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Stepping Stones:Enhancing Quality of Primary Education – ISB: Laina Emmanuel, Komal Vasudev, Guneet Singh, Manvendra Singh Raghav,Harkabir Singh Jandu
Manthan Topic: Stepping Stones: Enhancing Quality of
Primary Education
NAV PARIVARTAN
Team Details: ISB, Mohali Campus
Laina Emmanuel
Komal Vasudev
Guneet Singh
Manvendra Singh Raghav
Harkabir Singh Jandu
Stepping Stones:Enhancing Quality of Primary Education – ISB: Laina Emmanuel, Komal Vasudev, Guneet Singh, Manvendra Singh Raghav,Harkabir Singh Jandu
India’s Most Pressing Problem: Crisis of Learning
at the Primary Education Level
Stepping Stones:Enhancing Quality of Primary Education – ISB: Laina Emmanuel, Komal Vasudev, Guneet Singh, Manvendra Singh Raghav,Harkabir Singh Jandu
Quality of Primary Education at Government schools has been declining at an alarming rate in recent years which can hurt India’s
competitiveness and productivity and damage quality of life in rural and semi-urban India in the long run.
•India’s elementary education budget has increased
more than two fold since 2007-08, from Rs. 68,853
crores to Rs. 147,059 crores in 2012-13.
•Allocations for the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), the
primary vehicle for delivering the Right to Free and
Compulsory Education Act (RTE), have increased
three-fold.
INCREASE IN RESOURCESDECLINE IN LEARNING OUTCOMES
ASER 2012 and PISA 209show that fewer and fewer
children in successive batches reaching 3rd and 5th
standard are learning basics of reading , math and science
BUT
Stepping Stones:Enhancing Quality of Primary Education – ISB: Laina Emmanuel, Komal Vasudev, Guneet Singh, Manvendra Singh Raghav,Harkabir Singh Jandu
Substantial Improvements in inputs to Education over the decades
-Improved access to primary schools- Better infrastructure- Better pupil-teacher ratios- Increased student enrolment
However, this is not enough to reverse the crisis in learning
POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR THE CRISIS IN LEARNING – What does the research say?
Weak Pedagogy
Several randomisedevaluations find large positive impacts of supplemental remedial instruction in early grades that are targeted to the child's current level of learning (as opposed to simply following the text book) (references in appendix)
Weak School Governance
Most striking symptom of weak governance is the high rate of teacher absence in government-run schools, which has not reduced substantially since 2003.
Rigorous evaluations of carefully designed systems of teacher performance pay show substantial improvements in student learning in response to even very modest amounts of performance-linked pay for teachers.
Stepping Stones:Enhancing Quality of Primary Education – ISB: Laina Emmanuel, Komal Vasudev, Guneet Singh, Manvendra Singh Raghav,Harkabir Singh Jandu
The Importance of SMCs in The Solution
Stepping Stones:Enhancing Quality of Primary Education – ISB: Laina Emmanuel, Komal Vasudev, Guneet Singh, Manvendra Singh Raghav,Harkabir Singh Jandu
School Based Management – Evidence from Across the World
• Since the early 1990’s School Based Management (SBM) has gained increasing popularity as a strategy for
improving responsiveness and accountability in the delivery of education services.
• In several countries, including Brazil, Nepal, Mexico, and Czech Republic, authority is devolved to school based
committees who are given varying levels of financial autonomy for
1) determining school needs
2) preparing budgets and plans
3) procuring items and incurring expenditure for meeting such needs.
• Research has shown us that Nicaragua’s Autonomous School Program and Mexico’s compensatory education
program have contributed to better test scores.
School Management Committees in India
• In India, under the RTE, SMC’s have complete financial power over three annual grants –
Teaching Learning Material (TLM)
School Development Grant (SDG)
School Maintenance Grant (SMG)
• However, the condition of SMC’s across the country is quite pathetic. In a lot of places SMCs have not been
instituted, while they are dysfunctional in a number of places.
Stepping Stones:Enhancing Quality of Primary Education – ISB: Laina Emmanuel, Komal Vasudev, Guneet Singh, Manvendra Singh Raghav,Harkabir Singh Jandu
• The World Development Report on “Making Services work for the poor” recognizes that for education to truly deliver on its promises, schools need to be accountable to their local communities through bodies like “School Management Committees” (SMC)
• The Indian Government also recognizes the importance of SMC’s by empowering them with legal rights and duties under the Right to Education Act
Empowering School Management Committees
• Volunteers drawn from two distinct pools – local citizens and professionals from varied different professions. Involving the former raises the capacity of local citizens to monitor their schools, thus helping in scaling our ideas at low costs.
• Technology enabled – Through strategic use of Information Technology, such as Massive Online Open courses, adapted to Indian conditions, we can further lower costs and reach a wide audience
Implementation Model –
Volunteer-driven, Technology-enabled
Snapshot of solution proposedWe propose a technology-enabled, volunteer driven approach to empowerment of
School Management Committees (SMC’s) to help them effectively monitor schools and
adapt pedagogy to suit the needs of children in their community
Stepping Stones:Enhancing Quality of Primary Education – ISB: Laina Emmanuel, Komal Vasudev, Guneet Singh, Manvendra Singh Raghav,Harkabir Singh Jandu
Details of the Solution
`
Stepping Stones:Enhancing Quality of Primary Education – ISB: Laina Emmanuel, Komal Vasudev, Guneet Singh, Manvendra Singh Raghav,Harkabir Singh Jandu
Volunteer trainers:
•Based out districts
•Involved in training and empowering the SMC’s.
•Start with training 2 people per district (~1400 volunteers across the country).
Volunteer resource people:
•Diverse set of non-state actors who bring in requisite skill-sets, funding and ideas.
•They help empowered SMC’s achieve their goals.
Recruitment Of Volunteers in the 2 – Channel Volunteer
Model
Cascading model of training volunteers: Each set of 2 volunteers in a district train 80000 volunteers over the course of a year, thus reaching out to ~1.12 million across all districts in India
• Refresher training: To be provided through online courses, facilitated by volunteer trainers.
Training Of Volunteers
Skills imparted: Skills imparted across three domains
Domain Knowledge
• Public finances, with special reference to the district
• Financial literacy
Procedural Knowledge
• Procurement in a local government environment
• Assessment of learning outcomes through the use of survey-toolkits
Soft-skills
• Group dynamics with special relation to social dynamics in the district
• Decision-making in a group
• Team-building
Technology enablement
• Basic computer literacy and knowledge of internet
•Interaction in forums meant specifically for governance
Empowering SMCs
Initial training of SMC’s held in partnership with Block Development Officers and District Officers, to achieve scale.
• Refresher trainings held by volunteer trainers, as government capacity not enough to conduct regular trainings
• These technology enabled SMC’s would be networked onto the main GYAN platform, and can ask for specific ideas, funding and skill-sets they require for achieving their ideas.
Stepping Stones:Enhancing Quality of Primary Education – ISB: Laina Emmanuel, Komal Vasudev, Guneet Singh, Manvendra Singh Raghav,Harkabir Singh Jandu
Inform and Engage
Volunteer Resource Persons and Empowered SMCs
Collectively Generate New Ideas & Training Materials to
solve school-specific problems
Select new ideas and artifacts and
implement the best solutions
Communicate Help people submitAccept and group training material
Help people search and rate best solutions
Mentors, Sponsors support the portal
Community + Marketplace for ideas – Key Features
Moderation by experts to prevent lower-quality
inputs
Evolving portal to match to user expectations
Resource people review ideas and materials
Group by topics
Add user ratings
Add insights
Online chat with education experts
More search keywords for knowledge documents
Discussion Forums (District specific)
Architecture of the Online Portal
Stepping Stones:Enhancing Quality of Primary Education – ISB: Laina Emmanuel, Komal Vasudev, Guneet Singh, Manvendra Singh Raghav,Harkabir Singh Jandu
Key implementation challenges and mitigation
Risk Cause Mitigation
Disinterested SMC’s SMC’s usually have low expectations from government schools, translating into disinterest in tracking the learning outcomes of their children
Controlled experiments in Medak district in Andhra Pradesh by Accountability Initiative has shown that using local methods of dissemination can help ignite interest
Khemani et al have found that Information and advocacy campaigns can lead to better participation in SMCs
Lack of buy-in from district officials Building a good SMC culture requires buy-in from the local government, both for purposes of infrastructure for training and rules
We have seen that sharing success stories as well as data on learning outcomes across districts can incentivize district collectors to focus on education
Infrastructural issues Online networking on the GYAN network requires access to good infrastructure
Partnering with infrastructure providers such as TARAhaat can mitigate this risk
Stepping Stones:Enhancing Quality of Primary Education – ISB: Laina Emmanuel, Komal Vasudev, Guneet Singh, Manvendra Singh Raghav,Harkabir Singh Jandu
Expected Budget
•Management Team ( Rs. 6000 per district per annum)
•Volunteer Team (Rs. 1.8 lac per district)
•Regional
Organization Cost
•Transportation Cost (Rs. 10000 per district per annum)
•Establishment Cost Logistics Cost
• IT Software +Hardware Cost ( Rs. 2 lac per district per annum)
•Communication Expense – mobile& internet ( Rs. 35000 per district per annum)
Technology Cost
Rs 1.86
lac/district/an
num
Rs
10000/district/
annum
Rs
2.35lac/distri
ct/annum
Estimated Cost / Child = Rs 1.30 per annum
Stepping Stones:Enhancing Quality of Primary Education – ISB: Laina Emmanuel, Komal Vasudev, Guneet Singh, Manvendra Singh Raghav,Harkabir Singh Jandu
Appendix
Lant Pritchett, The first PISA results for India: The end of the beginning http://ajayshahblog.blogspot.in/2012/01/first-pisa-
results-for-india-end-of.html
PAISA Report 2012
ASER Report 2012
World Development Report 2004, Making services work for the poor http://www.gse.pku.edu.cn/lib/gse_lib/edu-
search/e_publication/e_pub/268950PAPER0WDR02004.pdf
Using evidence for better policy: The case for primary education in India, Karthik Muralidharan
http://www.ideasforindia.in/article.aspx?article_id=119