Introduction to Water – Introduction to Water – Chapter 24Chapter 24

1. What is the hydrologic cycle? 2. What is porosity? 3. What is permeability? 4. What do we call the upper boundary of

earth that is saturated with water? 5. Where does artesian water come from? 6. How are caves formed? 7. How is a sinkhole formed? 8. What do people mean when they say you

have hard water? 9. List as many negative and positive

affects on water quality as you can. 10. How do these affects change our lives? 11. What is a glacier? 12. What is causes glaciers to move?

PretestPretest

Water: 4 Primary SectionsWater: 4 Primary Sections• The Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle)The Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle)• Glaciers Glaciers • GroundwaterGroundwater• Water QualityWater Quality

The Hydrologic CycleThe Hydrologic Cycle

The Hydrologic CycleThe Hydrologic Cycle• The natural circulation of water from The natural circulation of water from

ocean to atmosphere to ground, then ocean to atmosphere to ground, then back to oceanback to ocean– Water is constantly circulatingWater is constantly circulating– Can be in any of 3 states of matterCan be in any of 3 states of matter

•Solid, Liquid, or GasSolid, Liquid, or Gas– The cycle is powered by heat from the The cycle is powered by heat from the

sun and the force of gravitysun and the force of gravity– The total amount of water vapor in the The total amount of water vapor in the

atmosphere remains constantatmosphere remains constant

Important VocabularyImportant Vocabulary• EvaporationEvaporation• EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration• SublimationSublimation• CondensationCondensation• PrecipitationPrecipitation• RunoffRunoff• InfiltrationInfiltration• DischargeDischarge

A large mass of ice A large mass of ice formed by the formed by the compaction and compaction and recrystallization of recrystallization of snow that moves snow that moves downslope under downslope under its own power is its own power is called a …called a …

GlaciersGlaciers• Glaciers are powerful Glaciers are powerful

agents of erosionagents of erosion• They can carve out They can carve out

large U-shaped large U-shaped valleys and carry a valleys and carry a lot of rock and debris lot of rock and debris downslopedownslope

• They move by They move by GravityGravity

SublimationSublimation• Ice turning directly into water vaporIce turning directly into water vapor• Leaves debris behindLeaves debris behind

GroundwaterGroundwater• Subsurface water in the zone of Subsurface water in the zone of

saturationsaturation– 98.5% of fresh water is below the 98.5% of fresh water is below the

earth’s surfaceearth’s surface

How does water get How does water get underground?underground?•InfiltrationInfiltration

– Depends upon surface and Depends upon surface and subsurface conditionssubsurface conditions•PermeabilityPermeability – the ability of a – the ability of a material to transmit fluidmaterial to transmit fluid

•PorosityPorosity – the volume of open – the volume of open space (pores) in a soil or rock space (pores) in a soil or rock samplesample

PermeabilityPermeability• Depends upon soil Depends upon soil

compositioncomposition– Sand, Silt, or ClaySand, Silt, or Clay

• Why is sand more Why is sand more permeable than permeable than clay?clay?

PorosityPorosity• The amount of water than can pass The amount of water than can pass

through soil or rock depends upon through soil or rock depends upon the amount and size of poresthe amount and size of pores

Water TableWater Table• The Water Table is the line below The Water Table is the line below

which all pore spaces are filled with which all pore spaces are filled with water (saturated)water (saturated)

AquiferAquifer• An aquifer is an underground An aquifer is an underground

geological formation able to store geological formation able to store and yield water. and yield water.

Artesian SystemArtesian System•Where water flows out of the Where water flows out of the

aquifer and to the surface due to aquifer and to the surface due to pressure from abovepressure from above– Spring (natural)Spring (natural)– Well (drilled)Well (drilled)

What happens when running What happens when running underground water dissolves underground water dissolves minerals in the bedrock?minerals in the bedrock?

CAVES!

SinkholesSinkholes• Funnel-shaped holes Funnel-shaped holes

where caves have where caves have collapsedcollapsed

Water QualityWater Quality• A crucial factor in the quality of our A crucial factor in the quality of our

liveslives

Hard WaterHard Water• Water picks up Water picks up

calcium and calcium and magnesium from magnesium from the landscapethe landscape– Can clog pipes or Can clog pipes or

shower headsshower heads– More in some places More in some places

than othersthan others

Water PollutionWater Pollution• Contamination can come fromContamination can come from

– Point sourcesPoint sources– Non-point sourcesNon-point sources

What is the primary source What is the primary source of contamination?of contamination?•HUMANS!HUMANS!

– Point sourcesPoint sources•FactoriesFactories•Septic tanksSeptic tanks•Chemical spillsChemical spills

– Non-point sourcesNon-point sources•Soil ErosionSoil Erosion•Agricultural runoffAgricultural runoff

– FertilizersFertilizers– PesticidesPesticides– Livestock wastesLivestock wastes

LandfillsLandfills• New Landfills require a liner to prevent New Landfills require a liner to prevent

contaminationcontamination• LeachateLeachate – – water that has run through water that has run through

contaminated areas picking up soluble contaminated areas picking up soluble substancessubstances

Household Water ConsumptionHousehold Water Consumption

Where can you conserve water?

We live in the arid west…We live in the arid west…• Water is scarceWater is scarce• Water is preciousWater is precious• Water sustains lifeWater sustains life

• Water should be Water should be conserved… conserved… please do your please do your partpart

So what where the 4 main topics So what where the 4 main topics from Chapter 24 on water?from Chapter 24 on water?

• The Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle)The Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle)• Glaciers Glaciers • GroundwaterGroundwater• Water QualityWater Quality

Now try Now try these these questionsquestions

1. What is the hydrologic cycle? 2. What is porosity? 3. What is permeability? 4. What do we call the upper boundary of

earth that is saturated with water? 5. Where does artesian water come from? 6. How are caves formed? 7. How is a sinkhole formed? 8. What do people mean when they say you

have hard water? 9. List as many negative and positive

affects on water quality as you can. 10. How do these affects change our lives? 11. What is a glacier? 12. What is causes glaciers to move?