Introduction to Veterinary Medicine. Health? Disease?
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Transcript of Introduction to Veterinary Medicine. Health? Disease?
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Introduction to Veterinary Medicine
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• Health?
• Disease?
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• Health: physical, physiological and mental well-being of an individual.
• Disease: – Dis= away; ease= comfort. – Any deviation from the normal.
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What is normal ?
• Normal temperature range for the domestic animals?
• Normal respiration rate of domestic animals ?
• Normal pulse rate/heart rate of animals ?
• Normal haemoglobin count in domestic animals?
• ?
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General medicine
• Medicine: the science of treating diseases- the healing art.
• Veterinary medicine: diagnosis, treatment, prevention and general study of animals’ diseases.
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How is the profession different from that of a medical profession?
• Animal patients cannot express its feelings.
• Wrong statement about the animal’s
illness
• Do not cooperate while examination.
• Different structures and functions of
body systems in different species
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Branches of VM
• Preventive veterinary medicine– measures to maintain the health when the disease is
imminent. – Deals with measures to control and prevent animal
diseases.
• Clinical veterinary medicine – bed-side medicine, internal medicine, curative medicine
– making a correct diagnosis, remedial and curative measures against diseases of animals
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General clinical conditions
Conditions which are not confined to any particular diseases or organ/system.
Their manifestation could cut across all the organs/systems.
– Toxaemia – Fever – Anaemia– Oedema – Dehydration
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Toxaemia
• Toxins in the blood– wide spread activation of host defense mechanism– skin, WBCs, mucous membranes, mucous,
secretions, saliva, anotibodies, lymphocytess, neutrophil, etc…
– Diseases due to toxins from plants or insects, or ingested poison- NOT toxaemia
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Etiology
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• Depression, anorexia, and muscular weakness• Tachycardia (increased heart rate) with weak and
rapid pulse• Fever initially but later temperature drops to normal
or subnormal- cool skin and extremities• Congested mucosa with an increased capillary refill
time • Muscular weakness leading to recumbency
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Treatment
• Removal of foci of infection
• Fluid and electrolyte therapy
• Antimicrobials
• NSAIDs
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Recovery?
• Correction of the peripheral vasoconstriction
• Restoration of an acceptable pulse quality
• Return of urine output
• Return of central venous pressure and arterial blood pressure
• Restoration of cardiac output.
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Fever
• Fever?
• Denotes the elevation of body temperature regardless of environmental temperature
• A general reaction of the body to the action of harmful agents or pyrogens.
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Etiology• Microbes- bacteria, viruses• Foreign bodies • Chemicals, and • Immune reaction
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Infections
Release exogenous pyrogens
Release leukocytes
Release endogenous pyrogens
Stumulate anterior hypothalamus
Fever
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Clinical signs
• Dullness- lowering of head, drooping of ear and
disinclination to move.
• Inappetance, increased thirst, constipation
• Erection of hair, dry muzzle, congested mucous
membrane
• Coloured urine, shivering, rapid respiration
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Management of fever
• High calorie diet.• Antipyretics- prostaglandin inhibitors such as
acetyle salicylic acid.– Other antipyretics?
• Antibiotics?• Phenothiazine groups of drugs to sedate
thermoregulatory centre• Fluid therapy • Glucocorticoids
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Anaemia
• Anaemia?
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Anaemia
• Anaemia?
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Types and etiology
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Pathogenesis
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Clinical signs
??
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Clinical signs
• Paleness of mucous membrane• Muscular weakness and lethargy.• Inappetance• Tachycardia• Laboured breathing in later stages• Shock.
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Treatment
• Correction of primary cause.
• Haematinics
• Inj.Vitamin B complex with liver extract.
• Whole blood transfusion or plasma extenders like
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Oedema
• Excessive accumulation of fluid in the tissue space involving a disturbance in the mechanism of fluid exchange in tissues.
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Types of oedema
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Other types of oedema
• Nutritional oedema• Mammary oedema• Allergic oedema• Obstructive oedema• Vitamin A deficiency oedema
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Clinical signs and diagnosis?
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Treatment
• Correction of primary cause• Diuretics - Frusemide inj. @ 0. 4-4.44 mg/kg BW BID• Protein rich diet• Salt free diet• Rest• Amino acids• Corticosteriods
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Dehydration
Body water=water intake + metabolic water = water loss through urine, sweat, faeces and respiration
Water intake dehydration
Water excretion dehydration
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Causes for dehydration
Reduced water intake• Deprivation of water• Decrease thirst• Inability to drink
Increased water excretion• Acute gastro-enteritis• Polyuria due to
nephritis.• Sweating• Skin injury and burns• Purgative/cathartics,
diuretic , corticosteroid therapies
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Clinical signs
• Sunken eyeball• Dry mucous membrane• Loss of skin elasticity• Lethargy• Increased capillary refill time• Twitching of muscles
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Diagnosis
• From clinical signs
• Laboratory examination involves looking at the Blood picture. Increase in Packed Cell Volume (PVC) indicates dehydration.
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Dehydration (%)
Sunken eyes Retention of skin fold (sec)
H/crit value (%)
Fluid required (ml/kg b.wt)
4-8 (Mild ) Not sunken 40-45 15-25
6-8 (Moderate)
Barely visible
2-4 50 30-50
8-10 (severe) Pronounced 6-10 55 50-80
> 10 (Shock) More pronounced
20-45 60 80-100
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Treatment
• Rehydration Therapy:- Inj. Dextrose, Dextrose Normal saline (DNS) - 10-15 ml/ kg b.wt - slow i/v.- Oral administration of fluid.
• Inj. Corticosteriods- i/v or i/m.• Treatment of primary cause.