IPv4 vs. IPv6

Anne-Marie EthierAndrei Iotici

"This report was prepared for Professor L. Orozco-Barbosa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course

ELG/CEG 4183“

March 12, 2002

Presentation Plan

Introduction

Major Advantages to IPv6

Addresses

Packet Headers

Autoconfiguration

Neighbor Discovery

Security

Difficult transition

Introduction

What is IP? The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or

protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet.

History In 1978, the Office of the Secretary of Defense

(OSD) mandated the use of IPv4 for all “host-to-host” data exchange enabling IPv4 to become the mechanism for the military to create integrated versus stovepiped communications.

IP Address Shortage

Proliferation of Internet devices: 405M mobile phones sold in 20001B+ by 2005

New emerging populations: China, Korea, Japan, India, Russia

Solution = IPv6

Advantages to IPv6

Larger address space

Reduce end-to-end delay

Higher level of security

Mobility

No fragmentation

Network autoconfiguration

Address Formats

IPv4 32-bit

Ex: 192.156.136.22

IPv6 128 bits

Ex: 1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A

Or in compressed format:

1080::8:800:200C:417A

IPv4 Classes

0 1 8 16 24 31

A

B C

0 netid hostid

1 0 netid hostid

1 1 0 netid hostid

IPv6 Address Types

UnicastGlobal aggregatableSite localLink local IPv4 compatible

AnycastMulticastNo more broadcast!

L in k - lo c a lS ite - lo c a lG lo b a l

Unicast Addresses

An address for a single interfaceGlobal:

3 13 32 16 64 001 TLA ID NLA ID SLA ID Interface ID TLA : Top-level aggregation NLA : Next-level aggregation SLA : Site-level aggregation The interface ID is based on the MAC address.

Anycast

An address for a set of interfaces that typically belong to different nodes.

96 bits 32 bits

0.0.0.0.0.0.192.168.30.1 = ::192.168.30.1 = ::C0AB:1E01 ---???

0 Ipv4 address

Multicast

An address for a set of interfaces (in a given scope) that typically belong to different nodes.

IPv4 Packet Header

The basic IPv4 packet header has 12 fields with a total size of 20 octets (160 bits).

IPv6 Packet Header

The basic IPv6 packet header has 8 fields with a total size of 40 octets (320 bits).

Neighbor Discovery

Replaces ARP, ICMP, etc.Used for Router discovery Parameter/Prefix discovery Address resolution Address auto-configuration

Can provide the means to renumber home subnets by forwarding solicitations to other subnets.

Autoconfiguration

Used by Neighbour Discovery

IPv6 no longer needs:ARPRARPDHCPBOOTP

Stateless vs. Stateful

Security

Authentication Header (AH) IPv6 datagrams not encrypted Keyed MD5 hashing algorithm proposed for standard

authentication algorithm Eliminates IP spoofing Eliminates Host Masquarading

Encapsulating Security Payload Header (ESP) Provides data integrity and confidentiality DES CBC encryption algorithm as standard (2 Modes)

Tunnel Mode: Whole IP packet encrypted (including header) Transport Mode: Only payload encrypted

Difficult Transition

Some have already begun experimenting with IPv6 on the internet

Dual IP layer

IPv6-over-IPv4 tunneling

For timeline information of the transition efforts, browse http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/ngtrans-charter.html

QuestionsQ1- What is the main reason for the switch from IPv4 to IPv6?

A1- IP address shortage

Q2 - Name 2 IPv6 address types and describe the reasons why they are used.

A2 – Unicast: An address for a single interface.

Anycast: An address for a set of interfaces that typically belong to different nodes. Assigning a unicast address to more than one interface makes a unicast address an anycast address

Multicast: An IPv6 multicast address is an identifier for a set of interfaces that typically belong to different nodes. A packet sent to a multicast address is delivered to all interfaces identified by the multicast address.

Questions(next)

Q3 - Identify 2 differences between the IPv4 and IPv6 packet headers.A3 – IPv6 IPv4

- 320 bits -160 bits - 8 fields - 12 fields - Flow Label - Checksum

Q4 - Explain the concept of "tunneling”A4 - IPv6-over-IPv4 tunneling offers the possibility to encapsulate IPv6 packets within IPv4 headers in order to carry them over IPv4 routing infrastructures.

Questions(next)

Q5 - Name the two main aspects in Internet security and explain how their uses in IPv6.

A5 - Authentication Header (AH): only provides authentication of the data packet and not encryption. This is useful as a standalone when confidentiality is not essential and only authentication is important.

Encapsulating Security Payload Header (ESP): provides data encryption.

BibliographyTechTarget, (2000), Internet Protocol, Retrieved February 24th, 2002 from http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,sid7_gci214031,00.html

Deering, Stephen (2001), Future-Proofing the Internet, Retrieved February 24th, 2002 from www.cisco.com/warp/public/756/industryanalysts/presentations/ipv6_presentations.pdf

Brig, Micheal (2002), A History of the Internet, Retrieved February 25th, 2002 from http://ngi.spawar.navy.mil/history_of_internet.html

Schmid, Stefan (1998), IPv6 benefits, Retrieved February 24th, 2002 from http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/computing/users/sschmid/Spie/node7.html

Osterman, Shawn (2002), Internet Addresses, Retrieved March 12th, 2002 from http://oucsace.cs.ohio.edu/~osterman/class/cs444.archive/notes/chap4.pdf