Is my driving impaired? Drink, drugs & driving
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Transcript of Is my driving impaired? Drink, drugs & driving
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Is my driving impaired?
Dr Richard EversSynergy Health Laboratory Services
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SHLS
Laboratory Services division of Synergy Health•Based in Abergavenny, South Wales•Established in 1986•On-site Toxicology, Pathology and PCR suites
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Services from SHLS
• Drug and Alcohol screening• Urine• Saliva• Hair• Breath Alcohol
• Drug and Alcohol sample collection services
• Clinical Pathology testing services
• Training services
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What do we mean by “Impaired”
• Road Traffic Act (1988) Section 6B – CODE OF PRACTICE FOR PRELIMINARY
IMPAIRMENT TESTS (DfT 2004)• Designed to determine of you are unfit to
drive
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Field Impairment Test
• Pupillary Examination – Look ahead– Keep eyes open– Pupil size– Rednes or watery
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Modified Romberg Balance Test
• Stand to attention– Tilt head back and close eyes– Return head to upright and open eyes after 30
seconds– Note balance control and timing
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Walk and Turn Test
• Stand still on a line– Nine heel-to-toe steps, turn and nine steps
back, counting out loud– Correct counting and steps– Deviation from line
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One Leg Stand
• Stand still– Raise right foot 6-8 inches parallel to ground– Look ahead– Repeat for left foot– Record balance
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Finger to nose test
• Hold both hands out in front with index fingers extended– Close eyes– Touch tip of the nose– Alternate hands on command– Record balance, missing nose
or using the wrong hand
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Drink drive levels
• England and Wales– Blood 80mg/100mL– Breath 35µg/100mL– Urine 107mg/100mL
• Scotland– Blood 50mg/100mL– Breath 22µg/100mL– Urine 67mg/100mL
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Drink drive stats 2013
• 683,631 tests– 71,675 positive (10.5%)
• 232,709 accidents (6,524 HGV)– 53% breathalysed (65% HGV)– 1.6% positive (0.4% HGV)
• 17% of deaths positive
DfT National Statistics (www.gov.uk)
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Drink drive stats – Why test?
• Traffic offense (37%)– 6% Positive
• Collision (32.7%)– 8% Positive
• Suspicion (18.7%)– 18.7% Positive – 18.9% alcohol present below limit
DfT (www.gov.uk)
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Drug drive stats
• 1132 convictions for drug driving (2012)– 19% of surveyed admit to driving while unfit– 7% due to illegal drugs
• 902 arrests March – May 2015– 45% of tests positive– 1 arrest every 2½ days– 1 test per day
IAM & Daily Mail
FOI requests
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Is cannabis a problem?
• From US Data
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Drug drive levels
DrugCutoff (µg/L) Drug
Cutoff (µg/L)
Amphetamine 250 LSD 1
Benzoylecgonine 50 Methadone 500
Clonazepam 50 Methamphetamine 10
Cocaine 10 Ecstasy 10
Cannabis 2 6-monoacetylmorphine 5
Diazepam 550 Morphine 80
Flunitrazepam 300 Oxazepam 300
Ketamine 20 Temazepam 1000
Lorazepam 100
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DT5000
• Wide test menu – Cannabis– Cocaine– Opiates– Benzodiazepines
• Home Office Type Approved– Cannabis
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Cannabis
• Legal Limit 2µg/L THC in blood• Driving Simulator
– Controlled cannabis use– Measured impairment
• 8µg/L THC gives similar impairment to 0.50‰ Alcohol
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Long term cannabis use
• Cannabis users confined to a drug free R&D facility
• Daily blood cannabis levels• >2µg/L for 18 days
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hangover• You do not have to have drugs in your system to
be impaired• Driving simulator with a hangover gives a similar
level of impairment to BAC 0.40‰• Longer sleep following drinking leads to less
impairment (!!!)• “chronic use of all illicit drugs is associated with
some cognitive and/or psychomotor impairment, and can lead to a decrease in driving performance even when the subject is no longer intoxicated” - EMCCDA
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Amphetamine
• Controlled administration studies– Amphetamine no more harmful to cause
accident• Post-accident testing figures
– Amphetamine 6x more likely to cause death• Amphetamine increases risk taking• Dexedrine given to fighter pilots
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San Francisco Bay Bridge, 2007• M/V Cosco Busan hit the
pier in fog• 53,500 gallons of fuel oil
spilt• $3.6 million repair bill• $70 million environmental
cleanup• Pilot tested BEFORE
accident and negative for SAMHSA 5 and alcohol
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Stimulant/depressant mix• Pilot was taking:
– Lorazepam– Diazepam– Modafinil– Propoxyphene– Hydrocodone– Pentazocine (narcotic analgesic)
• Narcotics & sedatives – send you to sleep• Modafinil – wakes you up
• Similar patterns of use with amphetamines and benzodiazepines• Cocaine and heroin
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Is my driving impaired?
• Alcohol – legal limit• Drugs – legal limit for some• Tiredness – limit on driving hours• Cold / ‘Flu – no law• Hangover – no law
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Thank You