Super- / Infrastructure

[3.1.1] The Rise of the Gunpowder Empires, AD 1450-1700

ESSAY

3

[3.1.2] The Decline of the Gunpowder Empires, AD 1700-1900

[3.2.1] Cities & Urbanism III: Cairo between the Medieval and the Modern

[3.2.2] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World III: AD 1500-1900

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Chronological Structure

The first in depth characterisation of Islamic civilisation according to a tripartite

chronological model was Marshall Hodgsons Venture of Islam (Chicago, 1974). This work has proved hugely influential, and almost all university courses dealing with Islamic civilisation

now conform to his basic structure, with varying degrees of revision. However, it is a rather

idiosyncratic work and the student would be better advised to begin with Francis

Robinsons The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World (Cambridge, 1996), which adopts the same tripartite chronological structure but in a more accessible format.

The Formative Period (AD 650-1050) stretches from the great Arab conquests to the coming

of the Turks. Convenient chronological markers are provided by the death of the last

Sasanian Persian shh in 651, and the conquest of Baghdd by the Saljq Turks in 1055. This period sees the rise and fall of the Arab empire of the Umayyads and Abbsids, under whom the civilisation we are wont to call Islamic emerged.

The Classical Period (AD 1050-1450) takes up with the

coming of the Turks and ends with the establishment

of the first of the so-called Islamic gunpowder empires. The upper chronological limit is provided by the conquest of Constantinople (henceforth

known as Istanbul) by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.

This period is one of divergent traditions growing

out of the Abbsid inheritance, when Turko-Mongolian political and military dominance was

accompanied by Persian cultural prestige.

The rise and fall of the Gunpowder Empires (AD 1450-1850) constitutes the last epoch in

pre-modern Islamic civilisation. It begins with the establishment of the Ottoman, afavid and Mughal empires, and concludes with their conquest and colonisation by European

powers. The end date for this period is the sack of Mughal Delhi by the British during the

Indian Uprising of 1857. The modern Islamic world has been shaped and is still being shaped by the legacy of Islamic gunpowder empires.

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Thematic Structure

The thematic structure of the course is informed by loose concepts of superstructure

(political & ideological factors, focus on dynasties, art historical approaches), and

infrastructure (economic & social factors, focus on regions, archaeological approaches).

Sessions on superstructure focus on the high culture of Islamic civilisation. This includes the great monuments and works of art patronised by the social elite, namely the ruler and

his family, together with high ranking bureaucrats, wealthy merchants and powerful

generals. Material culture of this order needs to be contextualised with reference to

contemporary literary sources, particularly poetry and philosophy, in order to understand

its expressive content.

These sessions are structured with reference to civilisational epochs and Islamic dynasties.

This conforms to the standard historical and art historical literature which the student

should be aware of. These sessions together provide an overview of the development of

pre-modern Islamic civilisation. A breakdown of the session contents according to dynasty

and region is a provided a the back of this handbook for students reference.

Sessions on infrastructure focus on the economic base of Muslim-ruled societies. This

includes the archaeological sites and artefacts resulting from systems of production and

exchange, including principally agriculture, mining, manufacturing and trade. Material

culture of this order may be contextualised with reference to contemporary written

sources, including geographical tracts, travel accounts, and documentary archives, which

provide a wealth of information bearing upon the pre-modern economy.

These sessions are structured with reference to three key topics in Islamic archaeology

each with recurring case studies. Landscape archaeology and settlement patterns are

investigated through a study of Bild al-Shm (the Levant). Urban archaeology and the Islamic city (sic.) are examined through a study of Cairo. Maritime archaeology and international trade are investigated through the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.

Other case studies are of course possible and will be mentioned in passing. However, the

case studies chosen are by far the most well evidenced and best known examples.

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WEEK BY WEEK SUMMARY

Sessions for this module will be held between 14:00 and 17:00 on Sundays in Room 1A08.

Induction Week 27 30/08/12 [1.1.1] Introduction to Islamic Civilisation & Material Culture 02/09/12

(A) An Overview of Islamic Civilisation & the Chronological Structure of the Course (B) Approaches to Islamic Material Culture & the Thematic Structure of the Course

[1.1.2] The World of Late Antiquity & Rise of Islam, AD 250-650 16/09/12 (A) The World of Late Antiquity & Arabia before Islam (B) The Rise of Islam & Origins of the Early Islamic State [1.1.3] The Arab Empire of the Umayyads and Abbsids AD 650-850 23/09/12 (A) The Umayyad Caliphate, c. 661-750 (B) The Earlier Abbsid Caliphate c. 750-945 [1.1.4] The Fragmentation of the Caliphate & Shite Schism, AD 850-1050 30/09/12

(A) The Fragmentation of the Caliphate & Shite Schism (B) The Rival Caliphates of the Fimids & Spanish Umayyads

Reading Week 07 13/09/12 [1.2.1] Landscape & Settlement in Bild al-Shm I: AD 500-1000 14/10/12 (A) Changing Settlement Patterns during the Long Late Antiquity

(B) The Umayyad Qur: Art Historical vs. Archaeological Approaches [1.2.2] Cities & Urbanism I: From Polis to Madna 21/10/12

(A) Changing Urban Forms in Bild al-Shm (B) The Three Sanctuaries: Mecca, Medina & Jerusalem

[1.2.3] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World I: AD 500-1000 04/10/12 (A) The Long Late Antiquity c. 550-750 (B) Muslim Hegemony: From Iraq to Egypt, c. 750-1050 [1.2.4] Production & Exchange in the Mediterranean World I: AD 500-1000 11/11/12 (A) The Byzantine Mediterranean, c. 500-800 (B) The Muslim Arab Mediterranean, c. 800-1100

Coins (from left to right) of the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik (r. 685-705) the Abbsid caliph al-Muqtadir (r. 908-32), and the Ayybid suln al al-Dn (r. 1174-93)

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Student Placements, Qatar National Holiday & UCL Christmas Break 18/11/12 12/01/13 [2.1.1] The Coming of the Turks & Sunn Revival AD 1050-1250 13/01/13

(A) The Origin and Western Migration of the Turks (B) The Sunn Revival: Ideology & Material Culture

[2.1.2] The Mongol Onslaught & Rise of the Persianate World, AD 1250-1500 20/01/13

(A) The East: l-Khnids & Tmrids (B) The West: Mamlks & Beyliks

[2.1.3] The Eastern Frontier: The Turks in India, AD 1000-1500 27/01/13

(A) The Rise of Islamic India (B) The Delhi Sultans

[2.1.4] The Western Frontier: The Berbers in Spain, AD 1000-1500 03/02/13

(A) The Taifa Kingdoms, Almoravids & Almohads (B) The Nairids of Granada & the Alhambra

No Lecture & Reading Week 17/02 02/03/13

[2.2.1] Landscape & Settlement in Bild al-Shm II: AD 1000-1500 24/02/13 (A) The Crusaders States & Cilician Armenia (B) Town & Country in Medieval Syria [2.2.2] Cities & Urbanism II: Medieval Cairo as Umm al-Duny 03/03/13

(A) From the Muslim Conquest to the Early Fimids, AD 642-1060s (B) From the Later Fimids to Ottoman Conquest, AD 1060s-1517

[2.2.3] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World II: AD 1000-1500 10/03/13 (A) The Indian Ocean and the Islamic World-System (B) The Swahili Coast [2.2.4] Production & Exchange in the Mediterranean World II: AD 1000-1500 17/03/13 (A) The Latin Mediterranean & Black Sea, c. 1100-1450 (B) The Ottoman Mediterranean & Black Sea, c. 1450-1750

Easter Break 24/03 06/04/13 [3.1.1] The Rise of the Gunpowder Empires, AD 1450-1700 07/04/13 (A) The Classical Ottomans & afavids

(B) The Earlier Mughals & Shaybnids [3.1.2] The Decline of the Gunpowder Empires, AD 1700-1900 14/04/13

(A) The Later Ottomans, Zands & Qajars (B) The Later Mughals & zbeg Khnates [3.2.1] Cities & Urbanism III: Cairo between the Medieval and the Modern 21/04/13

(A) Ottoman Cairo, AD 1517-1798 (B) Khedival Cairo, AD 1798-1952

[3.2.2] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World III: AD 1500-1900 28/04/13 (A) Europeans & Ottomans in the Indian Ocean (B) The Omani Maritime Empire, c. 1650-1850

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BASIC TEXTS AND RESOURCES

The following list of books should be regarded as textbooks. Students should read the

introductory works to give them a broad overview of the material covered by the module.

Students are expected to read and take notes on the relevant chapters of the required

readings in preparation for seminars. Reference works should be consulted for seminar

tasks and essay preparation. Supplementary bibliographies will be handed out in class

when tasks and essays are set.

Multiple copies of the textbooks exist in the UCL Qatar holdings and are confined to the

library for reference only. This includes a hard copy of the Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI2).

Georgetown also possesses single copies of all these titles, which can be taken out by the

students and recalled using the online catalogue system. Online access to the EI2 may be

gained through the IT cluster in the library. The Museum of Islamic Art (MIA) library has

single copies of these titles and a hard copy of the EI2. This library is for reference only.

Introductory Works Robinson, F. 1996. The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press. Milwright, M. 2010. An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology. Edinburgh. Irwin, R. 1997. Islamic Art in Context: Art, Architecture, and the Literary World. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Brend, B. 1991. Islamic Art. London: British Museum Press. Hillenbrand, R. 1999. Islamic Art and Architecture. London:Thames and Hudson. Required Readings Cook, M. (ed.) 2003-2010. The New Cambridge History of Islam. 6 Vols. Cambridge: University Press. Ettinghausen, R. & O. Grabar. 2001. Islamic Art and Architecture, 650-1250. Rev. and suppl. by M.

Jenkins-Madina. New Haven: Yale University Press. Blair, S.S. & J.M. Bloom. 1994. The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University

Press. Reference Works Bearman, P.J., Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs et al. (eds.) 1960-2005.

Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2nd Edn. 12 Vols. with indexes & etc. Leiden: Brill. Blair, S.S. & J.M. Bloom (eds.) 2009. The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. 3 Vols. Oxford:

Oxford University Press.

See also the internet resources listed in section 5. LIBRARY AND OTHER RESOURCES.

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METHOD OF ASSESSMENT

This course is assessed by means of 3 essays, each of 2500 words, which each contribute 33%

to the final grade for the course. Each essay topic deals with one of the three chronological

periods discussed above in MODULE STRUCTURE. This ensures that the students engage

with the full breadth of Islamic civilisation and material culture. Students have on average

three weeks to write the essay. Feedback will be given two weeks after submission. This

module uses a tutorial system to deliver feedback (see below, TUTORIALS).

TEACHING METHODS

The basic unit of timetabling is the 3-hour taught session. This is divided into two 45 min

lectures and a 60 min seminar, with time for questions and coffee, as follows:

Start Period Schedule

14:00 45 min Lecture topic (A)

14:45 5 min Questions

14:50 10 min Coffee

15:00 45 min Lecture topic (B)

15:45 5 min Questions

15:50 10 min Coffee

16:00 10 min Student presentation (A)

16:10 10 min Student presentation (B)

16:20 10 min Student presentation (C)

16:30 20 min Group discussion on set topic

16:50 10 min Next weeks seminar tasks set

Sessions for this module will be held between 14:00 and 17:00 on Sundays in Room 1A08.

Please refer to the Graduate Handbook for further details as regards classroom etiquette.

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LECTURES

Lectures give an overview of a given topic and provide a narrative structure to the module.

Students are expected to take notes during the lecture and ask questions afterwards.

Handouts will be given at the start of the lecture. These will contain information on key

events in history and civilisation, dates for rulers and other notable, principal sites and

monuments, supplementary reading lists etc. Please note that the purpose of lectures is to

guide students towards knowledge, and not deliver definitive statements on a given topic.

Students must take responsibility for their own learning and engage with the required and

supplementary reading lists. All lectures will be delivered by the module coordinator (Dr.

Timothy Power).

SEMINARS

Seminars are intended to direct students to engage with the academic literature and form

their own opinions of key debates in the field. The structure is informed by seminar tasks.

Students will be divided into pairs or groups and set tasks at the end of each seminar. Tasks

will be explained by the module coordinator and guidance given on readings. Students then

have a week to research a particular topic before giving a short presentation (10 min) to

the class. These presentations are intended as the starting point for discussion but are not

assessed. Furthermore, students should come prepared for seminars by attending to the

required reading lists so that they can engage in a 20 min group discussion on a set topic.

TUTORIALS

Personal tutorials consist of an up to 60 minute private meeting between the student and

module coordinator to discuss the essay and other relevant issues. Students should contact

the module coordinator directly to make an appointment. Note that the UCL Qatar

timetable keeps Tuesdays free of teaching, which provides a convenient timeslot for

tutorials. According to the students wishes tutorials may be given in the module coordinators office or in the ground floor staff room. Personal tutorials allow students some scope to tailor the module syllabus to their own requirements, and students are urged

to make the most of these sessions by coming prepared with questions.

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WORKLOAD

There will be 40 hours of lectures (i.e. 20 lectures of 120 min each) and 20 hours of seminars

for this module (i.e. 20 seminars of 60 min each). Students will be expected to undertake

around 140 hours of reading for the seminar tasks (i.e. 7 hours per week), plus 100 hours for

the essays (i.e. 33 hrs per essay). This adds up to a total workload of 300 hours for the

module.

Fimid warriors. Ink drawing on paper, Egypt, 11th century.

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2. AIMS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES

AIMS

This module aims to: To provide an overview of the origin and development of Islamic material culture. To promote greater integration of archaeological and art historical methodologies. To encourage a deeper awareness and appreciation of Islamic civilization. To inspire students to pursue a career in Islamic cultural heritage.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of the module students will have acquired: A familiarity with the principal sites and monuments of the Dr al-Islm. An understanding of archaeological & art historical approaches to material culture. A greater awareness of the diverse peoples and lands of the Islamic world. An appreciation of the significance of Islamic civilisation to world history.

Thirteenth-century Iranian tile

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3. COURSEWORK SUBMISSION AND ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES

COURSEWORK SUBMISSION DATES AND ASSESSMENT

Essay Essay Topic Question Set Deadline Feedback

1 [1] Formative Period [1.1] Super- / [1.2] Infrastructure

Sun 11 Nov Sun 13 Jan Tue 29 Jan

2 [2] Classical Age [2.1] Super- / [2.2] Infrastructure

Sun 17 Mar Sun 7 Apr Tue 23 Apr

3 [3] Gunpowder Empires [3.1] Super- / [3.2] Infrastructure

Sun 28 Apr Sun 19 May Tue 28 May

Students are not normally permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to improve

their marks. However, students may be permitted, in advance of the deadline for a given

assignment, to submit for comment their work so far, or an outline of the assignment. If

students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the

Module Coordinator.

COURSEWORK OPTIONS AND ESSAY QUESTIONS

Essay questions and supplementary reading lists will be presented at the end of the final

seminar of each of the three module components. Students will be able to choose from

selection of essay questions, or ask the lecturer for a relevant question if they have an interest in

a certain subject. These will be discussed by the module coordinator in the seminar, who will

flag-up issues students may wish to explore in their essays, highlighting particular entries

on the supplementary reading lists. Students are expected to use the system of Arabic

transliteration detailed below.

Please refer to the UCL Qatar Graduate Handbook for standard submission procedures,

policy on plagiarism, and the return of marked coursework. Note that late and over-length

work will be penalised according to UCL Qatar policy stated in the Graduate Handbook.

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4. SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS

The Formative Period, AD 650-1050

Statue of the Umayyad caliph al-Wald II (r. 743-44) from Khirbat al-Mafjr now in Damascus Museum

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[1.1.1] Introduction to Islamic Civilisation & Material Culture

This introductory session outlines the subject of study and structure of the module. The

first lecture provides a brief overview of Islamic civilisation and material culture. It runs

through the highlights of the material culture of the Pre-Islamic Empires (AD 250-650),

Formative Period (AD 650-1050), the Classical Period (AD 1050-1450) and the Gunpowder

Empires (AD 1450-1850) in turn. The major developments in material culture are

contextualised in the wider civilizational processes. The second lecture examines the origin

and development of the study of Islamic material culture. It highlights the emergence of

academic disciplines and conceptual frameworks, dwelling particularly on art historical vs.

archaeological approaches, and highlighting key debates and current thinking in each field.

(A) An Overview of Islamic Civilisation & the Chronological Structure of the Course Ruthven M. 1997. Chp. 1 Islam Muslims and Islamism. Islam: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford:

Oxford University Press. pp. 1-20. Irwin R. 1997. Chp. 2 The Islamic World. Islamic Art in Context: Art, Architecture, and the Literary

World. NY: Abrams Perspectives. pp. 39-56. Lewis B. 1976. Repr. 2002. Chp. 1 The Faith and the Faithful: The Lands and Peoples of Islam. In B.

Lewis (ed.) The World of Islam: Faith, People, Culture. London. pp. 25-56. Silverstein A.J. 2010. Chp. 1 The Story. Islamic History: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford

University Press. pp. 9-48. (B) Approaches to Islamic Material Culture & the Thematic Structure of the Course Insoll T. 1999. Chp. 1 Introduction. The Archaeology of Islam. Oxford. pp. 1-25. Milwright M. 2010. Chp. 1 Introduction. An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology. Edinburgh:

University Press. pp. 1-23. Ettinghausen, R. 1976. Repr. 2002. Chp. 2 The Man-Made Setting: Islamic Art and Architecture. In

B. Lewis (ed.) The World of Islam: Faith, People, Culture. London. pp. 57-88. Irwin R. 1997. Chp. 3 Religious and Secular Architecture. Islamic Art in Context: Art, Architecture,

and the Literary World. NY: Abrams Perspectives. pp. 17-38.

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[1.1.2] The World of Late Antiquity & Rise of Islam, AD 250-650

The origin and early development of Islam should be sought in the wider civilisation of Late

Antiquity. The establishment of the Sasanian dynasty in 224 and collapse of the Smarrn caliphate in 868 provide convenient chronological markers for what is sometimes known as

the long Late Antiquity. It included the empires of the Greek Byzantines and Persian Sasanians, together with the Arab empire of the Umayyads and early Abbsids which shared in the civilizational ideal of universalism. These empires were so vast that their

rulers could claim to rule over the civilised inhabited world a concept expressed in all imperial languages of Late Antiquity, be it the Greek Oikoumene, Persian Irnshehr or Arabic Dr al-Islm. This session seeks to contextualise the origin and development of the Islamic state in the world of Late Antiquity, tracing the rise of the Arabs from the legendary third-

century migration of the Tankh through to the much more substantial seventh-century reforms of Abd al-Malik, which ensured the consolidation of the great Arab conquests and provided a solid foundation for the incipient caliphate.

(A) The World of Late Antiquity & Arabia before Islam Irwin R. 1997. Chapter 1 The Historical Background. Islamic Art in Context: Art, Architecture,

and the Literary World. NY: Abrams Perspectives. pp. 17-38. Huff, D. 1986. Updated 2011. Architecture. III. Sasanian Period. Encyclopaedia Iranica 2.3: 329-34.

http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/architecture-iii Mango M. 2000. Chp. 31 Building & Architecture. In A. Cameron, B. Ward-Perkins & M. Whitby

(eds.) The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 12. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 918-71.

Lecker, M. 2010. Chp. 4 Pre-Islamic Arabia. In C.F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 153-72.

(B) The Rise of Islam & Origins of the Early Islamic State Crone P. 1996. Chp. 1 The Rise of Islam in the World. In F. Robinson (ed.) The Cambridge Illustrated

History of the Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 2-32. Robinson, C.F. 2010. The Rise of Islam, 600-705. In C.F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of

Islam. Vol. 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 173-225.

Johns, J. 2003. Archaeology and the History of Early Islam: The First Seventy Years of Islam. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 46.4: 411-36. Hoyland, R.G. 2006. New Documentary Texts and the Early Islamic State. Bulletin of School for Oriental

and African Studies 69.3: 395-416.

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[1.1.3] The Arab Empire of the Umayyads and Abbsids, AD 650-850

The Arab conquests created an empire stretching from Spain to Central Asia. This empire is

known as the caliphate, from the Arabic title of the ruler, khalfat Allh or deputy of God. The caliphate was ruled by two successive Arab dynasties, the Umayyads with their capitals

of Jerusalem and Damascus between 660 and 750 and the Abbsids with their capitals at Baghdd then Smarr from 750 to 945. However, already in the ninth century the vast and unwieldy empire was fragmenting. Effective Abbsid rule came to an end with the conquest of Iraq by the Byids although the caliph was kept on as a ceremonial figure until the Mongol sack of Baghdd in 1258 after which time the caliphate was dissolved. This session deals with peak of the caliphate under the Umayyads and Abbsids, wherein the civilisation we are wont to call Islamic was firmly established.

General Introductions Brend B. 1992. Chp. 1 The Legacy of Empires: Syria Iraq and Iran under the Caliphs. Islamic Art.

London: British Museum Press. pp. 20-45. Ettinghausen R. & O. Grabar. 2001. Part One: Early Islamic Art & Architecture (c. 650-1000). Chp. 2

Central Islamic Lands. Islamic Art and Architecture, 650-1250. Rev. and suppl. by M. Jenkins-Madina. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 15-79.

(A) The Umayyad Caliphate, c. 661-750 Kennedy H. 2004. Chp. 4 The Umayyad Caliphate. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. 2nd Edn.

Harlow. pp. 82-122. Cobb, P.M. 2010. The Empire in Syria, 705-763. In C.F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of


Hillenbrand R. 1999. Chp. 1 The Birth of Islamic Art: The Umayyads. Islamic Art and Architecture. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 10-37.

(B) The Earlier Abbsid Caliphate, c. 750-945 Kennedy H. 2004. Chp. 5 The Early Abbasid Caliphate. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. 2nd

Edn. Harlow. pp. 123-55. Al-Hibri, T. 2010. The Empire in Iraq, 763-861. In C.F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of


Hillenbrand R. 1999. Chp. 2 The Abbasids. Islamic Art and Architecture. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 38-60.

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[1.1.4] The Fragmentation of the Caliphate & Shite Schism, AD 850-1050

The caliphate fragmented into numerous regional dynasties in the course of the ninth and

tenth centuries. Already Spain was lost to a refugee Umayyad prince in 750. North Africa

became independent under the Aghlbids in 800, Iran and Central Asia under the Smnids from 819, then Egypt under the lnids after 868. This fragmentation was compounded by the Shite schism. A Shite counter-caliphate was declared in 909 by the Fimid dynasty in North Africa followed in 969 by the Fimid conquest of Egypt and foundation of al-Qhra (Cairo). The stage was then set for confrontation between the Sunni Umayyads of Spain and

Shite Fimids of Egypt, the two principal dynasties of the western Islamic world, whose interests clashed in North Africa. Another Shite dynasty, that of the Byids was established in Iran in 934, which by 945 had conquered Iraq and subdued the Abbsid caliphs. Numerous other local Shite dynasties emerged to the extent that the tenth century is sometimes known as the Shite century. This session charts the development of art and architecture of the central and western Islamic lands, noting also that

comparatively little from this period survives from the of the lands eastern caliphate.

(A) The Fragmentation of the Caliphate & Shite Schism Kennedy H. 2010. The Late Abbsid Pattern 945-1050. In C.F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge

History of Islam. Vol. 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 360-394.

Ettinghausen R. & O. Grabar. 2001. Part One: Early Islamic Art & Architecture (c. 650-1000). Chp. 2 Central Islamic Lands. Islamic Art and Architecture, 650-1250. Rev. and suppl. by M. Jenkins-Madina. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 15-79.

Grabar O. 1975. Chp. 9 The Visual Arts. In R.N. Frye (ed.) The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 4: The period from the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 329-63.

Brend B. 1992. Chp. 2 Lands of the West: Egypt North Africa and Spain. Islamic Art. London: British Museum Press. pp. 46-69.

(B) The Rival Caliphates of the Fimids & Spanish Umayyads Moreno E.M. 2010. Chp. 14 The Iberian Peninsula and North Africa. In C.F. Robinson (ed.) The New

Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 581-622.

Ettinghausen R. & O. Grabar. 2001. Chp. 3 Western Islamic Lands. Islamic Art and Architecture, 650- 1250. Rev. and suppl. by M. Jenkins-Madina. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 83-101. [FOR UMAYYAD SPAIN]

Sanders P.A. 1998. The Fimid State, 969-1171. In C.F. Petry (ed.) The Cambridge History of Egypt. Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640 - 1517. Cambridge. pp. 151-74.

Ettinghausen R. & O. Grabar. 2001. Chp. 6 Central Islamic Lands. Part 1. The Fatimids in Egypt, Palestine and Syria. Islamic Art and Architecture, 650-1250. Rev. and suppl. by M. Jenkins-Madina. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 187-213.

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Central Islam lands under the Arab empire of the Umayyads & Abbsids c. AD 650-850

Central Islamic lands during the fragmentation of the caliphate, c. AD 950-1050

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[1.2.1] Landscape & Settlement in Bild al-Shm I: AD 500-1000

The archaeology of Bild al-Shm (the Levant) during the Islamic centuries is perhaps better known than any other region of the Dr al-Islm which allows for a discussion of landscape and settlement. This is particularly important in the early Islamic period, since

Syria was a major focus of the Islamic conquests and Arab colonisation, becoming

ultimately the seat of the Umayyad dynasty (c. 661-750). Settlement along the desert

frontier of Bild al-Shm included a series of sites generally known collectively although perhaps not very accurately as the desert castles or qur (Ar. pl. qar, palace). The qur have attracted a good deal of attention from antiquarians, art historians and

archaeologists. The wide range of approaches and interpretations affords methodological

observations of more than local significance relevant to the wider study of Islamic material

culture.

(A) Changing Settlement Patterns during the Long Late Antiquity Milwright M. 2010. Chp. 4 The Countryside. An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology. Edinburgh:

University Press. pp. 59-74. Kennedy, H. 1992. The Impact of Muslim Rule on the Pattern of Rural Settlement in Syria. In P. Canivet & J.-P. Rey-Coquais (eds.) La Syrie de Byzance lIslam VIIe-VIII sicles. Lyons. Johns, J. 1994. The Longue Dure: State and Settlement Strategies in Southern Jordan across the

Islamic Centuries. In E.L. Rogan & T. Tell (eds.) Village, Steppe and State: The Social Origins of Modern Jordan. London & New York: British Academic Press. pp. 1-31.

Walmsley, A. 2007. Economic Developments and the Nature of Settlement in the Towns and Countryside of Syria-Palestine, ca. 565-800. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 61: 319-52.

(B) The Umayyad Qur: Art Historical vs. Archaeological Approaches Hillenbrand, R. 1981. La Dolce Vita in Early Islamic Syria: The Evidence of the Later Umayyad Palaces.

Art History 5: 1-35. King, G.R.D. 1987. The Distribution of Sites and Routes in the Jordanian and Syrian Deserts in the

Early Islamic Period. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 17: 91-105. Bacharach, J. 1996. Marwanid Umayyad Building Activities: Speculation on Patronage. Muqarnas 13:

27-44. Creswell, K. A. C. 1989. A Short Account of Early Muslim Architecture. Rev. and suppl. by James W. Allen.

Aldershot.

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[1.2.2] Cities & Urbanism I: From Polis to Madna

The urban morphology of Bild al-Shm underwent significant change during the course of the long Late Antiquity. The hippodamian grid and colonnaded streets of the Classical Graeco-Roman city were replaced by the irregular alleys and narrow sqs (markets), effecting a transformation from polis (Grk. city) to madna (Ar. city), as Hugh Kennedy adroitly put it. This has traditionally been ascribed to the agency of the Arab conquers,

whom it was claimed effected a general bedouinisation to the detriment of settled life. The past generation of research has exposed Orientalist prejudice and overturned these assumptions. It can now be shown that continued Umayyad investment reinvigorated Late

Antique urbanism by redeveloping existing towns and establishing new ones. Earlier

revisionist scholarship placed the decline of urbanism in the mid eighth century, following

the relocation of caliphal patronage from Syria to Iraq under the Abbsids. However more recent research suggests that conditions only became constrained in the troubled ninth

and tenth centuries during the fragmentation of the caliphate. This session explores these

issues, whilst at the same time examining the rise of the Islamic cult centres, of which only

Jerusalem retains any degree of surviving early Islamic material culture.

(A) Changing Urban Forms in Bild al-Shm Milwright M. 2010. Chp. 5 Towns Cities and Palaces. An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology.

Edinburgh: University Press. pp. 75-96. Kennedy, H. 1985. From Polis to Madina: Urban Change in Late Antique and Early Islamic Syria. Past

and Present 106: 3-27. Hillenbrand R. 1999. Anjar and Early Islamic Urbanism. In G.P. Brogiolo & B. Ward-Perkins (ed.) The

Idea and Ideal of the Town between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Age. Leiden: Brill. pp. 59-98.

Walmsley, A. 2007. Economic Developments and the Nature of Settlement in the Towns and Countryside of Syria-Palestine, ca. 565-800. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 61: 319-52.

(B) The Three Sanctuaries: Mecca, Medina & Jerusalem Peters, F.E. 1986. Jerusalem and Mecca. The Typology of the Holy City in the Near East. New York. Johns J. 1999. The House of the Prophet and the Concept of the Mosque. In J. Johns (ed.) Bayt al-

Maqdis: Jerusalem and Early Islam. Oxford Studies in Islamic Art 9.2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 59-112.

Elad A. 1992. Why Did Abd al-Malik Build the Dome of the Rock? A Re-Examination of the Muslim Sources. In J. Raby & J. Johns (eds.) Bayt al-Maqdis. Vol. 1. Abd al-Maliks Jerusalem. Oxford. pp. 33-58.

Grabar, O. 1996. The Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem. Princeton.

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[1.2.3] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World I: AD 500-1000

The Indian Ocean constitutes the principal interaction network of southern Asia and

eastern Africa. It bound together the Middle East (South-West Asia), India (Southern Asia)

and China (East Asia). Interactions included political exchanges, military expeditions,

religious pilgrimages, commercial ventures and population movements. These interactions

informed the spread of Islam from Zanzibar to Zaytn (Yangzhou), transforming it into a truly global civilisation. The first lecture of this session explores the origin of the India trade in the pre-Islamic period, when the Byzantines, Aksumites, Himyarites and Sasanians engaged in a busy commerce with India, and indirectly with China. The second lecture

traces its development into the Islamic period when the Abbsid Iraq entered into direct communication with Tang China.

(A) The Long Late Antiquity c. 550-750 Mango, M.M. 1996. Byzantine Maritime Trade with the East (4th-7th Centuries). Aram 8: 139-63. Sidebotham S.E. 2011. Chp. 13 Late Roman Berenike and its Demise. Berenike and the Ancient

Maritime Spice Route. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 259-82. Whitehouse, D. & A. Williamson. 1973. Sasanian Maritime Trade. Iran 11: 29-49. Kennet, D. 2007. The Decline of Eastern Arabia in the Sasanian Period. Arabian Archaeology &

Epigraphy 18: 86-122. Tomber R. 2008. Chapter 2 Charting Exchange through Texts and Objects. Indo-Roman Trade: From

Pots to Pepper. London. pp. 19-56. (B) Muslim Hegemony: From Iraq to Egypt, c. 750-1050 Hourani, G.F. & J. Carswell. 1995. Chp. 2 Trade Routes under the Caliphate. Arab Seafaring.

Expanded Edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 51-86. Hodges R. & D. Whitehouse. 1983. Chp. 6 The Abbasid Caliphate. Muhammad, Charlemagne and the

Origins of Europe: Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis. London. pp. 123-57. Chaudhuri K.N. 1985. Chapter 2 The Rise of Islam and the Pattern of Pre-Emporia Trade in Early

Asia. Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean. An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge. pp. 34-62.

Wink, A. 1990. Chapter 2 The India Trade. Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. 1. Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th-11th Centuries. 2nd Rev. Edn. Leiden: Brill. pp. 25-64.

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[1.2.4] Production & Exchange in the Mediterranean World I: AD 500-1000

The Late Antique period in Europe is characterised by the Vlkerwanderung or migration of peoples wherein the western Roman empire was conquered by Germanic tribes. The Visigoths sacked Rome in 410, whilst the Vandals took Spain in 409 and went on to take

North Africa by 439, followed by the Ostrogoth conquest of Italy in 488. The eastern Roman

empire (Byzantium) subsequently attempted to reclaim the western Mediterranean,

beginning with North Africa in 533 and then Italy from 535 to 554, only to lose northern

Italy to the Germanic Lombards in 568. Byzantium hegemony in the Mediterranean was

seriously challenged by the Arab conquests, which included Syria-Palestine (634-38), Egypt

(639-42), North Africa (670-93) and Spain (711-18). The establishment of the Aghlbids in Qayrawn in 800 followed shortly by their conquest of Sicily after 827 put the strategic fulcrum of the Mediterranean in Muslim hands. Crete was captured in 824-27, giving the

Arabs a base in the Aegean, thus placing Constantinople itself at risk. Muslim settlements

were further established in Europe, notably the short-lived emirate of Bari (847-71) in Italy,

and Fraxinet (889-975) in the south of France. This session examines material evidence for

production and exchange in the Mediterranean in the light of these geopolitical shifts.

(A) The Byzantine Mediterranean, c. 500-800 Hodges, R. & D. Whitehouse. 1983. Chp. 3 The Eastern Mediterranean, 500-850. Muhammad,

Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe: Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis. London. Loseby S. 2005. Chp. 22 The Mediterranean Economy. In P. Fouracre (ed.) The New Cambridge

Medieval History. Vol. 1. c. 500 c. 700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 605-38. Walmsley, A.G. 2000. Production, Exchange and Regional Trade in the Islamic East Mediterranean:

Old Structures, New Systems? In I.L. Hansen & C. Wickham (eds.) The Long Eighth Century: Production, Distribution and Demand. Leiden. pp. 265-343.

Armstrong, P. 2009. Trade in the East Mediterranean in the Eighth Century. In M.M. Mango (ed) Byzantine Trade (4th-12th centuries): Recent Archaeology of Local, Regional, and International Exchange. Ashgate. pp. 157-78.

(B) The Muslim Arab Mediterranean, c. 800-1100 McCormick M. 2005. Chp. 14 Byzantium and the West, 700-900. In R. McKitterick (ed.) The New

Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 2. c. 700 c. 900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 349-82.

Wickham, C. 2004. The Mediterranean around 800: On the Brink of the Second Trade Cycle. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 58: 161-74.

Goitein S.D. 1967. Chapter 1 The Mediterranean Scene during the High Middle Ages (969-1250). A Mediterranean Society. Vol. I: Economic Foundations. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 29-74.

Allan, J. 1986. Islamic Metalwork and the Mediterranean. Metalwork of the Islamic World. The Aron Collection. London: Sothebys Publication. pp. 16-24.

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The Classical Age, AD 1050-1450

The dome of Suln Qytbys (r. 1468-96) mausoleum in Cairo from the K.A.C. Creswell photographic archive

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[2.1.1] The Coming of the Turks & Sunn Revival, AD 1050-1250

The rise of the Turks as a military power marks a new era in Islamic civilisation. The

Ghaznavids (c. 963-1187) emerged to dominate much of the eastern caliphate from their

base in Afghanistan. They were swept aside by the Saljqs (c. 1037-1194), who conquered Baghdd in 1055 and dominated central Islamic lands until 1092, whereupon the empire fragmented, with Bild al-Shm lost to the Crusaders after 1099. Saljq power lasted longer in the eastern Islamic lands, where the capital was moved to Marv under the long reign of

Suln Sanjr (r. 1118-53), but there too fragmented into a bewildering array of local dynasties after 1153. Anatolia was seized from the Byzantines after the Battle of Manzikert

in 1071 where a subsidiary dynasty known as the Saljqs of Rm (c. 1077-1307) ruled from Konya. Of the Saljq successor states which emerged in the central Islamic lands the Zangids in Syria and Iraq (c. 1127-1250) and Ayybids in Syria and Egypt (c. 1171-1250), were most active in driving the Crusaders out of Bild al-Shm. Their conflict against Sha heretics and Christian invaders belongs to a wider process known as the Sunn revival, which may further be read into the art and architecture of the time, as will be shown.

(A) The Origin and Western Migration of the Turks Soucek S. 2000. Chp. 2 The Kk Turks the Chinese Expansion and the Arab Conquest. A History of

Inner Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 51-69. Bosworth, C.E. 2010. The Steppe Peoples in the Islamic World. In D.O. Morgan & A. Reid (eds.) The

New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 3. The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21-77.

Ettinghausen R. & O. Grabar. 2001. Chp. 5 Eastern Islamic Lands. Islamic Art and Architecture, 650- 1250. Rev. and suppl. by M. Jenkins-Madina. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 139-83.

Brend, B. 1992. Chp. 3 Renewal from the East: The Seljuks Enter Iran and Anatolia. Islamic Art. London: British Museum Press. pp. 70-95.

(B) The Sunn Revival: Ideology & Material Culture Berkey J. 2003. Chp. 20 A Sunni Revival? The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East,

600-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189-202. Tabbaa Y. 2001. Chapter 1 The Sunni Revival. The Transformation of Islamic Art and Architecture

during the Sunni Revival. Washington. pp. 11-24. Ettinghausen R. & O. Grabar. 2001. Chp. 6 Central Islamic Lands. Part 2. The Saljuqs, Artuqids,

Zangids and Ayyubids in in Iraq Anatolia Syria Palestine and Egypt. Islamic Art and Architecture, 650-1250. Rev. and suppl. by M. Jenkins-Madina. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 215-65.

Hillenbrand R. 1999. Chp. 5 The Age of the Atabegs: Syria, Iraq and Anatolia, 1100-1300. Islamic Art and Architecture. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 111-37.

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[2.1.2] The Mongol Onslaught & Rise of the Persianate World, AD 1250-1500

The sack of Baghdd and murder of the last Abbsid caliph by the Mongol Hleg Khn in 1258 sent shockwaves around the Islamic world. The Mongols had been united by Genghis

Khn (r. 1206-27), whose successors completed the conquest of China and the eastern Islamic world by 1260, with tremendous loss of life and widespread destruction. Hleg

Khn (r. 1256-65) established a subsidiary dynasty known as the l-Khnids (c. 1256-1335), based in north-eastern Iran, which ruled over the central and eastern Islamic lands as

pagans until their conversion to Shite Islam in 1295. The Mongol threat prompted the overthrow of the Ayybid dynasty by their Turkish slave-soldiers, who established a Mamlk Sulnate (c. 1250-1517) in Egypt and Syria having successfully checked l-Khnid expansion at the battle of Ayn Jlt in 1260. This session examines the art and architecture of the Turko-Mongolian dynasties dealing also with the Rm Saljq successor states of Anatolia known collectively as the Beyliks, and their relations with the great powers.

(A) The East: l-Khnids & Tmrids Robinson F. 2007. Il Khans Muzaffarids and Timurids 1256-1506. The Mughal Emperors and the

Islamic Dynasties of India, Iran and Central Asia, 1206-1925. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 14-73. Morgan D.O. 1988. Chps. 6 to 10 - l-Khnids & Tmrids. Medieval Persia, 1040-1797. Harlow:

Longman. pp. 51-100. Blair S.S. & J.M. Bloom. 1994. Chps. 2 to 5 Art & Architecture in Iran & Central Asia under the l-

Khnids & Tmrids. The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 21-69.

Brend B. 1992. Chp. 5 The Last Eastern Invaders: The Mongol and Timurid Empires. Islamic Art. London: British Museum Press. pp. 122-47.

(B) The West: Mamlks & Beyliks Levanoni A. 2010. Chp. 8 The Mamlks in Egypt and Syria: The Turkish Mamlk Sultanate (648-

784 / 1250-1382) and the Circassian Mamlk Sultanate (784-923 / 1382-1517). In M. Fierro (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2. The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 237-84.

Turan O. 1970. Chp. 3 Anatolia in the Period of the Seljuks and Beyliks. In P.M. Holt A.S. Lambton & B. Lewis (eds.) The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol 1A. The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 231-62.

Blair, S.S. & J.M. Bloom. 1994. Chps. 6 to 8 Art & Architecture in Egypt, Syria, and Arabia under the Mamluks. The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 70-113.

Blair S.S. & J.M. Bloom. 1994. Chp. 10 Architecture and the Arts in Anatolia under the Beyliks and Early Ottomans. The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 132-48.

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[2.1.3] The Eastern Frontier: The Turks in India, AD 1000-1500

The Islamic presence in the Indian Sub-Continent began early. In 711 the Umayyad viceroy

of the east, al-ajjj b. Ysuf al-Thaqaf despatched his nephew Muammad b. Qsim al-Thaqaf to take Sindh and Multan (Punjab). Archaeological excavations at Bambhore revealed a hypostyle mosque with an inscription dated to 727, making this one of the

earliest surviving mosques in the world. Between 1005 and 1025 the Turkish ruler of the

eastern Islamic world, Mamd al-Ghaznaw launched a series of raids against India culminating in the sack of Somnath (Gujarat) and destruction of the Shiva lingam. A more

permanent presence was established by Shhab al-Dn Muammad al-Ghawr, who took Multan in 1175 and Lahore (Punjab) in 1186, though this proved short-lived as the Ghrid dynasty collapsed in 1215. It was a Turkish slave-soldier of the Ghrids Qutb al-Dn Aybak who established durable Muslim rule in India. He conquered Delhi in 1193 and seized power

in 1206, giving rise to the series of dynasties known collectively as the Sulnate of Delhi which expanded across northern India until the Mughal conquest in 1526. This session

traces Sulnate art and architecture from the Ghrids to the coming of the Mughals.

(A) The Rise of Islamic India Wink A. 2010. Chp. 2 The Early Expansion of Islam in India. In D.O. Morgan & A. Reid (eds.) The


Wink, A. 1990. Chapter 1 From Spain to China: The Early Islamic Conquests and the Formation of the Caliphate. Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. 1. Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th-11th Centuries. 2nd Rev. Edn. Leiden: Brill. pp. 7-24.

Thomas, D.C., G. Pastori & I. Cucco. 2004. Excavations at Jam, Afghanistan. East and West 54: 87-119. Pinder-Wilson, R., 2001. Ghaznavid and Ghurid Minarets. Iran 39: 155-86. (B) The Delhi Sultans Robinson F. 2007. The Sultans of Delhi 1206-1526. The Mughal Emperors and the Islamic Dynasties of

India, Iran and Central Asia, 1206-1925. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 74-111. Jackson P. 2010. Chp. 3 Muslim India: The Delhi Sultanate. In D.O. Morgan & A. Reid (eds.) The


Blair S.S. & J.M. Bloom. 1994. Chp. 11 Architecture and the Arts in India under the Sultan. The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 149-64.

Brend B. 1992. Chp. 8 Emperors in Hindustan: Sultanate and Mughal India. Islamic Art. London: British Museum Press. pp. 200-224.

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[2.1.4] The Western Frontier: The Berbers in Spain, AD 1000-1500

The second Umayyad caliphate collapsed in 1031 and al-Andals was divided amongst a series of local successor states known as Taifas (Ar. ifa, pl. awif). This afforded a chance to the Christian kingdoms of the north, who seized the Taifa of Toledo in 1085, beginning

the so-called Reconquista. The Taifa kings responded by inviting in powerful Berber armies

from al-Maghrib (Morocco & Algeria). In 1086 the Almoravids (Ar. al-Murbin, c. 1040-1147) conquered al-Andals followed then by the Almohads (Ar. al-Muwaidn, c. 1121-1269) in 1190, who held back the tide of the Reconquista. The Berbers were badly defeated by

the Christians in 1212 and expelled by the Taifa kings in 1224. The Reconquista proceeded

quickly through the remainder of the thirteenth century, leaving only the Narids (c. 1238-1492) clinging on in Granada, until at last they too were defeated. The fall of Granada in

1492 the same year Colombus set sail for India and discovered America was followed by the expulsion or forcible conversion of the Muslims and Jews of Spain. This session

explores the remarkable civilisation of al-Andals examining its art and architecture in the light of its courtly culture, in particular the poetry of the time.

General Introductions Hillenbrand R. 1999. Chp. 7 The Muslim West. Islamic Art and Architecture. London: Thames &

Hudson. pp. 167-95. Brend B. 1992. Chp. 2 Lands of the West: Egypt North Africa and Spain. Islamic Art. London:

British Museum Press. pp. 46-69. (A) The Taifa Kingdoms, Almoravids & Almohads Fletcher R. 1992. Chp. 5 The Party Kings & Chp. 6 The Moroccan Fundamentalists. Moorish

Spain. London. pp. 79-104 & 105-30. Ettinghausen R. & O. Grabar. 2001. Chp. 7 Western Islamic Lands. Islamic Art and

Architecture, 650-1250. Rev. and suppl. by M. Jenkins-Madina. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 269-88.

Dodds, J. 1992. The Arts of al-Andalus. In S.K. Jayyusi (ed.) The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 599-620.

(B) The Nairids of Granada & the Alhambra Fletcher R. 1992. Chp. 8 Nasrid Granada. Moorish Spain. London. pp. 157-70. Blair, S.S. & J.M. Bloom. 1994. Chp. 9 Architecture and the Arts in the Maghrib under the

Hafsids Marinids and Nasrids. The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 114-131.

Orihuela, A. 2007. The Andalusi House in Granada (Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries). In C.D. Anderson & M. Rosser-Owen. (eds.) Revisiting al-Andalus: Perspectives on the Material Culture of Islamic Iberia and Beyond. Leiden: Brill. pp. 169-92.

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Central and eastern Islamic lands and the coming of the Turks, c. AD 1050-1100

Central and eastern Islamic lands under Mongol domination, c. AD 1250-1350

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[2.2.1] Landscape & Settlement in Bild al-Shm II: AD 1000-1500

The arrival of the Franks in 1098 and Mongols in 1260 had a definite impact on the

settlement patterns of Bild al-Shm. Crusader states were established at Edessa (c. 1098-1144), Jerusalem (c. 1099-1187), Antioch (c. 1098-1268) and Tripoli (c. 1196-1271). This

introduced a new population element which survived for almost two hundred years, and

impacted on the settlement patterns and urban morphology. Although the Mongols never

conquered Bild al-Shm they remained a threat into the fourteenth century vividly borne out by the sack of Aleppo and Damascus by Tmr in 1399. The comparative violence of the medieval centuries is reflected in the military architecture of the age. Cities were

provided with walls and citadels (e.g. Cairo & Aleppo), whilst strategic roads were improved

by bridges (e.g. Jisr Jindas) or guarded by fortresses (e.g. Crac des Chevaliers). This session

examines the rise and fall of the Crusaders states, discussing their impact on historical

geography and material culture of Bild al-Shm.

(A) The Crusaders States & Cilician Armenia Holt P.M. 2004. Chapters 1 to 4. The Crusader States and their Neighbours, 1098-1291. London & New

York: Longman. pp. 9-37. Edd, A.-M. 2010. Chp. 6 Bild al-Shm from the Fimid Conquest to the Fall of the Ayybids

(359-658 / 970-1260). In M. Fierro (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2. The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 161-200.

Boas, A. 1998. Archaeological Sources for the History of Palestine: The Frankish Period: A Unique Medieval Society Emerges. Near Eastern Archaeology 61.3: 138-73.

Ellenblum R. 1998. Part 1: Presentation of the Problem. Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge. pp. 3-40. [ON CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF SOCIETY]

(B) Town & Country in Medieval Syria Boas A. 1999. Chapter 2 The City and Urban Life. Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the

Latin East. London & New York. pp. 11-57. Boas A. 1999. Chapter 3 The Rural Landscape. Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin

East. London & New York. pp. 58-87. Johns, J. 1994. The Longue Dure: State and Settlement Strategies in Southern Jordan across the

Islamic Centuries. In E.L. Rogan & T. Tell (eds.) Village, Steppe and State: The Social Origins of Modern Jordan. London & New York: British Academic Press. pp. 1-31.

Johns, J. 1998. The Rise of Middle Islamic Hand-Made Geometrically-Painted Wares in Bild al-Shm (11th-13th Centuries AD). In R.-P. Gayraud (ed.) Colloque international darchologie islamique. (Textes Arabes et tudes Islamiques 36.) Cairo: Institut Franais dArchologie Orientale. pp. 65-93.

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[2.2.2] Cities & Urbanism II: Medieval Cairo as Umm al-Duny

Cairo has the most complete sequence of surviving monuments of any city in the Dr al-Islm. The architectural heritage is complemented by a relatively well-published archaeological record. The present remains of the fortress known as Babylon-in-Egypt date

to the reign Diocletian (r. 284-305), built at the strategic apex of the Nile Delta and

controlling access to a canal linking the Nile to the Red Sea, not far from the ancient

Egyptian capital of Memphis. The Arab general Amr b. al- is credited with the establishment of al-Fus in 642, probably named after the Greek word for canal (phossaton) which having been back-filled now provided the main artery for the city, with

the fortress of Babylon serving as the Dar al-Imara. Subsequent regimes established

dynastic suburbs to the north such as Abbsid al-Askar (est. 750) and lnid al-Qai (est. 868), of which little now remains other than the congregational mosque built by Ibn

ln. The most significant dynasty city was Fimid al-Qhra (est. 969), which became the focal point of the city, especially after al-Fus was destroyed by fire in 1168. Under the Ayybids (c. 1170-1250) and Mamlks (c. 1250-1517), Cairo grew to be one of the worlds largest cities, dubbed Umm al-Duny or Mother of the World by the fourteenth-century Moroccan traveller Ibn Baa. This session explores the origin and development of the city before the Ottomans, and the growth of its prestige as one of the great cities of Islam.

(A) From the Muslim Conquest to the Early Fimids, AD 642-1060s Wensinck, A.J., J. Jomier, J.M. Rogers, C.H. Becker, J.-L. Arnaud & J. Jankowski. 2007. Cairo. In C.E.

Bosworth (ed.) Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Brill. Raymond, A. 2001. Part 1: Foundations (642-1250). Cairo: City of History. Cairo: AUC Press. pp. 7-110. Sheehan P.D. 2010. Chp. 4 Al-Fustat and the Making of Old Cairo. Babylon of Egypt: The Archaeology

of Old Cairo and the Origins of the City. Cairo & New York. pp. 79-96. AlSayyad N. 2011. Chp. 4 Al-Qahira: A Fatimid Palatial Town. Cairo: Histories of a City. Boston, MA:

Harvard. pp. 55-76. (B) From the Later Fimids to Ottoman Conquest, AD 1060s-1517 Goitein, S.D. 1969. Cairo: An Islamic City in the Light of the Geniza Documents. In I. Lapidus (ed.)

Middle Eastern Cities. Berkeley & Los Angeles. pp. 80-96. Sheehan P.D. 2010. Chp. 5 Cycles of Decline and Revival: Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman Old

Cairo. Babylon of Egypt: The Archaeology of Old Cairo and the Origins of the City. Cairo & New York. pp. 97-120.

AlSayyad N. 2011. Chp. 5 Fortress Cairo: From Salah al-Din to the Pearl Tree. Cairo: Histories of a City. Boston, MA: Harvard. pp. 77-92.

Raymond A. 2001. Part 2: Medieval Cairo (1250-1517). Cairo: City of History. Cairo: AUC Press. pp. 111-90.

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[2.2.3] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World II: AD 1000-1500

The volume of trade in the Indian Ocean fluctuated through time. A particular peak seems

to have occurred between the mid-eighth and mid-ninth century when the Abbsid Iraq established direct maritime communications with Tang China. The subsequent decline of Abbsid Iraq and rise of Fimid Egypt in the tenth century shifted commerce away from the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea. The spices of India and silks of China passed along the

Arabian ports of Aden and Jedda before being unloaded at Aydhb in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, and proceeding thence to the great markets of Cairo. The Cairo Geniza suggests that

the Red Sea India trade peaked in the period c. 1080-1160, borne out by sites such as Sharma (Yemen), where Chinese ceramic imports date the settlement to c. 980-1140. A

resurgence of the Gulf is discernible from the twelfth century, when a series of Iranian

ports rose to prominence. Ksh was founded after the destruction of Srf in 1077 becoming powerful enough by 1135 to launch a naval assault on Aden, before being conquered by the

rising power of Hormuz in 1229. A Hormuzi boom has been posited for the fourteenth to sixteenth century, when the port became one of the leading emporia of the Indian Ocean,

culminating in the Portuguese occupation of 1515.

(A) The Indian Ocean and the Islamic World-System Humphreys R.S. 1998. Chp. 16 Egypt in the World-System of the Later Middle Ages. In C.F. Petry

(ed.) The Cambridge History of Egypt. Vol. 1. Islamic Egypt, 640-1517. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 445-61.

Goitein, S.D. 1954. From the Mediterranean to India: Documents on the Trade to India, South Arabia and East Africa from the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. Speculum 29: 181-197.

Abu-Lughod J. 1989. Chapter 8 The Indian Subcontinent: On the Way to Everywhere. Before European Hegemony: The World System AD 1250-1350. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 261-91.

Rougeulle, A. 1996. Medieval Trade Networks in the Western Indian Ocean (8th 14th Centuries): Some Reflections from the Distribution Pattern of Chinese Imports in the Islamic World. In H.P. Ray & J.-F. Salles (eds.) Tradition and Archaeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean. New Delhi. pp. 159-80.

(B) The Swahili Coast Chittick, N. 1977. Repr. 2007. The East Coast, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean. In J.D. Fage & R.

Oliver (eds.) The Cambridge History of Africa. Vol. 3. c. 1050-1600. Cambridge. pp. 183-231. Sheriff A. 2010. Chapter 3 The Swahili Coast. Dhow Culture of the Indian Ocean: Cosmopolitanism,

Commerce and Islam. London. pp. 27-40. Horton M. & J. Middleton. 2000. Chp. 3 The Acceptance of Islam. The Swahili. The Social Landscape

of a Mercantile Society. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 47-71.

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[2.2.4] Production & Exchange in the Mediterranean World II: AD 1000-1500

Muslim Arab hegemony in the Mediterranean crumbled in the eleventh century. Norman

mercenaries brought to Italy by the Byzantines conquered Muslim Sicily from 1072. The

Italian mercantile republics, including particularly Venice (est. 697), Amalfi (est. 958), Pisa

(est. 1005) and Genoa (est. 1005), took an ever greater share of Mediterranean trade. Their

assistance was vital to the establishment of the Crusader states in Bild al-Shm from 1098, and Venice infamously led the Fourth Crusade to the sack of Constantinople, establishing

the so-called Latin Empire (c. 1204-61). Thereafter, trade in the eastern Mediterranean was

dominated by Genoa and Venice who supplied the Mamlks with Turkish and Circassian slaves from the Black Sea region, whilst returning to Europe with Indian spices and Chinese

silks. Italian hegemony was challenged by the Ottomans following the conquest of

Constantinople in 1453. The naval commander Hayreddin Barbarossa (fl. 1500-45) extended

Ottoman control as far west as Algeria after 1516, even wintering the imperial fleet in the

French port of Toulon in 1543. Ottoman fortunes varied in the following centuries,

particularly after the defeat at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, but only declined irreversibly

following the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74. This session examines material evidence for

production and exchange in the Mediterranean in the light of these geopolitical shifts.

(A) The Latin Mediterranean & Black Sea, c. 1100-1450 Constable O.R. 2010. Chp. 22a Trade: Muslim trade in the Late Medieval Mediterranean World. In

M. Fierro (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2. The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 633-47.

Covington, R. 2008. East meets West in Venice. Saudi Aramco World 59.2: 2-13. Issawi, C. 1970. The Decline of the Middle Eastern Trade, 1100-1850. In D.S. Richards (ed.) Islam and

the Trade of Asia. Oxford: Bruno Cassirer. Ashtor, E. 1981. The Economic Decline of the Middle East in the Late Middle Ages: An Outline. Asian

and African Studies (Journal of the Israel Oriental Society) 15: 253-86. (B) The Ottoman Mediterranean & Black Sea, c. 1450-1750 Hess, A.C. 1970. The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of the Oceanic Discoveries, 1453-1525. The American Historical Review 75.7: 1892-1919. Fleet K. 2012. Chp. 5 Ottoman expansion in the Mediterranean Kate. In S. Faroqhi & K. Fleet (ed.)

The Cambridge History of Turkey. Vol. 2. The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 14531603. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bilyayeva, S. & V. Ostapchuk. 2009. The Ottoman Northern Black Sea Frontier at Akkerman Fortress:

The Present View from a Historical and Archaeological Project. A.S. Peacock (ed.) The Frontiers of the Ottoman World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 137-70.

Ostapchuk, V. & C. Finkel. 2005. Outpost of Empire: An Appraisal of Ottoman Building Registers as Sources for the Archaeology and Construction History of the Black Sea Fortress of zi. Muqarnas 22: 150-88.

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The Gunpowder Empires, AD 1450-1850

Muaffar al-Dn Shh Qjr (r. 1896-1907). The Qjrs ruled Iran from 1785 to 1925.

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[3.1.1] The Rise of the Gunpowder Empires, AD 1450-1700

The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by marks the beginning of the age of the

gunpowder empires. The Ottoman Empire (c. 1300-1923) dominated the eastern Mediterranean. Mehmed II (c. 1444-81) moved the capital to Istanbul (Constantinople),

which was embellished by his successors, most notably Suleiman I (r. 1520-66) and his

master architect Mimar Sinan (fl. 1539-88). The afavid dynasty (c. 1501-1722) developed out of the afavya sf order of Azerbaijan, which succeeded in conquering Iran under the messianic leadership of Ismal I (c. 1501-24). Art and architecture reached new heights under Tahmsp I (c. 1524-76) and Abbs I (c. 1587-1629), when a splendid new capital was built at Ifahn. The Mughal dynasty (c. 1526-1857) was established when the Tmrid prince Babur (r. 1526-30) conquered northern India and established his capital at Delhi. The

Empire was firmly established under Akbar (c. 1556-1605) and peaked in the reign of Shh Jahn (r. 1628-58) who built the Tj Maal, arguably the most famous Islamic monument in the world. This session examines some of the highlights of the art and architecture of the

gunpowder empires at the peak of their power and prosperity.

(A) The Classical Ottomans & afavids Imber C. 2010. Chp. 12 The Ottoman Empire (Tenth / Sixteenth century). In M. Fierro (ed.) The

New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2. The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 332-65.

Quinn S.A. 2010. Chp. 6 Iran under Safavid Rule. In D.O. Morgan & A. Reid (eds.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 3. The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 203-38.

Blair S.S. & J.M. Bloom. 1994. Chps. 15 & 16 Architecture & the Arts in Anatolia under the Ottomans after the Conquest of Constantinople. The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 212-30 & 231-50.

Blair S.S. & J.M. Bloom. 1994. Chps. 12 & 13 Art & Architecture in Iran under the Safavids. The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 164-82 & 183-98.

(B) The Earlier Mughals & Shaybnids Dale S. 2010. Chp. 8 India under Mughal Rule. In D.O. Morgan & A. Reid (eds.) The New Cambridge

History of Islam. Vol. 3. The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 266-316.

McChesney R.D. 2010. Chp. 7 Islamic Culture and the Chinggisid Restoration: Central Asia in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth centuries. The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 3. The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Blair S.S. & J.M. Bloom. 1994. Chps. 18 & 19 Architecture & the Arts in India under the Mughals and their Contemporaries in the Deccan. The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 267-86 & 287-302.

Blair S.S. & J.M. Bloom. 1994. Chp. 14 Architecture & the Arts in Central Asia under the Uzbeks. The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 199-211.

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[3.1.2] The Decline of the Gunpowder Empires, AD 1700-1900

The onset of the eighteenth century marks the beginning of the end for the Islamic

gunpowder empires. The first major loss of territory for the Ottomans came with the

Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, following their defeat outside the walls of Vienna, and leading

to a long series of defeats at the hands of the Austro-Hungarians and Russians. In India, the

military overextension of the Mughal empire and burden of the Marth wars during the long reign of Auranzeb (c. 1658-1707) exhausted the state resources, allowing the British to

gain a foothold following the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The afavid empire was swept aside during the Afghan conquest following the Battle of Gulnabad in 1722, with the fortunes of

Iran fluctuating wildly under successive dynasties including the Afshrids (c. 1736-96), Zands (c. 1750-94) and Qajars (c. 1785-1925) overshadowed by the growing interference of the British and Russians. This session examines the art and architecture of the last

flowering of Islamic material culture, marked by a growing influence of European styles.

(A) The Later Ottomans, Zands & Qajars Faroqhi S.N. 2010. Chp. 3 The Ottoman Empire: The Age of Political Households (Eleventh

Twelfth / SeventeenthEighteenth Centuries). In M. Fierro (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2. The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 366-410.

Ansari A.M. 2010. Chp. 5 Iran to 1919. In F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 5. The Islamic World in the Age of Western Dominance, c. 1800 to c. 1919. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 154-79.

Artan T. 2006. Chp. 19 Arts and Architecture. In S.N. Faroqhi (ed.) The Cambridge History of Turkey. Vol. 3. The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603-1839. Cambridge: Cambridge University. pp. 408-80. Scarce J.1991. Chp. 24 The Arts of the Eighteenth to Twentieth Centuries. In P. Avery G. Hambly

& C. Melville (eds.) The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7. From Nader Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

(B) The Later Mughals & zbeg Khnates Robinson F. 2010. Chp. 8 South Asia to 1919. In F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of

Islam. Vol. 5. The Islamic World in the Age of Western Dominance, c. 1800 to c. 1919. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 212-39

Adeeb K. 2010. Chp. 6 Russia Central Asia and the Caucasus to 1917. In F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 5. The Islamic World in the Age of Western Dominance, c. 1800 to c. 1919. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 180-202.

Asher C. 1992. Chp. 7 Architecture and the Struggle for Authority under the Later Mughals and their Successor States. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 1.4. Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 292-334.

Pugachenkova G.A. A. H. Dani L. Zhengyin and E. Alexandre. 2004. Chp. 18 Architecture. In C. Adle & I. Habib (eds.) History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 5. Development in Contrast: From the Sixteenth to Nineteenth Century. UNESCO Publishing.

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Expansion of the Dr al-Islm, c. AD 900-1700

Expansion of European colonial empires, c. AD 1700-1800

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[3.2.1] Cities & Urbanism III: Cairo between the Medieval and the Modern

Cairo grew tremendously in the almost three centuries of Ottoman rule from 1517 to 1798.

The region south of the Bb Zuwayla was developed in the seventeenth century, with the Birkat al-Fl neighbourhood attracting elite settlement. More significant, the hitherto largely rural area west of the Khalj became increasingly urbanised with Azbakya becoming fashionable with the elite by the end of the eighteenth century. The French

occupation of Egypt between 1798 and 1801 produced a massive multi-disciplinary account

of the country, published between 1809 and 1829 as the Description de lgypte, which provides an invaluable source for Cairos urban development at the dawn of the modern era. According to the Description, Ottoman Cairo had become a city of c. 263,000 souls

covering an area of 730 hectares, second only to the imperial capital at Istanbul. Egypt

became virtually independent under Muammad Al (r. 1805-48), who adopted the title Khedive (Pr. prince) and established a dynasty which ruled until 1952. The Khedives instigated a programme of modernisation on a European model especially under Isml (r. 1863-79), who created a veritable Paris on the Nile in the lands to the west of the old city. This session explores the development of the city between the medieval and modern eras.

(A) Ottoman Cairo, AD 1517-1798 Masters B. 2010. Chp. 14 Egypt and Syria under the Ottomans. In M. Fierro (ed.) The New

Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2. The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. 1Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 411-35.

Hathaway J. 1998. Chp. 2 Egypt in the Seventeenth Century & Crecelius D. 1998. Chp. 3 Egypt in the Eighteenth Century. In M.W. Daly (ed.) The Cambridge History of Egypt. Vol. 2. Modern Egypt. From 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 34-58 & 59-86.

AlSayyad N. 2011. Chp. 8 A Provincial Capital under Ottoman Rule. Cairo: Histories of a City. Boston, MA: Harvard. pp. 149-70.

Raymond A. 2001. Part 3: The Traditional City (1517-1798). Cairo: City of History. Cairo: AUC Press. pp. 191-290.

(B) Khedival Cairo, AD 1798-1952 Cuno K.M. 2010. Chp. 2 Egypt to c. 1919. In F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam.

Vol. 5. The Islamic World in the Age of Western Dominance, c. 1800 to c. 1919. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 79-106.

AlSayyad N. 2011. Chp. 10 Modernizing the New Medievalizing the Old: The City of the Khedive. Cairo: Histories of a City. Boston, MA: Harvard. pp. 199-228.

Raymond A. 2001. Part 4: Contemporary Cairo (1798-1992). Cairo: City of History. Cairo: AUC Press. pp. 291-374.

Sanders P. 2008. Chp. 1 Constructing Medieval Cairo in the Nineteenth Century. Creating Medieval Cairo: Empire, Religion, and Architectural Preservation in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. Cairo. pp. 19-58.

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[3.2.2] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World III: AD 1500-1900

The Indian Ocean world was transformed when the Portuguese commander Vasco da Gama

rounded the Cape of Good Hope and arrived to Calicut in 1498. The Portuguese established

a naval base on the Island of Mozambique in 1507, and under Afonso de Albuquerque seized

Goa in 1510 and Hormuz in 1515 before then establishing Colombo in 1517, thus ensuring

their control over the trade of the western Indian Ocean. The Portuguese pushed on into

the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea, even establishing a base at Nagasaki in Japan, whilst

at the same time colonising parts of West Africa and South America. In so doing, they

established the worlds first truly global empire and informed subsequent European expansion. However, the Portuguese empire declined in the seventeenth century. The

Yariba of Oman expelled the Portuguese from ur in 1643 then Muscat in 1650 before going on to take Zanzibar in 1698, carving a maritime empire out of the ailing Estado da

ndia. Omani expansion continued through the eighteenth century. Barayn was twice occupied in 1717-30 and 1736-53 Bandar Abbs (Iran) was bought in 1780 and Gwadar (Pakistan) was transferred in 1783. This session explores the archaeological evidence for

trade cycles and commercial networks in the Late Islamic / Early Modern Indian Ocean.

(A) Europeans & Ottomans in the Indian Ocean Newitt M. 2005. Chp. 8 Understanding Portuguese Expansion. A History of Portuguese Overseas

Expansion, 1400-1668. London: Routledge. pp. 252-74. Casale G. 2010. Introduction: An Empire of the Mind. The Ottoman Age of Exploration. Oxford: Oxford

University Press. pp. 3-12. Ward C. Chp. 7 The Sadana Shipwreck: A Mid Eighteenth-Century Treasure Trove. In U. Baram &

L. Carroll (eds.) A Historical Archaeology of the Ottoman Empire: Breaking New Ground. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 185-202.

Raymond, A. 2002. A Divided Sea: The Cairo Coffee Trade in the Red Sea Area during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. In L.T. Fawaz & C.A.Bayly (eds.) Modernity and Culture: From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 45-57.

(B) The Omani Maritime Empire, c. 1650-1850 Unomah A.C. & J.B. Webster. 1976. Repr. 2004. Chp. 8 East Africa: The Expansion of Commerce. In

J.E. Flint (ed.) The Cambridge History of Africa. Vol. 5. c. 1790 c. 1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 270-318.

Badger G.P. (ed. & tr.) 1871. Repr. 1986. Introduction and Analysis. History of the Imams and Seyyids of Oman. London. pp. i-cxxi.

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5. LIBRARY AND OTHER RESOURCES

QATAR LIBRARY HOLDINGS

The UCL Qatar library is still being assembled and catalogued. All books on the essential

reading lists should be available, but many on the supplementary reading lists may not yet

be available. The library will grow year on year and the number of unavailable books will

diminish. Students may be able to find book currently unavailable in the UCL Qatar library

in the Georgetown and Museum of Islamic Art (MIA) libraries.

The Georgetown holdings include a good selection of books on the history and geography

of Islamic lands. Many of these texts appear on the reading lists for this module. A limited

but useful selection of titles on Islamic art history may be found. Georgetown does not have

a hard copy of the Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI2), but does have online access on the IT cluster

in the library. This is an extremely valuable research tool and should be used frequently by

the students. See the online catalogue: http://www.library.georgetown.edu/qatar/

The Museum of Islamic Art (MIA) library has an excellent selection of books on the art and

architecture of Islamic lands. Again, many of these texts appear on the reading lists for this

module. The MIA has a hard copy of the Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI2) which rewards repeated

browsing. The library does not lend books. Please refer to the MIA online catalogue:

http://ecatalogue.qma.com.qa/uhtbin/cgisirsi.exe/?ps=bGqwYDKeLG/MAIN/179660013/60/502/X

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ONLINE MUSEUM COLLECTIONS

Of the major collections of Islamic art held in museums around the world, some offer

excellent websites, presenting thematic overviews and image catalogues. Students should

browse these websites to familiarise themselves with Islamic material culture, using the

images for their seminar presentations and essays where necessary. Particularly useful are:

Islamic Art, The David Collection, Copenhagen http://www.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic Yousef Jameel Centre for Islamic and Asian Art, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford http://jameelcentre.ashmolean.org/collection/4/837 Islamic Middle East, Victoria & Albert Museum, London http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/i/islamic-middle-east/ Arts of the Islamic World, Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/islamic.asp Islamic Art, Metropolitan Museum, New York http://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-museum/museum-departments/curatorial-departments/islamic-art Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, Metropolitan Museum, New York http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hi/te_index.asp?i=Islamic

OTHER ONLINE RESOURCES

Discover Islamic Art, Museums with No Frontiers http://www.discoverislamicart.org/index.php Islamic Arts and Architecture http://islamic-arts.org/ ArchNet, Islamic Architecture Community, Aga Khan Project http://archnet.org/library/ Aga Khan Visual Archive, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) http://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/45936 Encyclopaedia Iranica http://www.iranicaonline.org/

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ARABIC TRANSLITERATION

Letter Name Wehr EI2 Cambridge

hamza alif b b b b t t t t th th th jm dj j kh kh kh dl d d d dhl dh dh r r r r zy z z z sn s s s shn sh sh d d ain ghain gh gh f f f f qf q q q kf k k k lm l l l mm m m m nn n n n h h h h ww w, u, or w or w or y y, i, or y or y or

A number of systems for Arabic transliteration are in currently in use. Students are asked to use the same system as the New Cambridge History of Islam. Students not familiar with Arabic should treat transliteration as if it were spelling. Transliteration characters can be found in MS Word under Insert > Symbol > More Symbols > Subset > Latin Extended-A & Latin Extended Additional. Shortcut keys can then be set up to make typing faster. Please see me for help understanding the transliteration system or setting it up on your computer.

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QUICK REFERENCE TIMETABLES Session timetable

Semester, Week & Date Chronological Period, Conceptual Framework & Session Content

Firs

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1 Sun 02.09.12

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2 NO LECTURE Technical Skills for Cultural Heritage (Photography Sessions) 3 Sun 16.09.12 [1.1.2] The World of Late Antiquity & Rise of Islam, AD 300-700 4 Sun 23.09.12 [1.1.3] The Arab Empire of the Umayyads and Abbsids AD 650-850 5 Sun 30.09.12 [1.1.4] The Fragmentation of the Caliphate & Shite Schism AD 850-1050 6 READING WEEK, Sun 07 Sat 13 Sept 7 Sun 14.10.12

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8 Sun 21.10.12 [1.2.2] Cities & Urbanism I: Imperial Capitals & Regional Centres 9 NO LECTURE EID BREAK 10 Sun 04.11.12 [1.2.3] Production & Exchange in the Mediterranean World I: AD 500-1000 11 Sun 11.11.12 [1.2.4] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World I: AD 500-1000 12

TRAINING EXCAVATIONS / STUDENT PLACEMENTS, Sun 18 Nov Sat 15 Dec 13 14 15

I QATAR NATIONAL HOLIDAY, Sun 16 22 Dec II

CHRISTMAS BREAK, Sun 23 Dec Sat 12 Jan III IV

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Isl Art Arch-libre

Documents

Transcript of Isl Art Arch-libre