IP-10 G-Series - PD - 10-2010 - V30.pdf

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FibeAirIP-10 G-Series (R2)

Product Description

Document Version: 30

October 2010


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Notice

This document contains information that is proprietary to Ceragon Networks Ltd.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, modified, or distributed without prior written authorizationof Ceragon Networks Ltd.

This document is provided as is, without warranty of any kind.

Registered Trademarks

Ceragon Networks, FibeAir

and CeraView

are registered trademarks of Ceragon Networks Ltd.

Other names mentioned in this publication are owned by their respective holders.

Trademarks

CeraMapTM

, ConfigAirTM

, PolyViewTM

, EncryptAirTM,

CeraMonTM

, EtherAirTM

, and MicroWave FiberTM

, aretrademarks of Ceragon Networks Ltd.

Other names mentioned in this publication are owned by their respective holders.

Statement of ConditionsThe information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

Ceragon Networks Ltd. shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequentialdamage in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this document or equipment suppliedwith it.

Information to User

Any changes or modifications of equipment not expressly approved by the manufacturer could void theusers authority to operate the equipment and the warranty for such equipment.

Copyright 2010 by Ceragon Networks Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Ceragon Networks, Inc.

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www.ceragon.com


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FiberAir IP-10 G-Series (R2)Product Description 3

Table of Contents

1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 7

1.1 FibeAir IP-10 G-Series main features ........................................................................ 8

1.2 Applications ............................................................................................................. 9

1.2.1 Mobile Backhaul ..........................................................................................................9

1.2.2 Converged Fixed/Wireless Networks ............................................................................9

1.3 Advantages ............................................................................................................ 10

2 Overview .................................................................................................... 11

2.1 System Overview ................................................................................................... 11

2.1.1 Interfaces .................................................................................................................. 12

2.1.2 Available Assembly Options *..................................................................................... 14

2.2 RF Unit .................................................................................................................. 15

2.3 FibeAir IP-10 Value Structure ................................................................................. 16

2.4 FibeAir IP-10 Functionality ..................................................................................... 17

2.5 Features ................................................................................................................ 18

2.5.1 High Spectral Efficiency .............................................................................................. 18

2.5.2 Native2Microwave Radio Technology ......................................................................... 19

2.5.3 Adaptive Coding & Modulation .................................................................................. 20

2.5.4 Enhancing Spectral Efficiency using XPIC ..................................................................... 21

2.5.5 Integrated Carrier Ethernet Switching ......................................................................... 22

2.5.6 Integrated Quality of Service (QoS) ............................................................................. 23

2.5.7 Intelligent Ethernet Header Compression (patent-pending) ......................................... 24

2.5.8 Extensive Radio Capacity/Utilization Statistics ............................................................ 24

2.5.9 In-Band Management ................................................................................................ 24

2.5.10 Synchronization Solution ............................................................................................ 25

2.5.11 Integrated Nodal Solution .......................................................................................... 25

2.5.12 TDM Cross-Connect Unit ............................................................................................ 26

2.5.13 ABR - Capacity Doubling Innovation ........................................................................... 27

3 Main Features ............................................................................................. 28

3.1 Adaptive Coding and Modulation ........................................................................... 28


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3.1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................... 28

3.1.2 Adaptive Modulation and Built-in Quality of Service ................................................... 29

3.1.3 ACM with Adaptive Tx Power ..................................................................................... 30

3.1.4 ACM for E1/DS1 services ............................................................................................ 31

3.2 Multi-Radio with ACM support............................................................................... 32

3.3 XPIC support .......................................................................................................... 33

3.3.1 Implementation ......................................................................................................... 33

3.3.2 XPIC and Multi-Radio ................................................................................................. 35

3.4 Integrated Carrier Ethernet support ....................................................................... 36

3.4.1 Carrier Grade Ethernet ............................................................................................... 36

3.4.2 Carrier Ethernet solution overview ............................................................................. 38

3.4.3 MEF Certified ............................................................................................................. 39

3.4.4 Integrated QoS Support ............................................................................................. 40

3.4.5 Ethernet Statistics ...................................................................................................... 44

3.4.6 Ethernet resilient networks support ........................................................................... 46

3.4.7 End to End Multi-Layer OA&M ................................................................................... 51

3.4.8 FibeAir IP-10 Carrier Ethernet Services Example .......................................................... 52

3.5 Integrated Nodal Solution ...................................................................................... 55

3.5.1 IP-10 Nodal Design ..................................................................................................... 55

3.5.2 IP-10 Nodal Stacking ConceptAdvantages ................................................................ 57

3.5.3 IP-10 Nodal Stacking Method ..................................................................................... 57

3.5.4 Nodal Enclosure Design .............................................................................................. 58

3.5.5 Nodal Solution Management ...................................................................................... 59

3.5.6 Nodal solution Ethernet connectivity .......................................................................... 59

3.6 Cross-Connect (XC) Unit ......................................................................................... 60

3.6.1 XC Basics.................................................................................................................... 60

3.6.2 XC Features................................................................................................................ 61

3.6.3 TDM Trail Status Handling .......................................................................................... 62

3.6.4 Wireless SNCP ............................................................................................................ 63

3.7 ABR (Adaptive Bandwidth Recovery) ...................................................................... 66

3.7.1 Overview ................................................................................................................... 66

3.7.2 Comparing Ring Protection Schemes .......................................................................... 66


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3.7.3 A Novel Approach to Bandwidth Recovery .................................................................. 70

3.7.4 Protected Adaptive Bandwidth Recovery (ABR) .......................................................... 70

3.7.5 Dual Homing .............................................................................................................. 71

3.7.6 Hybrid Fiber / Microwave Networks ........................................................................... 71

3.7.7 ABR with ACM ........................................................................................................... 71

3.7.8 Trail Management...................................................................................................... 71

3.7.9 ABRCase Study ....................................................................................................... 72

3.7.10 Ethernet Ring Failure States ....................................................................................... 74

3.7.11 Comparison of Protection MethodsTo Allocate or not to Allocate ............................ 75

3.7.12 Risk Free Bandwidth Re-allocation ............................................................................. 76

3.7.13 ABR Benefits .............................................................................................................. 76

3.7.14 Summary ................................................................................................................... 78

3.8 Synchronization support ........................................................................................ 79

3.8.1 Wireless Network Synchronization ............................................................................. 79

3.8.2 Wireless IP Synchronization Challenges ...................................................................... 79

3.8.3 ToP (Timing over Packet) ............................................................................................ 79

3.8.4 Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) .................................................................................... 80

3.8.5 Ceragon's Native2Sync Solution ................................................................................. 81

3.8.6 Synchronization using Native E1/T1 Trails ................................................................... 81

3.8.7 PTP optimized Transport ............................................................................................ 82

3.8.8 SyncE ......................................................................................................................... 83

3.8.9 Native Sync Distribution Mode................................................................................ 84

4 Typical Configurations ................................................................................. 85

4.1 Point to point configurations ................................................................................. 85

4.1.1 1+0 ............................................................................................................................ 85

4.1.2 1+1 HSB ..................................................................................................................... 86

4.1.3 1+0 with 32 E1s/T1s ................................................................................................... 87

4.1.4 1+0 with 64 E1s/T1s ................................................................................................... 87

4.1.5 2+0/XPIC Link, with 64 E1/T1s, no Multi-Radio Mode.............................................. 88

4.1.6 2+0/XPIC Link, with 64 E1/T1s, Multi-Radio Mode................................................... 89

4.1.7 2+0/XPIC Link, with 32 E1/T1s + STM1/OC3 Mux Interface, no Multi-Radio, up to 168

E1/T1s over the radio ............................................................................................................... 90


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4.1.8 1+1 HSB with 32 E1s/T1s ............................................................................................ 90

4.1.9 1+1 HSB with 64 E1s/T1s ............................................................................................ 91

4.1.10 1+1 HSB with 84 E1/T1s .............................................................................................. 91

4.1.11 1+1 HSB Link with 16 E1/T1s + STM1/OC3 Mux Interface (Up to 84 E1s/T1s over the

radio) .................................................................................................................................. 92

4.1.12 Native22+2/XPIC/Multi-Radio MW Link, with 2xSTM1/OC3 Mux (up to 168 E1/T1s over

the radio) ................................................................................................................................. 92

4.2 Nodal Configurations ............................................................................................. 93

4.2.1 Chain with 1+0 Downlink and 1+1 HSB Uplink, with STM1/OC3 Mux ........................... 93

4.2.2 Node with 2 x 1+0 Downlinks and 1 x 1+1 HSB Uplink ................................................. 94

4.2.3 Chain with 1+1 Downlink and 1+1 HSB Uplink, with STM1/OC3 Mux ........................... 95

4.2.4 Native2Ring with 3 x 1+0 Links + STM1/OC3 Mux Interface at Main Site ...................... 96

4.2.5 Native2Ring with 3 x 1+1 HSB Links + STM-1 Mux Interface at Main Site...................... 97

4.2.6 Node with 1 x 1+1 HSB Downlink and 1 x 1+1 HSB Uplink, with STM1/OC3 Mux .......... 98

4.2.7 Native2Ring with 4 x 1+0 Links, with STM1/OC3 Mux ................................................. 99

4.2.8 Native2Ring with 3 x 1+0 Links + Spur Link 1+0 ......................................................... 100

4.2.9 Native2Ring with 4 x 1+0 MW Links and 1 x Fiber Link (5 hops total), with STM1/OC3

Mux ................................................................................................................................ 101

4.2.10 Native2Ring with 2 x 2+0/XPIC MW Links and 1 x Fiber Link (3 hops total), with 2 x

STM1/OC3 Mux ...................................................................................................................... 102

5 Network Management .............................................................................. 1035.1 Overview ............................................................................................................. 103

5.2 Management System ........................................................................................... 104

5.3 Web-based Management ..................................................................................... 104

5.4 PolyView ............................................................................................................. 104

5.5 CLI (Command Line Interface) .............................................................................. 105


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1 Introduction

FibeAir IP-10 is Ceragon's comprehensive high capacity IP and Migration-to-IP network solution. Theinnovative IP-10 was designed as a native Ethernet microwave radio platform that can integrate smoothly

in any network, while providing a broad range of software-configurable licensed channel schemes.

IP-10 follows in the tradition of Ceragon's Native2, which allows your network to benefit from both nativeTDM and native Ethernet using the same radio. Flexible bandwidth sharing between the TDM andEthernet traffic ensures optimal throughput for all your media transfer needs.

With the Metro Ethernet Networking trend growing, IP-10 is poised to fill in the gap and deliver highcapacity IP communication quickly, easily, and reliably.

IP-10 features impressive market-leading throughput capability together with advanced networkingfunctionality.

Some of the quick points that place IP-10 at the top of the wireless IP offerings:

Supports all licensed bands, from 6 to 38 GHz

Supports channel bandwidths of from 3.5 MHz to 56 MHz

Supports throughputs of from 10 to 500 Mbps per radio carrier (QPSK to 256 QAM)

Incorporates advanced integrated Ethernet switching capabilities

In addition, using unique Adaptive Coding & Modulation (ACM), your network benefits from non-stop,dependable, capacity deliverance.

Control

MENETH

nXT1/E1n X T1/E1


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1.1 FibeAir IP-10 G-Series main features

This product description covers FibeAir IP-10 G Series.

The main features of the IP-10 G-Series are as follows:

IP-10 G-SeriesSupported radio configurations 1+0, 1+1 HSB, 1+1 SD/FD,

2+0 with XPIC

2+2 HSB with XPIC

XPIC option Yes

Max radio capacity 500Mbps1Gbpsusing 2+0/XPIC

Multi-radio support 2+0 and 2+2 HSB

# of Ethernet interfaces 5x FE RJ-45+2x GE combo (RJ-45/SFP)

Full Carrier Ethernet switchingfeature-set including ring

protection

Yes

# of E1/T1 integrated IDUinterfaces option

16 E1, 16T1, None

# of E1/T1s per radio carrier 84E1/T1s

T-Card slot (additional 16 E1/T1interfaces or STM1/OC3 Mux)

Yes

Nodal/XC/SNCP 1+1 support Yes

ABR (SNCP 1:1) support Yes

Sync unit option Yes

V.11/RS232 User Channel option 2 x Async V.11/RS232 or1 x Sync V.11

FibeAir IP-10 G-series


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1.2 Applications

1.2.1 Mobile Backhaul

For Cellular Networks, FibeAir IP-10 family supports both Ethernet and TDM for cellular backhaulnetwork migration to IP, within the same compact footprint. The system is suitable for all migration

scenarios where carrier-grade Ethernet and legacy TDM services are required simultaneously.

For WiMAX Networks, FibeAir IP-10 family enables connectivity between WiMAX base stations andfacilitating the expansion and reach of emerging WiMAX networks, FibeAir IP-10 provides a robust andcost-efficient solution with advanced native Ethernet capabilities.

FibeAir IP-10 family offers cost-effective, high-capacity connectivity for carriers in cellular, WiMAX and

fixed markets. The FibeAir IP-10 platform supports multi-service and converged networkingrequirements for both legacy and the latest data-rich applications and services.

1.2.2 Converged Fixed/Wireless Networks

Ceragons FibeAir IP-10 delivers integrated high speed data, video and voice traffic in the most optimumand cost-effective manner. Operators can leverage FibeAir IP-10 to build a converged network

infrastructure based on high capacity microwave to support multiple types of service.

FibeAir IP-10 is fully compliant with MEF-9 & MEF-14 standards for all service types (EPL, EVPL andE-LAN) making it the ideal platform for operators looking to provide high capacity Carrier Ethernet

services meeting customers demand for coverage and stringent SLA.

Figure 1: Typical FibeAir IP-10 Applications


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1.3 Advantages

IP-10 has many advantages that cover the many aspects of flexible and reliable network building.

Incomparable Economic Value: The IP-10 pay-as-you-grow concept reduces network costs.Each network node is optimized individually, with future capacity growth in mind. Wheneverneeded, additional functionality is enabled via upgrade license, using the same hardware. Usingthis flexible economic approach, a full duplex throughput of more than 400 Mbps over a single

channel can be achieved.

Experience Counts: IP-10 was designed with continuity in mind. It is based on Ceragons well-

established and field-proven IP-MAX Ethernet microwave technology. With Ceragon's largeinstall base, years of experience in high-capacity IP radios, and seamless integration with allstandard IP equipment vendors, IP-10 is poised to be an IP networking standard-bearer.

Native2: With Native2, you get optimal all-IP or hybrid TDM-IP backhaul networking - ideal for

any RAN evolution path!

User-Management Traffic Integration: In-Band Management significantly simplifies backhaulnetwork design and maintenance, reducing both CapEx and OpEx. It also dramatically improvesoverall network availability and reliability, enabling support for services with stringent SLA

(Service Level Agreement).

Unique Full Range Adaptive Modulation: Provides the widest modulation range on the marketfrom QPSK to 256 QAM with multi-level real-time hitless and errorless modulation shiftingchanging dynamically according to environmental conditions - while ensuring zero downtimeconnectivity.

Guaranteed Ultra Low Latency (< 0.15 ms @ 400Mbps): Suitable for delay-sensitiveapplications, such as VoIP and Video over IP.

Extended Quality of Service (QoS) Support: Enables smart packet queuing and prioritization.

Fully Integrated L2 Ethernet Switching Functionality: Including VLAN based switching,MAC address learning, QinQ and Ring-RSTP support.

Multiple Network Topology Support: Mesh, Ring, Chain, Point-to-Point.

Longer Transmission Distances, Smaller Antennas: Reduces network costs and enables a

farther reach to the other end.


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2 Overview

2.1 System Overview

Split-mount architecture (IDU and RFU/ODU)

Compatible with all existing Ceragon RFUs/ODUs.

Dimensions

Height: 42.6 mm (1RU)

Width: 439 mm (


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2.1.1 Interfaces

Main Interfaces:

5 x 10/100Base-T

2 x GbE combo ports: 10/100/1000Base-T or SFP 1000Base-X

16 x T1/E1 (optional)

RFU/ODU interface, N-type connector

Additional Interfaces:

TDM T-Card Slot options:

16 x E1

16 x T1

1 x STM-1/OC-3


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The T-cards are field-upgradable, and add a new dimension to the FibeAir IP-10 migration flexibility.

Terminal console

AUX package (optional):

Engineering Order Wire (EOW)

User channel (V.11 Asynchronous, RS-232)

External alarms (4 inputs & 1 output)

PROT: Ethernet protection control interface (for 1+1 HSB mode support)

TDM interfaces

add-on card

(T-Card)

16 x E1/T1 T-Card

STM-1/OC-3 Mux T-Card


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In addition, each of the FE traffic interfaces can be configured to support an alternate mode of operation:

MGT: Ethernet out-of-band management (up to 3 interfaces)

WS: Ethernet wayside

2.1.2 Available Assembly Options *

TDM options:

o

Ethernet only (no TDM)o Ethernet + 16 x E1 + T-Card Slot

o Ethernet + 16 x T1 + T-Card Slot

Sync unit

XPIC support

With or without AUX package - EOW, User channel


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2.2 RF Unit

FibeAir IP-10 is based on the latest Ceragon technology, and can be installed together with any FibeAirRFU, including:

FibeAir 1500HP (FibeAir RFU-HP)

FibeAir 1500HS (FibeAir RFU-HS)FibeAir 1500SP (FibeAir RFU-SP)

FibeAir 1500P (FibeAir RFU-P)

FibeAir RFU-C

FibeAir RFUs support multiple capacities, frequencies, modulation schemes, and configurations forvarious network requirements. The RFUs operate in the frequency range of 6-38 GHz, and support

capacities of from 10 Mbps to 500 Mbps, for TDM and IP interfaces.

IP-10 works with:


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2.3 FibeAir IP-10 Value Structure

FibeAir IP-10 offers a pay-as-you-grow concept to reduce network costs. Future capacity growth andadditional functionality is enabled with license keys and an innovative stackable nodal solution using the

same hardware. The FibeAir IP-10 offers the following Value structure:

Sync. Unit

TDM interfaces

16 E1

16 DS1

T-card slot

XPIC support AUX

UC (V.11/RS-232)

EOW

Nodal enclosures

Main

Expansion

SFPs

Cables

T-Cards 16 E1

16 DS1

STM1-Mux

Radio ACM

Carrier Ethernet Switch

Network resiliency

Sync. Unit

Enhanced QoS

Radio Capacity 10M

25M

50M

100M

150M

200M

300M

All / 500M

Software license keys Add-onsAssembly options

Redundancy

Diversity

Addition radiodirections in node

Capacity doubling

XPIC Multi-radio

Additional IDUs

(IDU stacking)


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2.4 FibeAir IP-10 Functionality

The diagram below provides a high level functional block diagram of FibeAir IP-10.

Figure 3: FibeAir IP-10functional block diagram

Carrier Ethernet Switch TDM Cross Connect

Native2 Radio

Ethernet + TDM

ACM Ch-STM1/OC3

Terminal

Mux

E1/

DS1Fast

Ethernet

Gigabit

Ethernet

10-500Mbps, 7-56MHz

OA&M Service Management Security

RFU (6-38GHz)

XPIC

Multi

Radio

Diversity


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2.5 Features

2.5.1 High Spectral Efficiency

Modulations: QPSK to 256 QAM

Radio capacity:

ETSIup to 50/100/220/280/500 Mbps over 7/14/28/40/56 MHz channels

FCCup to 70/140/240/320/450 Mbps over 10/20/30/40/50 MHz channels

All licensed bands: L6, U6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 23, 26, 28, 32, 38 GHz

Highest scalability: From 10 Mbps to 500 Mbps, using the same hardware, including the sameODU/RFU!

Configurations: 1+0 or 1+1 Hot Standby (fully redundant), 1+1 SD/FD, 2+0 XPIC, 2+2 XPIChot-standby (fully redundant).

TDM Voice Transmission with Dynamic Allocation- With the n x E1/T1 option, only enabledE1/T1 ports are allocated with capacity. The remaining capacity is dynamically allocated to theEthernet ports to ensure maximum Ethernet capacity.

Figure 4: FibeAir IP-10 - Supported configurations

V - Polarization

H - Polarization

XPICSame Frequency Dif ferent Polarization

Multi-RadioUltra High Capacity Link

Space /Frequency DiversityIncrease Availability and Avoid Multipath Fading

F1

F2

Frequency DiversitySpace Diversity

Multi GbE


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2.5.2 Native2Microwave Radio Technology

At the heart of the IP-10 solution is Ceragon's market-leading Native2microwave technology.

With this technology, the microwave carrier supports native IP/Ethernet traffic together with optional

native PDH. Neither traffic type is mapped over the other, while both dynamically share the same overallbandwidth.

This unique approach allows you to plan and build optimal all-IP or hybrid TDM-IP backhaul networkswhich make it ideal for any RAN (Radio Access Network) evolution path selected by the wireless

provider (including Green-Field 3.5G/4G all-IP installations).

In addition, Native2ensures:

Very low link latency of


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2.5.3 Adaptive Coding & Modulation

ACM employs the highest possible modulation during changing environmental conditions, which may befrom QPSK to 256 QAM.

The benefits of this dynamic feature include:

Maximized spectrum usage

Increased capacity over a given bandwidth

8 modulation/coding work points (~3 db system gain for each point change)

Supports both Ethernet and E1/T1 traffic

Hitless and errorless modulation/coding changes, based on signal quality

Adaptive Radio Tx Power per modulation for maximal system gain per working point

Configurable drop priority between E1/T1 traffic and Ethernet traffic

An integrated QoS mechanism enables intelligent congestion management to ensure that your

high priority traffic is not affected during link fading

Each E1/T1 is assigned a priority to enable differentiated E1/T1 dropping during severe linkdegradation

Figure 6: Adaptive Coding and Modulation with 8 working points


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2.5.4 Enhancing Spectral Efficiency using XPIC

XPIC (Cross Polarization Interference Canceller) is one of the best ways to break the barriers of spectral

efficiency. Using dual-polarization radio over a single-frequency channel, a dual polarization radiotransmits two separate carrier waves over the same frequency, but using alternating polarities. Despite itsobvious advantages, one must also keep in mind that typical antennas cannot completely isolate the two

polarizations.

The relative level of interference is referred to as cross-polarization discrimination (XPD). While lowerspectral efficiency systems (with low SNR requirements such as QPSK) can easily tolerate such

interferences, higher modulation schemes cannot and require cross-polarization interference canceler(XPIC). The XPIC algorithm allows detection of both streams even under the worst levels of XPD suchas 10 dB. This is done by adaptively subtracting from each carrier the interfering cross carrier, at the right

phase and level. For high-modulation schemes such as 256 QAM, an improvement factor of more than 20dB is required so that cross-interference does not limit performance anymore. XPIC implementation

involves system complexity and cost since the XPIC system requires each demodulator to cancel the otherchannel interference.

V - Polarization

H - Polarization


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2.5.5 Integrated Carrier Ethernet Switching

IP-10 supports two modes for Ethernet switching:

Smart Pipe - In this mode, Ethernet switching functionality is disabled and only a single Ethernet

interface is enabled for user traffic. The unit effectively operates as a point-to-point Ethernetmicrowave radio.

Carrier Ethernet Switch - In this mode, Ethernet switching functionality is enabled.

The following table lists the different aspects of IP-10 functionality.

Standardizedservices

Scalability Quality ofService

Reliability ServiceManagement

MEF-9 & MEF-14

certified for all

service types (EPL,EVPL and E-LAN)

Up to 500Mbps per

radio carrier

Up to 1Gbps perchannel (with XPIC)

Multi-Radio

Integrated

non-blocking switch

with 4K VLANs

802.1ad provider

bridges (QinQ)

Scalable nodal

solution

Scalable networks

(1000s of NEs)

Advanced CoS

classification

Advanced trafficpolicing/rate-limiting

CoS based packet

queuing/buffering

with 8 queues

support

Hierarchical

scheduling schemes

Traffic shaping

Tail-drop or WRED

Color-

awareness

(CIR/EIR support)

Highly reliable &

integrated design

Fully redundant1+1/2+2 HSB &

nodal configurations

Hit-less ACM

(QPSK 256QAM)

for enhanced radio

link availability

RSTP/MSTP

Wireless Ethernet

Ring/Mesh support

802.3ad link

aggregation

Fast link state

propagation


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2.5.6 Integrated Quality of Service (QoS)

IP-10 integrated QoS enables support for differentiated Ethernet services with SLA assurance.

Two levels of QoS are supportedStandard QoS and Enhanced QoS.

The table below lists the main QoS features supported.

* A software license key is required to enable Enhanced QoS

Feature Standard QoS Enhanced QoS*

# of CoS queues per port 4 8

CoS classification criteria

Source Port, VLAN 802.1p

VLAN ID, MAC SA/DA,

IPv4 DSCP/TOS, IPv6 TC

Also: UDP port, MPLS EXP bits

ingress traffic rate-limiting (policing)Per port, CoS and traffic type

(Broadcast, Multicast, etc.)

Per port, CoS and traffic type

(Broadcast, Multicast, etc.)

Scheduling method SP, WRR or Hybrid

Hierarchical scheduling:

4 scheduling priorities + WFQ between

queues in same priority

Ethernet statistics RMONAlso: Statistics per CoS queue

(Transmitted & Dropped frames)

Shaping Per port Also: per queue

Congestion managementTail-drop

Also: Weighted Random Early Discard

(WRED)

CIR/EIR support

(Color-awareness )CIR only CIR + EIR


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2.5.7 Intelligent Ethernet Header Compression (patent-pending)

Intelligent Ethernet Header Compression improves effective throughput by up to 45% and does not affect

user traffic.

2.5.8 Extensive Radio Capacity/Utilization Statistics

Statistics are collected at 15-minute and 24-hour intervals

Historical statistics are stored and made available when needed

Capacity/ACM statistics:

Maximum modulation in interval

Minimum modulation in interval

# of seconds in an interval, during which active modulation was below the user-configured

threshold

Utilization statistics:

Maximal radio link utilization in an interval

Average radio link utilization in an interval

-# of seconds in an interval, during which radio link utilization was above the user-configured

threshold

2.5.9 In-Band Management

IP-10 can optionally be managed in-band, via its radio and Ethernet interfaces. This method ofmanagement eliminates the need for a dedicated interface and network. In-band management uses adedicated management VLAN, which is user-configurable.

5%512

29%96

Ethernet

packet size (bytes)

Capacity increase by

compression

64 45%

128 22%

256 11%

5%512

29%96

Ethernet

packet size (bytes)

Capacity increase by

compression

64 45%

128 22%

256 11%


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2.5.10 Synchronization Solution

FibeAir IP-10 synchronization solution ensures maximum flexibility by enabling the operator to selectany combination of techniques suitable for the network.

Any combinations of the following techniques can be used:

Synchronization using native E1/DS1 trails

PTP optimized transport transport

o Support IEEE-1588, NTP, etc.

o Guaranteed ultra-low PDV (


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The stackable nodal solution offers many advantages.

For green-field deployments:

Low initial investment without compromising future growth potential

Risk-free deployment in face of unknown future growth pattern:o Additional capacityo Additional siteso Additional redundancy

For migration/replacement deployments:

Optimized tail-site solution

Low initial foot-print required for node sites Additional foot-print only required gradually as legacy equipment is being swapped

2.5.12 TDM Cross-Connect Unit

The FibeAir IP-10 Cross Connect (XC) is a high-speed circuit connection scheme for transporting TDM

traffic from any given port "x" to any given port "y".

The system is composed of several inter-connected (stacked) IDUs, with integrated and centralized TDM

traffic switching.

The XC capacity is 180 E1 VCs (Virtual Containers) or 180 T1 VCs, whereby each E1/T1 interface or"logical interface" in a radio in any unit of the stack can be assigned to any VC.

Integrated TDM Cross Connect is performed by defining end to end trails. Each trail consists of segments

represented by Virtual Containers (VCs). The XC functions as the forwarding mechanism between thetwo ends of a trail.


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2.5.13 ABR - Capacity Doubling Innovation

Ceragonsnative support for TDM traffic leverages the resiliency advantages of wireless SDH rings, withtheir intrinsic Sub-Network Connection Protection (SNCP) path-protection capabilities. In SNCP,

information is redundantly transmitted on the ring in both east and west directions, while the receiverselects which transmission to receive.

In todays super-competitive mobile industry, many carriers wish to reallocate the redundant protectionbandwidth for other uses, such as low-priority, high-volume data transfer. The benefits are clear

exciting sales opportunities arise as newly-generated capacity can be sold to support the interpersonalcommunications shift to Facebook, as well as the ever-growing demand for YouTube access.

No less importantly, this reallocation of bandwidth from TDM to Ethernetand backmust be risk-free,

with no interruption of revenue-generating services.

In response to the needs described above, Ceragon proposes a novel approach to improve the efficiency of

ring-based protection, using a technique called Protected Adaptive Bandwidth Recovery (ABR),which enables full utilization of the bidirectional capabilities inherent in ring technologies. With ABR,the TDM-based information is transmitted in one direction only, while the unused protection capacity is

allocated for Ethernet traffic. In the event of a failure, the unused capacity is re-allocated for TDMtransmission.

This technique extends the Native2approach to dynamic allocation of link capacity between TDM andEthernet flows to the network level.

Conventional ProtectionBased on SNCP 1+1

ABR (Adaptive Bandwidth Recovery)

Protection based on SNCP 1:1

Each E1/T1 flow consists of a primary and

protection path

Both paths RESERVE & ALLOCATEcapacity

All allocated bandwidth is consumed andcannot be used by other applications

Each E1 flow consists of a primary and a protection path

Capacity is RESERVED but NOT ALLOCATED. Capacityallocation happens only on demand during failure

In normal state, primary path consumes capacity whilethe rest can be used for other applications, such asmobile broadband

ABR - Protect critical services. Free bandwidth for broadband

E1 Main path

E1 alternatepath. Reserved

& allocated

E1 alternatereserved path,

no allocated

bandwidth

Free bandwidth

for broadban d

Doub l ingcapaci ty


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3 Main Features

3.1 Adaptive Coding and Modulation

3.1.1 Overview

Adaptive Coding and Modulation refers to the automatic adjustment that a wireless system can make inorder to optimize over-the-air transmission and prevent weather-related fading from causingcommunication on the link to be disrupted. When extreme weather conditions, such as a storm, affect thetransmission and receipt of data and voice over the wireless network, an ACM-enabled radio systemautomatically changes modulation allowing real-time applications to continue to run uninterrupted.

Varying the modulation also varies the amount of bits that are transferred per signal, thereby enablinghigher throughputs and better spectral efficiencies. For example, a 256 QAM modulation can deliverapproximately four times the throughput of 4 QAM (QPSK).

Ceragon Networks employs full-range dynamic ACM in its new line of high-capacity wireless backhaulproduct - FibeAir IP-10. In order to ensure high transmission quality, Ceragon solutions implementhitless/errorless ACM that copes with 90 dB per second fading. A quality of service awareness

mechanism ensures that high priority voice and data packets are never dropped, thus maintaining

even the most stringent service level agreements (SLAs).

The hitless/errorless functionality of Ceragons ACM has another major advantage in that it ensures thatTCP/IP sessions do not time-out. Lab simulations have shown that when short fades occur (for example ifa system has to terminate the signal for a short time to switch between modulations) they may lead to

timeout of the TCP/IP sessions even when the interruption is only 50 milliseconds. TCP/IP timeouts are

followed by a drastic throughput decrease over the time it takes for the TCP sessions to recover. This may

take as long as several seconds. With a hitless/errorless ACM implementation this problem can beavoided.

So how does it really work? Let's assume a system configured for 128 QAM with ~170 Mbps capacityover a 28 MHz channel. When the receive signal Bit Error Ratio (BER) level arrives at a predeterminedthreshold, the system will preemptively switch to 64 QAM and the throughput will be stepped down to

~140 Mbps. This is an errorless, virtually instantaneous switch. The system will then run at 64 QAM untilthe fading condition either intensifies, or disappears. If the fade intensifies, another switch will take the

system down to 32 QAM. If, on the other hand, the weather condition improves, the modulation will beswitched back to the next higher step (e.g. 128QAM) and so on, step by step .The switching will continueautomatically and as quickly as needed, and can reach all the way down to QPSK during extreme

conditions.


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Figure 7: Adaptive Coding and Modulation

3.1.2 Adaptive Modulation and Built-in Quality of Service

Ceragon's Adaptive Modulation has a remarkable synergy with the equipment's built-in Layer 2 Qualityof Service mechanism. Since QoS provides priority support for different classes of service, according to a

wide range of criteria (see below) it is possible to configure the system to discard only low prioritypackets as conditions deteriorate. The FibeAir IP-10 platform can classify packets according to the most

external header, VLAN 802.1p, TOS / TC - IP precedence and VLAN ID. All classes use 4 levels ofprioritization with user selectable options between strict priority queuing and weighted fair queuing withuser configurable weights.

If the user wishes to rely on external switches QoS, Adaptive Modulation can work with them via theflow control mechanism supported in the radio.

16 QAM

QPSK

99.995 %

200

Unavailability

Rx

level

Capacity

(@ 28 MHz channel)

32 QAM

64 QAM

128 QAM

256 QAM

99.999 %

99.99 %

99.95 %

99.9 %

Mbps170 200 140 100 200 120 200


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3.1.3 ACM with Adaptive Tx Power

When planning ACM-based radio links, the radio planner attempts to apply the lowest transmit powerthat will perform satisfactorily at the highest level of modulation. During fade conditions requiring a

modulation drop, most radio systems cannot increase transmit power to compensate for the signaldegradation, resulting in a deeper reduction in capacity. Ceragons FibeAir IP-10 is capable of adjusting

power on the fly, optimizing the available capacity at every modulation point, as illustrated inFigure 8:

below. In the diagram, it is shown that operators that want to use ACM to benefit from high levels ofmodulation (say, 256 QAM) will have to settle for low system gain, in this case, 18 dB for all the othermodulations as well. With FibeAir IP-10, operators can automatically adjust power levels, achieving theextra 4 dB system gain that is required to maintain optimal throughput levels under all conditions.

Figure 8: Ceragons uniqueACM with Adaptive Power vs. plain ACM


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3.1.4 ACM for E1/DS1 services

Another unique advantage of the FibeAir system is its ability to use these sophisticated adaptivetechniques also in a hybrid, TDM/packet model. Using Ceragons innovative Native2migration solution,

in which TDM and Ethernet traffic is natively and simultaneously carried over a single microwave link,Both E1/DS1 and Ethernet services can have configurable priority. When more than one E1/DS1 channelis connected to a cell site, one of the channels can be given a higher priority in order to maintain network

synchronization as well as a minimum level of service. The rest of the E1/DS1 channels may beforwarded at a lower priority.

Figure 9: Ceragons unique Adaptive Coding & Modulation adaption for TDM

There are substantial benefits to be reaped from applying ACM in TDM networks as well. An operator

may increase capacity on an existing link while maintaining the same availability for its existing revenue-generating services. Additional data E1/DS1s are easily offloaded in this virtual link to a channel offeringslightly lower availability. Optimally, one E1/DS1 can be given a higher priority connection to maintain

synchronization and a minimum level of service at all times (higher than five-9s).

The rest of the E1s/DS1s may be associated with a lower priority. When migrating to a packet network,

this model can still be effectively applied. It is important to note that it is possible to define packet-basedservices at a higher priority than for TDM services, as some real-time services may run on new Ethernet

ports, while other, best-effort data services are forwarded over legacy TDM networks.


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3.2 Multi-Radio with ACM support

When operating in a dual-carrier configuration the system can be optionally configured to work in multi-

radio mode.

While in this mode, Traffic is divided among the two carriers optimally at the radio frame level without

requiring Ethernet Link Aggregation, and is not dependent on the number of MAC addresses, the numberof traffic flows or on their momentarytraffic capacity. During fading events which causes ACM

modulation changes, each carrier fluctuates independently with hitless switchovers between modulations,

increasing capacity over a given bandwidth and maximizing spectrum utilization.

The result is 100% utilization of radio resources; traffic load is balanced based on instantaneous radio

capacity per carrier and is independent of data/application characteristics (# of flows, capacity per flow

etc.).

Typical 2+0 multi-radio Link Confi guration

Typical 2+2 multi-radio TerminalConfiguration with HSB protection

F1 + F2

GE/FE

(protected)

FE connection for

HSB protection signaling

F1 + F2

2+2

Up to 1Gbps


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In a link installation, there is a separation of 30 dB of the antenna between the polarizations, and due tomisalignments and/or channel degradation, the polarizations are no longer orthogonal. This is shown in

the following illustration.

Figure 11: XPIC - misalignments and/or channel degradation impact

Note that at the right side of the figure you can see that CarrierR receives the H+vsignal, which is the

combination of the desired signal H (horizontal) and the interferingsignal V (in lower case, to denotethat it is the interfering signal). The same happens in CarrierL = V+h.The XPIC mechanism takes thedata from CarrierR and CarrierL and, using a costfunction, produces the desired data.

The XPIC mechanism takes the data from CarrierR and CarrierL and, using a costfunction, producesthe desired data. According to the ESTI standard, the limits of the co-channel interference sensitivity are

17 dB at 1 dB degradation and 13 dB at 3 dB degradation, for the system to be at a BER of 10e-6. (ETSIEN 302 217-2-1 V1.1.3 (2004-12), section 6.5.2.1).

Figure 12: XPIC - misalignments and/or channel degradation impact

Ceragon XPIC reaches a BER of 10e-6 at a co-channel sensitivity of 5 dB! The improvement factor in anXPIC system is defined as the SNR@threshold of 10e-6, with or without the XPIC mechanism.


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3.3.2 XPIC and Multi-Radio

XPIC radio may be used to deliver two separate data streams, such as 2xSTM1 or 2xFE, as shown atFigure 4a. But it can also deliver a single stream of information such as gigabit Ethernet, or STM-4, as

shown at Figure 4b. The latest case requires a de-multiplexer to split the stream into two transmitters, andit also needs a multiplexer to join it again in the right timing because the different channels mayexperience a different delay. This feature is called Multi-radio".

VH

OMT OMT

V

transmitter

Htransmitter

data

stream 1

datastream 2

V reciever

H reciever

xpic

data

stream 1

datastream 2

VH

OMT OMT

Vtransmitter

Htransmitter

data

stream

V reciever

H reciever

xpicDe-MuxAlignment

& Muxdata

stream

(a) XPIC system, delivering two independant data streams

(b) XPIC system, delivering a single data stream ("Multi-Radio")

Figure 13: (a) XPIC system delivering two independent data streams.

(b) XPIC system delivering a single data stream (multi-radio).


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3.4 Integrated Carrier Ethernet support

3.4.1 Carrier Grade Ethernet

Carrier Ethernet is a high speed medium for MANs (Metro Area Networks). It defines native Ethernet

packet access to the Internet and is today being deployed more and more in wireless networks.

The first native Ethernet services to emerge were point to point-based, followed by emulated LAN(multipoint to multipoint-based). Services were first defined and limited to metro area networks. They

have now been extended across wide area networks and are available worldwide from many serviceproviders.

The term "carrier Ethernet" implies that Ethernet services are "carrier grade". The benchmark for carriergrade was set by the legacy TDM telephony networks, to describe services that achieve "five nines(99.999%)" uptime. Although it is debatable whether carrier Ethernet will reach that level of reliability,

the goal of one particular standards organization is to accelerate the development and deployment ofservices that live up to the name.

Carrier Ethernet is poised to become the major component of next-generation metro area networks, whichserve as the aggregation layer between customers and core carrier networks. A metro Ethernet network,

which uses IP Layer 3 MPLS forwarding, is currently the primary focus of carrier Ethernet activity.

The standard service types for Carrier Ethernet include:

E-Line Service: This service is employed for Ethernet private lines, virtual private lines, andEthernet Internet access.

Figure 14: E-Line Service Type


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E-LAN Service: This service is employed for multipoint L2 VPNs, transparent LAN service,foundation for IPTV, and multicast networks.

Figure 15: E-LAN Service Type

3.4.1.1 Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF)

The Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) is a global industry alliance started in 2001. In 2005, the MEFcommitted to this new carrier standard, and launched a Carrier Ethernet Certification Program to facilitate

delivery of services to end users.

The MEF 6 specification defines carrier Ethernet as "A ubiquitous, standardized, carrier-class Service andNetwork defined by five attributes that distinguish it from familiar LAN based Ethernet". The five

attributes include:

Standardized Services

Quality of Service (QoS)

Service Management

Scalability

Reliability

3.4.1.2 The Benefits

For service providers, the technology convergence of Carrier Ethernet ensures a decrease in CAPEX and

OPEX.Access networks employ Ethernet to provide backhaul for IP DSLAMs, PON, WiMAX, and directEthernet over fiber/copper. Flexible Layer 2 VPN services, such as private line, virtual private line, or

emulated LAN, offer new revenue streams.

For Enterprises, a reduction in cost is achieved through converged networks for VoIP, data, video

conferencing, and other services.

In addition, Ethernet standardization reduces network complexity.


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3.4.2 Carrier Ethernet solution overview

Ceragon's FibeAir IP-10 includes a built-in Carrier Ethernet switch. The switch operates in one of two

modes:

Carrier Ethernet Switch - Carrier Ethernet is active.

Smart Pipe - Carrier Ethernet is not active.

Using Smart Pipe, only a single Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic and IP-10 acts as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio.

FibeAir IP-10 is equipped with an extensive Carrier Ethernet feature set which eliminates the need for anexternal switch.

IP-10

RadioInterface

Metro Switch Mode

Ethernet

User

Interfaces

Carrier Ethernet

Switch

IP-10

RadioInterface

Metro Switch Mode

Ethernet

User

Interfaces

Carrier Ethernet

Switch

IP-10

Radio

Interface

Smart Pipe Mode

Ethernet

User

Interface

IP-10

Radio

Interface

Smart Pipe Mode

Ethernet

User

Interface


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3.4.3 MEF Certified

The Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) runs a Certification Program with the aim of promoting thedeployment of Carrier Ethernet in Access Networks, MANs, and WANs. The program offers certification

for Carrier Ethernet equipment supplied to service providers.

The program covers the following areas:

MEF-9:Service certificationMEF-14:Traffic management and service performance

FibeAir IP-10 is fully MEF-9 & MEF-14 certified for all Carrier Ethernet services (E-Line & E-LAN).

IP-10 meets all Carrier Ethernet Service specifications, in each category:

Standardized Services MEF-9 and MEF-14 certified for all service types (EPL, EVPL, and E-LAN)

Scalability - Up to 500 Mbps per radio carrier

- Integrated non-blocking switch with 4K VLANs

- 802.1ad provider bridges (QinQ)

- Scalable nodal solution

- Scalable networks (1000s of NEs)

Quality of Service (QoS) - Advanced CoS classification

- Advanced traffic policing/rate-limiting

- CoS based packet queuing/buffering

- Flexible scheduling schemes

- Traffic shaping

Reliability - Highly reliable & integrated design

- Fully redundant 1+1 HSB & nodal configurations

- Hitless ACM (QPSK - 256 QAM) for enhanced radio link

availability

- Wireless Ethernet Ring (RSTP based)

- 802.3ad link aggregation

- Fast link state propagation

-


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3.4.4 Integrated QoS Support

3.4.4.1 Overview

QoS is a method of classifications and scheduling employed to ensure that Ethernet packets are forwardedand discarded according to their priority.

QoS works by slowing unimportant packets down, or, in cases of extreme network traffic, discarding

them entirely. This leaves room for important packets to reach their destination as quickly as possible.Basically, once the router knows how much data it can queue on the modem at any given time, it can

"shape" traffic by delaying unimportant packets and "filling the pipe" with important packets first, thenusing any leftover space to fill the pipe in descending order of importance.

Since QoS cannot speed up packets, it takes the total available upstream bandwidth, calculates how muchof the highest priority data it has, puts that in the buffer, and then goes down the line in priority until itruns out of data to send, or the buffer fills up. Any excess data is held back or "re-queued" at the front of

the line, where it will be evaluated in the next pass.

Importance is determined by the priority of the packet. The number of levels depends on the router. Asthe names imply, Low/Bulk priority packets get the lowest priority, while High/Premium packets get thehighest priority.

QoS packets may be prioritized by a number of criteria, including generated by applications themselves,but the most common techniques are MAC Address, Ethernet Port, and TCP/IP Port.

Two levels of QoS are supported in IP-10Standard QoS and Enhanced QoS.


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3.4.4.2 Smart Pipe Mode QoS Traffic Flow

The following illustration shows the QoS flow of traffic with IP-10 operating in Smart Pipe mode.

Figure 16: Smart Pipe Mode QoS Traffic Flow

3.4.4.3 Carrier Ethernet Switch Mode QoS Traffic Flow

The following illustration shows the QoS flow of traffic with IP-10 operating in Metro Switch mode.

Figure 17: Metro Switch Mode QoS Traffic Flow


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3.4.4.4 Standard QoS - Traffic Classification and Policing

The system examines the incoming traffic and assigns the desired priority according to the marking of the

packets (based on the user port/L2/L3 marking in the packet). In case of congestion in the ingress port,low priority packets will be discarded first.

The user has the following classification options:

Source Port

VLAN 802.1p

VLAN ID

MAC SA/DA

IPv4 TOS/DSCP

IPv6 Traffic Class

After classification traffic policing/rate-limiting can optionally be applied per port/CoS.

3.4.4.5 Standard QoS - Queuing and Scheduling

The system has four priority queues that are served according to three types of scheduling, as follows:

Strict priority: all top priority frames egress towards the radio until the top priority queue isempty. Then, the next lowest priority queues frames egress, and so on. This approach ensures

that high priority frames are always transmitted as soon as possible.

Weighted Round Robin (WRR): each queue can be assigned with a user-configurable weight

from 1 to 32.

Hybrid: One or two highest priority queues as "strict" and the other according to WRR.

Shaping is supported per interface on egress


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3.4.4.6 Enhanced QoS

Enhanced QoS is additional functionality that can optionally be enabled (requires SW license key) on

the egress path towards the radio interface in addition to the standard QoS processing.

It is supported in both Smart Pipe and Carrier Ethernet Switch modes.

The following main features are supported:

8 queues

Classification

o Classifier assigns each frame a queue + CIR/EIR designation.

o CriteriaSame as standard QoS with addition of:

MPLS EXP bits

UDP port

Remarking of 802.1p bit in the frame VLAN header (optional).

Configurable frame buffer size per queue

Congestion management

o Tail-drop or WRED

o Color awareness (EIR/CIR support) Tx and dropped traffic counters per queue

Hierarchical scheduling scheme

o 4 scheduling priorities (each queue can be independently configured to any of the 4

priorities)

o WFQ between queues in same priority with configurable weights

Shaping per port and per queue


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3.4.5 Ethernet Statistics

The FibeAir IP-10 platform stores and displays statistics in accordance with RMON and RMON2standards.

The following groups of statistics can be displayed:

Ingress line receive statistics

Ingress radio transmit statistics

Egress radio receive statistics

Egress line transmit statistics

The statistics that can be displayed within each group include the following:

Ingress Line Receive Statistics

Sum of frames received without error

Sum of octets of all valid received frames

Number of frames received with a CRC error

Number of frames received with alignment errors

Number of valid received unicast frames

Number of valid received multicast frames

Number of valid received broadcast frames

Number of packets received with less than 64 octets

Number of packets received with more than 12000 octets (programmable)

Frames (good and bad) of 64 octets

Frames (good and bad) of 65 to 127 octets

Frames (good and bad) of 128 to 256 octetsFrames (good and bad) of 256 to 511 octets




Ingress Radio Transmit Statistics

Sum of frames transmitted to radio

Sum of octets transmitted to radio

Number of frames dropped

Egress Radio Receive Statistics

Sum of valid frames received by radio

Sum of octets of all valid received frames

Sum of all frames received with errors

Egress Line Transmit Statistics


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Sum of valid frames transmitted to line

Sum of octets transmitted

Notes:

Statistic parameters are polled each second, from system startup.

All counters can be cleared simultaneously.

The following statistics are displayed every 15 minutes (in the Radio and E1/T1 performancemonitoring windows):

o Utilization - four utilizations: ingress line receive, ingress radio transmit, egress radio receive,and egress line transmit

o Packet error rate - ingress line receive, egress radio receive

o Seconds with errors - ingress line receive


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3.4.6 Ethernet resilient networks support

IP-10 supports the following Ethernet resiliency protocols:

RSTP (802.1w)

Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-optimized RSTP

MSTP (802.1s)

3.4.6.1 RSTP/MSTP support

RSTP/MSTP (Rapid/Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol) ensures a loop-free topology for any bridgedLAN. Spanning tree allows a network design to include spare (redundant) links for automatic backup

paths, needed for cases in which an active link fails. The backup paths can be included with no danger ofbridge loops, or the need for manual enabling/disabling of the backup links. Bridge loops must be avoidedsince they result in network "flooding".

RSTP/MSTP algorithms are designed to create loop-free topologies in any network design, which makesit sub-optimal to ring topologies.

In a general topology, there can be more than one loop, and therefore more than one bridge with ports in ablocking state. For this reason, RSTP/MSTP defines a negotiation protocol between each two bridges, andprocessing of the BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Units), before each bridge propagates the information.

This "serial" processing increases the convergence time.

3.4.6.2 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Rings

Carrier-class Ethernet rings offer topologies built for resiliency, redundancy throughout the core,distribution and access, and a self-healing architecture that can repair potential problems before they

reach end users. Such rings are designed for increased capacity, performance, and scalability, withbeneficial increased value, stability, and a reduction in costs. By implementing Carrier-Class Ethernetrings, providers are able to expand their LANs to WANs. FibeAir IP-10 is a superb choice for Carrier

Ethernet ring development.


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3.4.6.3 Basic IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring

The following illustration is a basic example of an IP-10 wireless Carrier Ethernet ring.

Figure 18: Basic IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring


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3.4.6.4 IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring with "Dual-Homing"

(redundant site connection to fiber aggregation network)

Figure 19: IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring with "Dual-Homing"


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IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring - 1+0

Figure 20: IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring - 1+0

IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring - Aggregation Site

Figure 21: IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring - Aggregation Site


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3.4.6.5 Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-optimized RSTP Theory of operation

In a ring topology, after the convergence of RSTP, only one port is in a blocking state. We can therefore

enhance the protocol for ring topologies, and transmit the notification of the failure to all bridges in thering (by broadcasting the BPDU).

Ceragon's IP-10 G supports Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring topologies. A typical ring constructed by IP10is shown in the following illustration.

Ceragon's IP-10 supports native Ethernet rings of up to 500 Mbps in 1+0, and can reach Gigabit capacityin a 2+0 configuration with XPIC.

Ceragon's ring solution enhances the RSTP algorithm for ring topologies, so that failure propagation is

much faster than the regular RSTP. Instead of serially propagation link by link, the failure is propagatedin parallel to all bridges. In this way, the bridges that have ports in alternate states immediately place themin the forwarding state.

The following illustration shows an example of such a ring.

Figure 22: Ring-optimized RSTP Solution


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3.4.7 End to End Multi-Layer OA&M

3.4.7.1 Overview

FibeAir IP-10 provides complete OA&M functionality at multiple layers, including:

Alarms and events

Maintenance signals (LOS, AIS, RDI, )

Performance monitoring

Maintenance commands (Loopbacks, APS commands, )

Figure 23: OA&M Functionality

3.4.7.2 Connectivity Fault Management (CFM)

The IEEE 802.1ag standard defines Service Layer OAM (Connectivity Fault Management). The standardfacilitates the discovery and verification of a path through 802.1 bridges and local area networks (LANs).

In addition, the standard:

Defines maintenance domains, their constituent maintenance points, and the managed objectsrequired to create and administer them.

Defines the relationship between maintenance domains and the services offered by VLAN-awarebridges and provider bridges.

Describes the protocols and procedures used by maintenance points to maintain and diagnoseconnectivity faults within a maintenance domain.

Provides means for future expansion of the capabilities of maintenance points and their protocols.

IEEE 802.1ag Ethernet CFM (Connectivity Fault Management) protocols consist of three protocols thatoperate together to aid in debugging Ethernet networks: continuity check, link trace, and loopback.

FibeAir IP-10 utilizes these protocols to maintain smooth system operation and non-stop data flow.


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3.4.8 FibeAir IP-10 Carrier Ethernet Services Example

The following is a series of illustrations showing how FibeAir IP-10 is used to facilitate Carrier EthernetServices. The second and third illustrations show how IP-10 handles a node failure.

Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10

Figure 24: Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10


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Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10 - Node Failure

Figure 25: Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10 - Node Failure


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Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10 - Node Failure (continued)

Figure 26: Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10 - Node Failure (continued)


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3.5 Integrated Nodal Solution

Up to six IP-10 Native2radios can be stacked with FibeAir IP-10 operating within nodal enclosures. Thisconfiguration supports any combination of 1+0, 1+1, and 2+0/XPIC.

Each IDU can be configured as a "main" or "extension" unit. The role an IDU plays is determined duringinstallation by its position in the traffic interconnection topology. A main unit includes a Centralcontroller, management, TDM traffic cross-connect, and radio and line interfaces. An extension unitincludes radio and line interfaces.

3.5.1 IP-10 Nodal Design

Each IDU can be configured as a "main" or "extension" unit. The role an IDU plays is determined during

installation by its position in the traffic interconnection topology.

A main unit includes the following functions:

Central controller, management

TDM traffic cross-connect

Radio and line interfaces

An extension unit includes the following functions:

Radio and line interfaces

IP-10 design for the nodal solution is based on a "blade" approach. Viewing the unit from the rear, eachIDU can be considered a "blade" within a nodal enclosure. The same IP-10 unit can be used for both

terminal and nodal solutions.


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Figure 27: IP-10 Rear View

Figure 28: IP-10 Nodal Enclosure

A "blade" can operate as a stand-alone unit at a tail site.

The "rack chassis" is also modular, for optimum economicalfuture upgrade, network design flexibility, and efficientinstallation, maintenance, and expansion.

The solution is stackable and modular and forms a single

unified nodal device, with a common Ethernet Switch,common E1 Cross-Connect, single IP address, and a single

element to manage.


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3.5.2 IP-10 Nodal Stacking ConceptAdvantages

For migration, the stacking concept offers an optimized tail-site solution and low initial foot-printrequirement for node sites. Additional foot-print is only required gradually as legacy equipment is being

swapped

For Greenfield, the stacking concept offers Low initial investment without compromising future growthpotential, and Risk-free deployment in face of unknown future growth pattern, including additionalcapacity, additional sites, and additional redundancy.

3.5.3 IP-10 Nodal Stacking Method

IP-10 can be stacked using 2RU nodal enclosures. Each enclosure includes two slots for hot-swappable

1RU units. Additional nodal enclosures and units can be added in the field as required, without affectingtraffic. Up to six 1RU units (three adapters) can be stacked to form a singleunified nodal device.

Using the stacking method, units in the bottom nodal enclosure act as main units, whereby a mandatoryactive main unit can be located in either of the two slots, and an optional standby main unit can beinstalled in the other slot. The switchover time is


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3.5.4 Nodal Enclosure Design

The following photos show the Nodal Enclosures and how they are stacked.

Figure 30: Extension Nodal Enclosure

Figure 31: Main Nodal Enclosure

The nodal enclosure is a scalable unit. Each enclosure can be added to another enclosure for modular rackinstallation.

Figure 32: Scalable Nodal Enclosure


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3.5.5 Nodal Solution Management

The nodal solution management enables users to control the node as an integrated system, and providesthe means for the exchange of information between the IDUs in the stack.

The node is managed in an integrated manner through centralized management channels. The main unitscontrol CPU is the nodes central controller, and all management frames received from or sent to externalmanagement applications must pass through it.

The node has a single IP management address, which is the address of the main unit (two addresses incase of main unit protection).

Several methods can be used for IP-10 node management:

Local terminal CLI

CLI via telnet

Web based management

SNMP

PolyView NMS represents the node as a single unit

The Web EMS allows access to all IDUs in the stack from main window

In addition, the management system provides access to other network equipment through in-band or out-of-band network management.

To ease the reading and analysis of several IDU alarms and logs, the system time should be synchronizedto the main units time.

Feature Configuration

Some features configuration is done through the main unit only: TDM XC, user registration, login,alarms. Other features are configured individually in each extension unit: radio parameters, Ethernet

switch configuration.

3.5.6 Nodal solution Ethernet connectivity

Ethernet traffic in a nodal configuration is supported by interconnecting IDU switches with externalcables. Traffic flow (dropping to local ports, sending to radio) is performed by the switches, inaccordance with learning tables.

Each IDU in the stack can individually be configured for "smart pipe" or "carrier Ethernet switch" modes.


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3.6.2 XC Features

Cross Connect system highlights include:

E1/T1 trails are supported based on the integrated E1/T1 cross-connect

XC capacity is 180 E1/T1 trails

XC is performed between any two physical or logical interfaces in the node, including:

E1/T1 interface

Radio VC (84 VCs supportedper radio carrier)

STM1/OC3 mux VC12

Each trail is timed independently by the XC

XC function is performed by the active main unit

In a failure occurs, backup main unit takes over (


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For each trail, the following end-to-end OA&M functions are supported:

Alarms and maintenance signals (AIS, RDI, etc.)

Performance monitoring counters (ES, SES, UAS, etc.)

Trace ID for provisioning mismatch detection.

A VC overheadis added to each VC trail to support the end-to-end OA&M functionality and

synchronization justification requirements.The following illustration is an example of XC aggregation:

3.6.3 TDM Trail Status Handling

For trouble shooting end-to-end E1/T1 trails across the network, additional PM (performance monitoring)

is necessary. A trail is defined as E1/T1 data delivered unchanged from one line interface to another,through one or more radio links.

In each node along the trail path, data can be assigned to a different VC number, but its identity across thenetwork is maintainedby a Trail ID defined by the user.

Additional PM functionality provides end-to-end monitoring over data sent in a trail over the network.

E1/T1

interfaces

STM1/OC3

Interface

E1/T1

interfaces

E1/T1

interfaces

E1/T1

interfaces

STM1/OC3

Interface

E1/T1

interfaces

E1/T1

interfaces

MWRadioLink

IP-10 integratedSTM1/OC3 Mux

IP-10Integrated

XC

MWRadioLink

IP-10 integratedSTM1/OC3 Mux

IP-10Integrated

XC


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3.6.4 Wireless SNCP

IP-10 supports an integrated VC trail protection mechanism called Wireless SNCP(Sub networkConnection Protection).

With Wireless SNCP, a backup VC trail can optionally be defined for each individual VC trail.

For each backup VC, the following needs to be defined:

Two branching points from the main VCthat it is protecting.

A path for the backup VC (typically separate from the path of the main VC that it is protecting).

For each direction of the backup VC, the following is performed independently:

At the first branching point, duplication of the traffic from the main VC to the backup VC.

At the second branching point, selection of traffic from either the main VC or the backup VC.

Traffic from the backup VC is used if a failure is detected in main VC.

Switch-over is performed within


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For each main VC trail, the branching points can be any XC node along the path of the trail.

3.6.4.1 Support for Wireless SNCP in a Mixed Wireless-Optical Network

Wireless SNCP is supported over fiber links using IP-10 STM-1/OC-3 mux interfaces.

Thits feature provides a fully integrated solution for protected E1/T1 services over a mixed wireless-optical network.

IP-10

A

IP-10

D

IP-10

B

IP-10

C

E1 #1

E1 #2

IP-10

B

E1 #2

E1 #1IP-10

A

IP-10

D

IP-10

B

IP-10

C

E1 #1

E1 #2

IP-10

B

E1 #2

E1 #1

IP-10

A

IP-10D

IP-10B

IP-10C

E1 #1

E1 #2IP-10

A

IP-10D

IP-10B

IP-10C

E1 #1

E1 #2MW radio link

IP-10 integrated

STM-1/OC-3 mux

IP-10Integrated XC

STM1/OC3

fiber link

MW radio link

IP-10 integrated

STM-1/OC-3 mux

IP-10Integrated XC

STM1/OC3

fiber link


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3.6.4.2 TDM Rings

SNCP replaces a failed sub network connection with a standby sub network connection. In the FibeAir

product line, this capability is provided at the points where trails leave sub networks.

The switching criterion is based on SNCP/I. This protocol specifies that automatic switching is performedif an AIS or LOP fault is detected in the working sub network connection. If neither AIS nor LOP faultsare detected, and the protection lockout is not in effect, the scheme used is 1+1 singled-ended.

The NMS providesManual switch to protectionandProtection lockoutcommands. A notification is sentto the management station when an automatic switch occurs. The status of the selectors and the subnetwork connections are displayed on the NMS screen.

3.6.4.3 Wireless SNCP Advantages

Flexibility

All network topologies are supported (ring, mesh, tree)

All traffic distribution patterns are supported (excels in hub traffic concentration)

Any mix of protected and non-protected trails is supported

No hard limit on the number of nodes in a ring

Simple provisioning of protection

Performance

Non traffic-affecting switching to protection (


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3.7 ABR (Adaptive Bandwidth Recovery)

3.7.1 Overview

Ceragon proposes a novel approach to improve the efficiency of ring-based protection, using a techniquecalled Protected Adaptive Bandwidth Recovery (ABR), which enables full utilization of the

bidirectional capabilities inherent in ring technologies. With ABR, the TDM-based information is

transmitted in one direction only, while the unused protection capacity is allocated for Ethernet traffic. Inthe event of a failure, the unused capacity is re-allocated for TDM transmission. In this paper, we take acloser look at this solution, and at the technologies that are used to implement it. This technique extendsthe Native2 approach to dynamic allocation of link capacity between TDM and Ethernet flows to the

network level.

3.7.2 Comparing Ring Protection Schemes

Having selected a ring topology for wireless backhauling, a range of alternative protection schemes are

available for implementation.

A major drawback of ring topology is the allocation of redundant bandwidth in order to ensure networkavailability. For example, the widely-implemented SNCP 1+1 unidirectional protection scheme, whichrequires the simultaneous transmission of information in both directions on the ring, causes a loss of up to50% of the rings total bandwidth capacity.

A number of techniques have been devised for recovering and utilizing the lost bandwidth. Thetechniques are described in the following sections.

3.7.2.1 Ethernet & Spanning Tree Protocol

The rapid advance in Ethernet-based technologies has made the eventual migration of transport networksfrom SONET/SDH to packet a foregone conclusion. This move to packet transport has challenged theEthernet community to exploit the resilience benefits of the physical ring structure, while adhering to the

logical tree structure required by Ethernet networks, thus ensuring a loop-free topology and avoidingbroadcast storms. These conflicting requirements have led to the development and widespread adoption

of the Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) and its variations.

In order to forward TDM-based traffic over Ethernet-based rings, vendors have had to adopt Pseudowiretechnologies. Pseudowire, the emulation of a native service over a Packet Switched Network (PSN), is

used to map Legacy TDM or ATM services (such as E1 traffic), by creating TDM tunnels over the PSN.While Pseudowire helped accomplish the goal of creating an Ethernet infrastructure for TDM services, it

significantly raised network cost and reduced total c

IP-10 G-Series - PD - 10-2010 - V30.pdf

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