Evolving a Vision for Technology- Enhanced Learning Diana Laurillard London Knowledge Lab.
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Transcript of Investigating social interaction in online places; an approach informed by Neuroscience Kathy...
Investigating social interaction in online places;
an approach informed by Neuroscience
Kathy RobinsonDiana Laurillard
Online Learning: A Time Line
Learners can communicate with each
other, and with their teachers, remotely and
asynchronously
Learners can communicate with each
other, and with their teachers, remotely and
asynchronouslyThe implications for
Education
Learners
Teachers
Flexibility (time, place)ReflectionSelf-paceNew skills
Boundaries
New skills
InstitutionsInfrastructure
Training
Social interaction online
distance education , blended learning, flipped classroom, informal learning
New role ( facilitator/instructor)
New uncertainties ( others, place)
Social learning
The pedagogies
Social interaction
Discussion (The exchange of ideas between peers)
No speaking
Not co-present(Body, Time, or Place)
Collaboration(Group work: Discussion & joint production)
in text based forums
in text based forums
in text based forums
in text based forums
The teacher as facilitator.
Facilitates the development and maintenance of the socio-emotional climate of the group so that it is conducive to learning
AimTo develop a resource for online tutors on the topic of facilitating group work online.
Requirements
build on the frameworks already available
topic neutral
authentic
resolution - represent ‘in the moment’ changes in emotional climate
AmbitionTo provide and evaluate a line of evidence that
flows from phenomenological experience through
to neural patterning
Non verbal cues are the natural carriers of relational information and so their absence will impact negatively on socio-emotional experience.
non-verbal cues
missing
anonymity identity cues
missing
NO35%
NO40%
NO68%
Social interaction in text based forums Not co-present in Body, Time, or Place.
reduced sense of social presence
limiting interpersonal
interaction&
trust
Negative
supportivehyperpersonal
Positive
flaming‘communication can be more aggressive’
Negative
within group salience
Positive
YES33%
YES31%
YES28%
Social interaction in text based forums Not co-
present(Body, Time, or Place)Implications for sense of social presence
No speaking
‘degree of salience of the other person in the interactions and the consequent salience
of the interpersonal relationships’ (Short et al., 1976, p 65)
Social presence
Intimacydepends on
the communication medium
Immediacy( social psychological distance )
depends on the form an quality of the communication.
In text based forums it depends on the interactants adapting to the new relational space and mode of
communication.Verbal immediacy/ Mediated
immediacy
NETSPEAK adapting text to be more speech like : Computer mediated communication is not necessarily a writing medium
informality, slang, jargon, colloquialismusing typographical markers to represent paralanguageusing spellings that reflect pronunciationrepeating verbs
‘contributions progressively develop a shared linguistic character – the equivalent of a local dialect or accent ’ (Crystal, 2006, p 152).
Social interaction in text based forums
Cultural change and Cultural accomplishment
Verbal Immediacy
describing physical actiondescribing physical placedescribing mood and state (self disclosure)using figurative languageusing vocativesusing inclusive pronounsappropriating text modes of the CMC software, (e.g case, colour, emoticons)appropriating functions of the CMC software; titling, repeat with quotedemonstrating awareness of the emotional state of others ( complimenting, managing negative comments sensitively, expressing empathy )demonstrating awareness of the relational needs of the group
Not co-present(Body, Time, or Place)
No speaking ?
How research is Informed by Neuroscience
Portfolio Review Wellcome Trust
‘fMRI between 1990 and 2008’,
The Wellcome Trust committed £114 million to
human functional brain imaging research during this
period
Research using Human Functional Brain Imaging 1990–2009
% change in publication
Computer Science, artificial intelligence 3119.05
Psychology, experimental 2095.45
Computer science, theory and methods 772.84
Medicine , general and internal 112.5
Pharmacology and Pharmacy 49.87
Engineering, biomedical 9.45
New knowledge:
‘In comparison with 20 years ago, we know considerably more about how the living brain functions.’
‘Much of this is due to the development of imaging techniques such as fMRI that in turn has depended on developments in digital technologies and digital analysis of large, and complex, data sets’.
NETSPEAK adapting text to be more speech like : Computer mediated communication is not necessarily a writing medium
informality, slang, jargon, colloquialismusing typographical markers to represent paralanguageusing spellings that reflect pronunciationrepeating verbs
‘contributions progressively develop a shared linguistic character – the equivalent of a local dialect or accent ’ (Crystal, 2006, p 152).
Social interaction in text based forums
Cultural change and Cultural accomplishment
Verbal Immediacy
describing physical actiondescribing physical placedescribing mood and state (self disclosure)using figurative languageusing vocativesusing inclusive pronounsappropriating text modes of the CMC software, (e.g case, colour, emoticons)appropriating functions of the CMC software; titling, repeat with quotedemonstrating awareness of the emotional state of others ( complimenting, managing negative comments sensitively, expressing empathy )demonstrating awareness of the relational needs of the group
Not co-present(Body, Time, or Place)
No speaking ?
Right hemisphere dominance for emotional processing.
Hemisphere lateralisation for the valence of emotion.
Distinct anatomical areas identified for recognition, expression & experience of emotion.
Anatomical areas for empathy identified and their interconnections mapped.
How emotions influence cognition e.g. decision making and the brain areas involved.
Auditing Neuroscience with a focus on studying social emotions neurally
Constructing a narrative based on Group work
(collaborative learning)Task space
Relational space
Stimulus material for studying social emotions
Neural correlates of admiration and compassion successfully studied
neurally (FMRI) using a ‘true’ narrative
Microanalysis of the forum interactions
Verbal ImmediacyNetspeakEmpathy
The investigationThe Sample
4 clusters identified from an analysis of student survey data
Interaction POSMedium POS
Interaction POSMedium NEUT
Interaction NEGMedium NEG
Interaction NEGMedium POS
Fingers crossed all will be ok - then we will really be able to crack on with it all!
Best wishes - I will be on again at lunchtime to have a look to see what is happening (taking advantage of a wee quiet spell with a coffee!)F Hi everyoneJust trying to catch up, sorry having to work at the moment so with the kids as well I'm bit swamped. Been keeping up with all your messages thanks to V for all her hard work and to G for proof reading. Fingers crossed!Tried to get some thoughts down last night regarding---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Will log on again as soon as I canV Hi guys Further to K’s comments, in light of shortage of time, will try to do something on for example -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can anyone suggest how we go about -------------------------Hope everyone OK with this idea.
F Hi M Here it is as you requested. Hopefully be back on again later tonight but stuck at work again - why oh why oh why do they allow so many people to be off at one time?
V Sorry M- one more thing while I remember -not sure if we had planned to
Neural patterningfMRI or EEG ?
Requirementsneural patterning
‘in the moment’ representation of emotional climate
‘ecological validity’
reflect the distributed pattern of emotional processes
EEG
EEG
EEG
EEG
EEG studies
Four main frequency bands.
Delta, theta, alpha, and beta. Each frequency band is characterised by the electrode position/s where it is maximally
recorded, the conditions under which it is maximally recorded, amplitude, developmental properties.
Specific waveforms.
Usually transient, for example, sleep spindles, spike and wave, mu and gamma.
Artifact:
Electrical interference, muscle activity and eye movement.
Emotion studies with EEGFrontal power asymmetry
The problemsmeasures suppression of a frequency pattern at locations where the pattern is least likely to be found .
Ratio of emotional trait /emotional state studies
! There is no interpersonal sensory information - interactants are not co-present
The Method. Spectral analysis. The signal collected in the time-domain is converted to a frequency domain.
. Focus on the alpha spectrum accounts for a large percentage of the healthy adult EEG inversely related to cortical activity as reflected in fMRI & PET studies
. asymmetry index calculated (log right alpha power minus log left alpha power) A higher scores indicate greater relative left-hemisphere activity.Most studies sample only frontal and parietal electrodes
The seductive allure of neuroscience explanations.
‘ neuroscience information had a particularly striking effect on nonexperts' judgments of bad explanations, masking otherwise salient problems in these explanations’
Weisberg, D. S., Keil, F. C., Goodstein, J., Rawson, E., and Gray, J. R. (2007). J. Cogn. Neurosci. 20,
Seeing is believing: the effect of brain images on judgments of scientific reasoning.
‘ part of the fascination, and the credibility, of brain imaging research lies in the persuasive power of the actual brain images themselves’
McCabe, D. P., and Castel, D. (2008), Cognition, 107,1
How research is Influenced by Neuroscience
‘Brain function is not just isolated in single regions but involves coordinated activity integrated across many regions’.
Constructing a narrative based on Group work
(collaborative learning)Task space
Relational space
Stimulus material for studying social emotions
Neural correlates of admiration and compassion successfully studied
neurally (FMRI) using a ‘true’ narrative
Microanalysis of the forum interactions
Verbal ImmediacyNetspeakEmpathy
The investigationThe Sample
4 clusters identified from an analysis of student survey data
Interaction POSMedium POS
Interaction POSMedium NEUT
Interaction NEGMedium NEG
Interaction NEGMedium POS
Fingers crossed all will be ok - then we will really be able to crack on with it all!
Best wishes - I will be on again at lunchtime to have a look to see what is happening (taking advantage of a wee quiet spell with a coffee!)F Hi everyoneJust trying to catch up, sorry having to work at the moment so with the kids as well I'm bit swamped. Been keeping up with all your messages thanks to V for all her hard work and to G for proof reading. Fingers crossed!Tried to get some thoughts down last night regarding---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Will log on again as soon as I canV Hi guys Further to K’s comments, in light of shortage of time, will try to do something on for example -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Can anyone suggest how we go about -------------------------Hope everyone OK with this idea.
F Hi M Here it is as you requested. Hopefully be back on again later tonight but stuck at work again - why oh why oh why do they allow so many people to be off at one time?
V Sorry M- one more thing while I remember -not sure if we had planned to
The designParticipants will each read
two narratives (one positive, one negative )
while
brain activity is monitored with an
Electroencephaologram (EEG)
and their facial expression is monitored
using surface Electromyography
(EMG)
The intention is to investigate whether
emotional experience while engaging with the narrative is parsed neurally
The EEG is different in the two conditions, ‘negative’ and ‘positive’ narrative
The intention isto monitor the spontaneous
expression of emotion as distinct from the voluntary
expression of emotion
The investigation (cont)
Effects of screen culture
The influence of the world wide web, online social networking and computer games, is having an impact on the workings of the human brain.
Shorter attention spanStrongly sensoryLack metaphor/ abstract conceptsProcess v Content/MeaningReduced empathy
Greenfield, S. (2009)The Virtual Revolution: How 20 years of the web has reshaped our lives.BBC2
Greenfield, S. (2010)Speech to the All-Party Parliamentary group on Scientific Research in Learning and Education
Learners Digital Natives
Teachers Digital
Immigrants
It is very likely that our students’ brains have physically changed – and are different from ours – as a result of how they grew up. ....... we can say with certainty that their thinking patterns have changed.
‘What ISN’T Technology Good At? Empathy, for one thing!
Prensky, M. (2001) Digital Natives, Digital ImmigrantsFrom On the Horizon (NCB University Press, Vol. 9 No. 5,cited by 5433 Prensky M. (2012)Educational Technology
Technology & NeuroscienceOpinion & Speculation about technology & the brain
The Conference Themes
Mind
Brain
Community
Inspiring learners
Strengthening resilience
] The study links the socio-emotional with cognition
and with the biological
The findings from small groups are relevant.Increasingly communities and groups interact online.
Online interaction means that learners can experience & engage with knowledge beyond the school walls.Online interaction equips learners with skills for the future
A better understanding of the socio-emotional experience of online interaction and its effects on processes and structure of the brain should enable Educationalists to develop more effective ways of motivating and empowering learners.
Source: OECD Centre for Educational Research and Innovation -CERI
1The brain is only plastic for certain kinds of information during
specific “critical periods” with the first three years of a child being decisive for later development and success in life
2 Enriched environments’ enhance the brain’s capacity for learning
3 There is a visual, auditive and a haptic type of learning
4 We only use 10% of our brains
5 Myths about bilingualism
6 The left brain/right brain myth
NEUROMYTH “a misconception generated by a misunderstanding, a misreading, or a
misquoting of facts scientifically established (by brain research) to make a case for use of brain research in education and other contexts”
DISCOVER The Magazine of Science, Technology, and the Future July-Aug 2012
Source: Paul Howard-Jones Brain science in the Classroom. Seminar given to All-Part Group of Scientific Research in Learning and
Education
Daily Water Intake
‘a recent survey that I undertook with trainee teachers, we find that some 35 per cent. of them believed that their brain would shrink if they drank less than six to eight cups of water ‘
Brain Gym
An extract from a Brain Gym book says: “laterality coordinates the left and right sides of the brain to communicate effectively.................................... I do not understand that,and I do not think that many scientists would. It is complete bananas’.
‘However, a bona fide scientific journal has reported that short sessions of Brain Gym exercise have been shown to increase response times, so perhaps there is a seed of truth in the idea that exercise can bring about additional alertness’.
NEUROMYTH cont.