Is a Ton of Material Worth a Ton of Work?

Stephanie Boyd, Williams College, sboyd@williams.edu Charley Stevenson, Integrated Eco Strategy, charley@integratedecostrategy.com

Deconstructing Deconstruction

• Overview of project

• Three scenarios

• Methodology

• Analysis of findings

• Financial analysis

• Transportation impact

• Lessons learned

Agenda

1794

1872

1919

2011

www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXS6HcKXJ6o

Kellogg – Originally thePresident’s House and currently one of the oldest structures (1794) on campus

Before…

Kellogg House- 1794

Seeley House - 1868

Deconstruction…1

43

2

Deconstruction…

Moving Kellogg…

Video of Kellogg House Move

Landfill

Energy recovery

Recycling

Reuse

Source reduction

Waste hierarchyAvoid for LEED100% Diversion LBC

Avoid for LEED

Perform for LEED

Perform for LEED

FOUNDATION REMOVED and RECYCLED

BASE CASE(Theoretical)

ACTUAL STORY

MAXIMUM REUSE-RECYCLE

(Theoretical)

MOST Material LandfilledSOME Material Landfilled

Some Relocation

Most Material NOT Landfilled

Some Relocation

Scenarios we considered…

Mate

rial

Alum

inum

Fiberg

lassOth

er

CopperGlass

Wood Flo

oring

Carpet

Asphalt

Shingles

Drywall

Steel

Scrap W

ood

Mixed C&D

Clean Wood

Concrete

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 0.12 0.15 0.39 1.11 1.17 1.27 1.35 3.77 6.9 9.04 25 45.3 46.91

744.93

Weight of Materials Removed

Ton

s

Alum

inum

Fiberg

lassOth

er

CopperGlass

Wood Flo

oring

Carpet

Asphalt

Shingles

Drywall

Steel

Scrap W

ood

Mixed C&D

Clean Wood

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Weight of Materials (no Foundation)

Ton

s

EPA’s: WAste Reduction Model

Range of Emissions Impact by Material

Source: www.epa.gov/climatechange/waste/calculators/Warm_home.html

METALS

 

WeightDisposal

EmissionsReuse

EmissionsRecycle

EmissionsCombustion Emissions

Landfill Emissions

Material Tons Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes

Aluminum 0.12 -1.47 0.00 -1.47 0.00 0.00Fiberglass 0.15 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01

Other 0.39          Copper 1.11 -4.96 0.00 -4.96 0.00 0.01Glass 1.17 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05

Wood Flooring 1.27 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10Carpet 1.35 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06

Asphalt Shingles 3.77 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18Drywall 6.90 0.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.93

Steel 9.04 -14.60 0.00 -14.64 0.00 0.04Scrap Wood 25.00 -26.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 -26.94Mixed C&D 45.30 -13.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 -13.97Clean Wood 46.91 -50.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 -50.55

Concrete 744.93 -7.63 0.00 -7.63 0.00 0.00Total 887.40 -118.79 0.00 -28.70 0.00 -90.09

% of Total Emissions     0.00 0.24 0.00 0.76

Base Case• Metals and concrete

recycled

• Other materials landfilled

 

WeightProcessing/Transport Emissions

Reuse Emissions

Recycle Emissions

Combustion Emissions

Landfill Emissions

Material Tons Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes

Aluminum (recycled) 0.12 -1.63 0.00 -1.63 0.00 0.00Fiberglass (reused) 0.15 -0.07 -0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other 0.39          Copper (recycled) 1.11 -5.51 0.00 -5.51 0.00 0.00

Glass (reused) 1.17 -0.69 -0.69 0.00 0.00 0.00Wood Flooring (reused) 1.27 -5.18 -5.18 0.00 0.00 0.00Carpet (recycled, reused) 1.35 -4.21 -2.49 -1.71 0.00 0.00

Asphalt Shingles (recycled) 3.77 -0.31 0.00 -0.31 0.00 0.00Drywall (recycled) 6.90 0.35 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00

Steel (reused, recycled) 9.04 -21.07 -9.37 -11.70 0.00 0.00Scrap Wood (landfill) 25.00 -19.06 0.00 0.00 -5.59 -13.47Mixed C&D (landfill) 45.30 -13.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 -13.97

Clean Wood (reused, recycled) 46.91 -105.57 -41.65 -63.93 0.00 0.00Concrete (recycled) 744.93 -7.63 0.00 -7.63 0.00 0.00

Total 887.40 -184.57 -59.46 -92.08 -5.59 -27.44

The Actual Story

• Higher reuse

• Higher recycling

• Some landfill

By weight, most material was recycled.

Reused

Recycle

d

Combusti

on

Landfill

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Materials by Disposal Strategy

Reused

Recycle

d

Combusti

on

Landfill

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Non-Foundation Materials by Disposal Strategy

Significant portion of non-foundation materials was landfilled.

  Weight Disposal Emissions

Reuse Emissions

Recycle Emissions

Combustion Emissions

Landfill Emissions

Maximize Reuse Recycling Assumptions

Material Tons Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes Tonnes  Aluminum 0.12 -1.63 0.00 -1.63 0.00 0.00 Fiberglass Insulation 0.15 -0.07 -0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 Other 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Copper 1.11 -5.51 0.00 -5.51 0.00 0.00 Glass 1.17 -0.69 -0.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 Wood Flooring 1.27 -5.18 -5.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 Carpet 1.35 -4.97 -4.33 -0.64 0.00 0.00 80% reused, compared to 46%Asphalt Shingles 3.77 -0.52 -0.36 -0.16 0.00 0.00 50% reused, rather than recycledDrywall 6.90 0.35 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 Steel 9.04 -21.07 -9.35 -11.71 0.00 0.00 Medium Density Fiberboard/Scrap Wood

25.00 -61.47 0.00 -61.47 0.00 0.00 100% recycled rather than combusted, landfilled

Mixed Construction and DemolitionDebris

45.30 -25.20 0.00 -25.20 0.00 0.00 100% recycled rather than landfilled

Dimensional Lumber/Clean Wood 46.91 -114.41 0.00 -114.41 0.00 0.00100% recycled rather than reusedConcrete 744.93 -7.63 0.00 -7.63 0.00 0.00 Total 887.40 -248.00 -19.99 -228.01 0.00 0.00 

Maximum Reuse and Recycling

Emissions Savings by Scenario

Base Case - Demoli-tion

Actual Story Maximum Reuse and Recycing

Material Pro-cessing/Dis-posal

-120.58024747795 -186.555241415025 -250.555255740594

Transporta-tion

1.7878895366073 1.99013100237525 2.55494591470349

Demolition/Deconstruc-tion

3.078432 2.9013 2.9013

Excavation of Foundation

3.192448 3.192448 3.192448-275

-225

-175

-125

-75

-25

25

Emissions Savings For Each ScenarioEm

issi

ons

Sav

ings

(to

nne

s)

Most emissions benefit due to wood

Alu

min

um (

recy

cled

)

Fibe

rgla

ss (

reus

ed)

Oth

er

Copp

er (

recy

cled

)

Gla

ss (

reus

ed)

Woo

d Fl

oori

ng (

reu.

..

Carp

et (

recy

cled

, re.

..

Asp

halt

Shi

ngle

s (r

e...

Dry

wal

l (re

cycl

ed)

Stee

l (re

used

, rec

yc...

Scra

p W

ood

(lan

dfill

)

Mix

ed C

&D

(la

ndfi

ll)

Clea

n W

ood

(reu

sed,

...

Conc

rete

(re

cycl

ed)0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

% of Total Weight% of Total Emissions

Concrete – lot of weight, small benefit.

….and metals.

Costs Demolition Actual Maximum

Foundation $ 10 000 $ 10 000 $ 10 000

Deconstruction/Demolition $ 40 000 $ 155 000 $ 155 000

Total $ 50 000 $ 165 000 $ 165 000

Cost per tonne emissions   $ -1 744 $ -889

Cost per ton of material $ 56 $ 186 $ 186

Financial Analysis

How far should you drive?Example: 130 miles to Boston

Reuse Recycle Landfill Combust(Miles) (Miles) (Miles) (Miles)

Aluminum 111,000 97,000Copper 53,000 35,000 Wood Flooring 29,000 4,000Carpet 28,600 17,000Steel 26,400 13,000 11,000Medium density Fiberboard 15,900 18,000 8000 3,000Dimensional Lumber 14,400 18,000 8000 3,000Glass 4,300 2,000 Fiberglass Insulation 3,600 Drywall 1,500 200 Asphalt Shingles 1,400 700 2,000Mixed C&D 4,000 2,000 1,000 Concrete 80

• Reuse or recycle as much of the wood as possible

• Concrete has minimal impact on emissions

• Are we measuring/evaluating the right things?

• Transportation not as important as we thought!

• Planning, planning, planning

Lessons Learned

Stephanie BoydDirector Zilkha Center for Environmental InitiativesWilliams Collegesboyd@williams.edu

Charley StevensonIntegrated Eco StrategyWilliamstown, MAcharley@integratedecostrategy.com

QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS

Special thanks to JJ Augenbraun, Williams Class of 2011!