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Irrigation and Fertilization...
Transcript of Irrigation and Fertilization...
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Irrigationand
Fertilization
Mary M. Peet
North Carolina State University
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Topics
IrrigationFertilizationTransplantingPruning & TrainingPollinationHarvestContainersPacking lines
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Irrigation and Fertilization
EC guidelines
pH guidelines
How to monitor
Equipment suggestions
Goals in fertilization program• Controlling growth
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Why is EC important?
High EC increases fruit qualityEC too high keeps water frommoving into the root• Drought• Overall lack of nutrients• Lack of calcium (BER)
EC too low means not enoughfertilizer present• Low fruit quality
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Effect of EC on fruit quality
5.04.8Refraction in fruit sap
8475Acid in fruit sap mmol/l
6.25.8EC fruit sap dS/m
19.217.5Shelflife in days
4.14.4Coloring in days
5456Average fruit Weight
11.912.7Fruit yield
222224Fruit #
EC 3.5EC 2.6Characteristic
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EC Guidelines
Should be 1.0-3.0 millimhos/cm(or deciSiemen/m or mS/cm) or1000-3000 micromhos• go to conversions at:
www.ces.ncsu.edu/greenhouse_veg/for other units
Rockwool EC 1.5-2.0millimhos/cm, but can be grownsomewhat higher to improve fruitquality (BER less likely inhydroponics than soil).
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How to Monitor in Containers
Check fertilizer solution EC and pH at end ofdrip line with an extra bucket, especially afterre-mixing• Make sure sample drippers are at same level as
plant drippers
Check drainage (leachate) using pour-through method (see NCSU Floriculturewebsite) for peat & perlitePeat based mixes: can also use saturatedmedia extraction (SME) on substrate
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What You’re Looking for!
Amount of water draining out at eachwatering: 10-15% to avoid salt buildupand compensate for unevenness indrippers and ‘hot spots’.EC and pH in drainage not more than5-10% different from incoming• EC Much lower: plants ‘hungry’• EC Much higher: danger of salt buildup• pH out of range: nutrients unavailable
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Sensors to check EC andnutrients*
Conductivity cells. Dip-typemust be deep enough in liquidto cover holes midway up theshaft. Cup-type can be put inthe solution or filled with asmall volume of liquid.
*Images provided by George Elliot. June 1999 article in Greenhouse Product news ‘Selecting the Right E.C. Meter’
Soluble saltmeasurements ofsaturated media can bemade by simplydecanting a few dropsof extract onto the cellof the Cardy Twin ECmeter.
Fertilizer meters are specialized EC metersthat can be calibrated for specific fertilizerformulations and read out in grams perliter. The meter on the right measuresconcentration for a single fertilizer whilethe larger meter on the left can measuretwo separate fertilizers and EC.
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pH-Tomatoes
pH should be 5.6-5.8 for tomatoes inpeat/pine bark bags (peat tends to beacidic)• 5.5-6.0 for rockwool slabs (must be pre-
soaked before planting)
Above 6.5, essential micronutrientsand phosphorus become lessavailable• At 7.0 tomato yield decreased 25%
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pH-other crops
Optimum for most crops at 6.0
Low pH (below 6.2) makes lettuce orcucumbers susceptible to molybdenumdeficiency
May also need to correct alkalinity inirrigation water• Go to NCSU Floriculture site for conversions:
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/floriculture/hils/hil558.html
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Types of pH meters
Glass bulb• Stored wet, easily broken• Not recommended for saturated media
extracts (SME)
Ion Selective Field Effect Transistor(ISFET)• Stored dry, not easily broken• More expensive
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Desirable pH meter features
Rugged & portable-Cardy Twinor pH ProBatteries & ac adapterTwo-point calibration & auto-recognition are nice featuresIndication of stable readingAutomatic temperaturecompensation
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Other features in pH meters:
Flat surface-good for small samples (liquidgoes on surface)
Reference and sample electrodes in sameunit are more convenient than separateunits• Refillable with potassium chloride (need to
check reference and ‘top off’)
• Non-refillable-gel which is not replaced
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pH electrodesISFET (Ionselective field
effecttransistor) pHelectrodes can
be used to makemeasurements
directly insaturated mediaslurries. This is aflat-surface pHelectrode withnon-refillablereference in aplastic body.
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All you need to know aboutnutrition and fruit quality!*
K:N ratios critical in tomatoes• Vegetative (up to first truss) requires
1.2:1 K:N• By Ninth flower truss, increase to 2.5:1• 70% of K moves into fruit• Insufficient K decreases flavor
Lettuce K:N 1.7:1* From Adams 1999 Plant Nutrition demystified and Ho and Adams 1995 Nutrient uptake and distribution inrelation to crop quality
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Generally N=200 mg/l and P 30mg/l• Can reduce P to 10 after rooting
completed
Running at high or low ECrequires careful monitoring!
All you need to know aboutnutrition and fruit quality!*
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Organic media requires more N thanrockwool, because N may be tied up
Form of N important-no more than 10%in ammonium form or will reducecalcium and get BER at 20% NH4.
High K reduces Ca and Mg availability
All you need to know aboutnutrition and fruit quality!*
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Irrigation amount determined bylight integral
For computerized watering:• Cucumber-150 ml/1MJ per plant• Tomato-120-130 ml/1MJ per plant• Pepper-100-120 ml/1MJ per plant
Can also consider temperature,especially in summerAdvantages: water conservation,less cracking
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Aeration
Oxygen must be at least 3 gm/l
Decreases in hot weather
In rockwool• aerate solution
• increase watering frequency
In peat• reduce watering at high temperature
• add more iron (frequently deficient in water-logged peat)
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To Steer Plants BetweenGenerative and Vegetative
Growth Using Irrigation andFertilization: Reading the
Plant!
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Plant growthPlant growth
Photosynthesis CO2, Water and light Producing assimilate (Sugar) Organic material Building bricks Fruit, growing parts and root
Generative plant
Vegetative plant
Fruit and flowers
Growing points and root
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Reduce crop growth rate• Light irrigation• low relative humidity• high EC
Reduce nitrogen supply or increaseratio of potassium to nitrogen
Generative growth (fruiting)
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Read the plant*Read the plant*
Generative plant Vegetative plant
Fruits
Cluster stalk
Leaves
Flower
Big SmallMany FewGood shape Bad shapeQuick growing Slow growing
Thick and stiff ThinShort and curved Long and bristly
Vigorous and curled in top of plant* Smooth in top of plantShort leaves Long leavesDark and stiff Light green and many leaves
Near top of plant Far from topQuick opening of flower Slow flower openingShort flowering period Flowers stay open longerDark yellow flowers Pale, dull flowers
From presentation by Laust Dam at 2001 NCGVGA meeting
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What do we want to record*What do we want to record*
Climate in greenhouse and outside
Water / irrigation
Plant growth
Energy consumption
*From presentation by Laust Dam at 2001 NCGVGA meeting
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Recording form*Recording form*
• Climate 1. Week No.2. Radiation3. Average temp. outside4. Temp. set point (Day)5. Temp. set point (night)6. Temp. Increase with light7. Pre-night Temp.8. Average day temp.9. Average night temp.10. Average 24 hr. Temp.11. Pipe temp. day12. Pipe temp. Night13. Humidity day14. Humidity night15. Delta X Day16. Delta X night17. CO2 ppm
*From presentation by Laust Dam at 2001 NCGVGA meeting
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• Plant recording1. Plant growth2. Leaf length3. Top thickness4. Flowering truss5. Flowering speed6. Setting7. Harvest # truss and fruit8. Fruit load9. Yield10. Yield (Cum)
1. Given water2. Given water (cum)3. Drain4. Water consumption5. Water consumption (Cum)6. EC – Drip7. EC – Slab8. pH – Drip9. pH – Slab
• Water / irrigation*
• Energy consumption*From presentation by Laust Dam at 2001 NCGVGA meeting
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New mark
line
Flowers/Week=6
Plant growth/Week
Mark from last week
Leaf length
Top thickness
Pollinated fruit
Open flower
Closed flower
Pollinated flower/Week = 4
Cluster/number Fruit = 1,4
Cluster/Flower %2,33
Grodan
*From presentation by LaustDam at 2001 NCGVGAmeeting
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How to control a plant*How to control a plant*Control mechanism Generative growth Vegetative growth
Avg. Temp. Lower Higher
Temp. difference day/night Higher Lower
Day temp. to night temp. Quick Slow
Pipe temp. High low
Placing of growth pipe Flowering truss Ripening truss
CO2 More Less
Humidity Lower Higher
E.C Higher Lower
Water content in slab Low High
Irrigation Long but few Short more frequent
Irrigation start Late Early
Irrigation stop Early Late
*From presentation by Laust Dam at 2001 NCGVGA meeting
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Required Equipment
Drip irrigation equipment
Fertilizer injection equipment
Andersoninjectors forproportionalfeed offertilizers
Dosatron and Dosmaticinjectors are lower-cost
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Fertilization in a large OntarioGreenhouse
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Computerized irrigation
Greenhousecontrollers come in all
sizes!
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? Deficiency
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Nitrogen Deficiency
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? Deficiency
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Phosphorus Deficiency
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? Deficiency
Young leafMature leaf
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Phosphorus Deficiency
Young leafMature leaf
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? Deficiency
Note interveinal chlorosis
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Potassium Deficiency
Note interveinal chlorosis
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? Deficiency
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Magnesium Deficiency
Easily confused withspider mite damage!
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? Deficiency
Leaves arebrittle, andthe mid-ribis oftencracked
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Boron Deficiency
Leaves arebrittle, andthe mid-ribis oftencracked
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? Deficiencies in tomato &cucumbers
Def 1
Def 2
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Minor Element Deficiency
Copper (Cu)
Iron (Fe)
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That’s all Folks!