INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY

FINAL EXAM REVIEWFINAL EXAM REVIEW

Chapter 7Chapter 7MemoryMemory

What is acquisiton?What is acquisiton?

Includes any instance of Includes any instance of new new intentional (like memorizing)intentional (like memorizing) or or incidental learningincidental learning. . Attention and Attention and engagement with to-be-remembered engagement with to-be-remembered material is material is very importantvery important; ; acquisition is not passive acquisition is not passive

Chapter 7Chapter 7MemoryMemory How many different types of memory How many different types of memory

are there, why?are there, why? There are two types of memory; There are two types of memory;

workingworking memory memory (Short-term) which (Short-term) which holds instantlyholds instantly accessible accessible informationinformation and and longlong-term-term memorymemory which holds lesswhich holds less instantly accessible instantly accessible. . It contains everything you know. It is It contains everything you know. It is storage for information storage for information that is not that is not used used right now but may right now but may be be needneededed later. later.

Chapter 7Chapter 7MemoryMemory What is the difference between What is the difference between

working memory and long term working memory and long term memory in terms of storage memory in terms of storage capacity?capacity?

LongLong--term term memory memory capacitycapacity is infinite. is infinite. WorkingWorking memory memory capacity capacity is more modest is more modest

Memory span: way of measuring working Memory span: way of measuring working memory capacitymemory capacity Random, unrelated information: we can Random, unrelated information: we can

store about 7, plus or minus 2, items (5 store about 7, plus or minus 2, items (5 – 9 items)’– 9 items)’

Referred to as “the magic number 7”Referred to as “the magic number 7”

Chapter 7Chapter 7MemoryMemory Are the working memory and long Are the working memory and long

term memory independent of term memory independent of eachother?eachother?

No, they are dependent. No, they are dependent. Long term Long term memory must be “loaded” or “pass memory must be “loaded” or “pass through” WMthrough” WM

How is it transformed into Long term How is it transformed into Long term memory?memory? RehearsedRehearsed ChunkedChunked

Chapter 7Chapter 7MemoryMemory

What is What is Deep processingDeep processing?? It is meaning It is meaning based attentionbased attention; ;

connectconnectinging new information to new information to already-learned materialalready-learned material Material that “makes sense” will Material that “makes sense” will

be encoded more efficientlybe encoded more efficiently Results in superior recallResults in superior recall

Chapter 7Chapter 7MemoryMemory What is Retrograde Amnesia?What is Retrograde Amnesia? Forgetting the past, but being able to Forgetting the past, but being able to

make new memories.make new memories.

What is context reinstatement?What is context reinstatement? Re-creating or re-minding oneself of Re-creating or re-minding oneself of

the context in which one originally the context in which one originally learned something increases learned something increases likelihood of being able to retrieve it likelihood of being able to retrieve it laterlater

Example: Studying for an exam in the Example: Studying for an exam in the same room you will take the test;same room you will take the test;

Chapter 7Chapter 7MemoryMemory What are Memory failures?What are Memory failures? Inadequate encodingInadequate encoding: Forgetting can often : Forgetting can often

be traced to poor or missing strategies for be traced to poor or missing strategies for encodingencoding

Forgetting:Forgetting: we knew it once, but no longer we knew it once, but no longer Passage of timePassage of time

DecayDecay: a process that occurs on a cellular : a process that occurs on a cellular level by normal metabolic “wear and tear” on level by normal metabolic “wear and tear” on cells involved with memorycells involved with memory

InterferenceInterference:: New learning interferes – New learning interferes – independent of the passage of timeindependent of the passage of time Passage of time not a powerful factor in explaining Passage of time not a powerful factor in explaining

forgettingforgetting Number of intervening events a more useful Number of intervening events a more useful

variable to examine to explain forgettinvariable to examine to explain forgettingg

Chapter 7Chapter 7MemoryMemory What are retrieval errors?What are retrieval errors? TThe “tip of the tongue” he “tip of the tongue”

phenomenaphenomena Misinformation EffectMisinformation Effect Intrusions from general Intrusions from general

knowledgeknowledge Misplaced familiarityMisplaced familiarity

Difference between recollection Difference between recollection memory and familiaritymemory and familiarity

Chapter 7Chapter 7MemoryMemory What is anterograde amnesia?What is anterograde amnesia? Anterograde means ‘in a forward direction’. Anterograde means ‘in a forward direction’.

It is an inability to learn anything new/make It is an inability to learn anything new/make new memories.new memories.

What was patient H.M’s amnesia?What was patient H.M’s amnesia?

He could read and write. His long-term He could read and write. His long-term storage is completely closed to new storage is completely closed to new memories. His memories before the memories. His memories before the operation remain intact. He can function operation remain intact. He can function and comment intellectually on events. It and comment intellectually on events. It turns out these anterograde amnesia turns out these anterograde amnesia patients can acquire some new memories. patients can acquire some new memories. For example H.M. plays the piano and For example H.M. plays the piano and each time he plays a piece, he plays it each time he plays a piece, he plays it more skillfully. more skillfully.

Chapter 7Chapter 7MemoryMemory Does memory for emotional events differ in Does memory for emotional events differ in

any systematic way?any systematic way? Emotional events: remembered…Emotional events: remembered…

More vividlyMore vividly More completelyMore completely More accuratelyMore accurately… … than memories for emotion-neutral than memories for emotion-neutral

eventsevents as it focuses on as it focuses on immediate and immediate and personal detailspersonal details

They are likely to involve people we love They are likely to involve people we love and care about. and care about.

Some emotional memories are particularly Some emotional memories are particularly long-lived, so that people claim to long-lived, so that people claim to remember events from years and years remember events from years and years ago “as if it were yesterday”ago “as if it were yesterday”..

Chapter 11Chapter 11Social DevelopmentSocial Development What is attachment?What is attachment? A firm, close, enduring emotional A firm, close, enduring emotional

bond between the baby and the bond between the baby and the primary caregiverprimary caregiver

What is “seperation anxiety”, what What is “seperation anxiety”, what does it show?does it show?

Baby becomes upset when CG Baby becomes upset when CG leaves room/goes out of sightleaves room/goes out of sight. . Implies that formation of attachment Implies that formation of attachment has occurredhas occurred

Chapter 11Chapter 11Social DevelopmentSocial Development What was Harry Harlow’s experiment What was Harry Harlow’s experiment

about?about? Do babies attach to caregivers on the basis Do babies attach to caregivers on the basis

of nutrition?of nutrition?

What was the result of Harry What was the result of Harry Harlow’s experiment?Harlow’s experiment?

In times of stress/fear/uncertainty, In times of stress/fear/uncertainty, monkeys monkeys alwaysalways went to terry-cloth went to terry-cloth “mother” “mother” -- not the “mother” where -- not the “mother” where they had been fed they had been fed

Contact comfort: more important than Contact comfort: more important than where/how fed for purposes of attachmentwhere/how fed for purposes of attachment

Chapter 11Chapter 11Social DevelopmentSocial Development What does Mary Ainsworth’s What does Mary Ainsworth’s

experiment called?experiment called? Strange situationStrange situation

What were the results of Mary What were the results of Mary Ainsworth’s “strange situation” test?Ainsworth’s “strange situation” test?

Different patterns of ways that Different patterns of ways that children form bonds with parents children form bonds with parents differ with parental style:differ with parental style: Securely attachedSecurely attached Anxious / resistant attachmentAnxious / resistant attachment Anxious / avoidant attachmentAnxious / avoidant attachment Disorganized attachmentDisorganized attachment

Chapter 11Chapter 11Social DevelopmentSocial Development What is the role of parenting in What is the role of parenting in

children’s socialization?children’s socialization? Most important source of Most important source of

socialization for children is socialization for children is through the parenting they through the parenting they receive, including:receive, including: How do we interpret the social How do we interpret the social

world?world? What are our belief systems?What are our belief systems?

Chapter 11Chapter 11Social DevelopmentSocial Development What are four different parenting What are four different parenting

styles?styles?Authoritative:Authoritative: Quite demanding but Quite demanding but

also quite responsivealso quite responsiveAuthoritarianAuthoritarian: Quite demanding but : Quite demanding but

not responsivenot responsivePermissivePermissive: Not demanding but quite : Not demanding but quite

responsiveresponsiveUninvolvedUninvolved: Neither demanding nor : Neither demanding nor

responsiveresponsive

Chapter 12Chapter 12Social Cognition and EmotionSocial Cognition and Emotion

What is social cognition?What is social cognition? How we perceive and think about How we perceive and think about

ourselves and each other; how we ourselves and each other; how we process and make meaning about process and make meaning about our encountersour encounters

What is Kelley’s theory of attribution?What is Kelley’s theory of attribution? WWe specifically look for ways that e specifically look for ways that

events co-vary: “cause and effect”events co-vary: “cause and effect” Or: Causal attributionsOr: Causal attributions

Chapter 12Chapter 12Social Cognition and EmotionSocial Cognition and Emotion What are the types of attributions?What are the types of attributions? SituationalSituational attributions and attributions and

DispositionalDispositional attributions attributions

Do attributions vary by culture?Do attributions vary by culture? Individualistic culturesIndividualistic cultures: Focus on : Focus on

individual. Tries to accmplish individual. Tries to accmplish personal achivementspersonal achivements

Collectivist culturesCollectivist cultures: focus on : focus on family, social groups and traditions, family, social groups and traditions, rather than individualismrather than individualism

Chapter 12Chapter 12Social Cognition and EmotionSocial Cognition and Emotion What is “fundemental attribution What is “fundemental attribution

error”, does it change from culture to error”, does it change from culture to culture?culture?

In an In an individualistic cultureindividualistic culture, the most , the most common error made is the common error made is the fundamental attribution errorfundamental attribution error: a bias : a bias to explain to explain othersothers’ behavior by ’ behavior by attributing it to their attributing it to their dispositiondisposition, our , our ownown to our to our situationsituation

In In collectivistic culturescollectivistic cultures: focus on : focus on group actions / contextual cues to group actions / contextual cues to explain behaviorexplain behavior

Chapter 12Chapter 12Social Cognition and EmotionSocial Cognition and Emotion What is “stereotypes”?What is “stereotypes”? One type of schematic thinking One type of schematic thinking

Stereotypes often are used when we Stereotypes often are used when we think about identified groups of people: think about identified groups of people: e.g., Greeks, women, old people, etc.e.g., Greeks, women, old people, etc.

Origins of stereotypes: explicitly and Origins of stereotypes: explicitly and implicitly communicated to us by implicitly communicated to us by othersothers

Used more often when we have little Used more often when we have little or no exposure in daily life to that or no exposure in daily life to that groupgroup

Chapter 12Chapter 12Social Cognition and EmotionSocial Cognition and Emotion What are the effects of stereotypes?What are the effects of stereotypes? Self-fulfilling propheciesSelf-fulfilling prophecies

We often pick up on others’ We often pick up on others’ expectations for us (dictated by a expectations for us (dictated by a stereotype) and behave in that waystereotype) and behave in that way

Stereotype threatStereotype threat When a stereotype about us is made When a stereotype about us is made

salient, in a “performance” situation, we salient, in a “performance” situation, we often feel under threat – which holds often feel under threat – which holds performance downperformance down

Poor performance then may confirm Poor performance then may confirm stereotypestereotype

Chapter 12Chapter 12Social Cognition and EmotionSocial Cognition and Emotion What is an “attitude”?What is an “attitude”? BeliefBelief, feeling, predisposition to act in a , feeling, predisposition to act in a

certain waycertain way. . Cover a wide range of topics Cover a wide range of topics about which we may feel quite stronglyabout which we may feel quite strongly

How does attitude formation occur?How does attitude formation occur? Classical conditioningClassical conditioning

Advertising for expensive car always Advertising for expensive car always accompanied by beautiful accompanied by beautiful surroundings/people surroundings/people

Operant conditioningOperant conditioning If a reward given for behavior, attitude for If a reward given for behavior, attitude for

that behavior will changethat behavior will change Observational learningObservational learning

Chapter 12Chapter 12Social Cognition and EmotionSocial Cognition and Emotion What is “cognitive dissonance”?What is “cognitive dissonance”? If a belief, idea we have is opposite If a belief, idea we have is opposite

of another belief/idea that we hold, of another belief/idea that we hold, than cognitive dissonance occurs. than cognitive dissonance occurs.

What is “insufficient justification?What is “insufficient justification? TThe notion that we try to justify our he notion that we try to justify our

own behavior; if we own behavior; if we cannotcannot justify it, justify it, we experience dissonance between we experience dissonance between beliefsbeliefs and and actionsactions

Chapter 12Chapter 12Social Cognition and EmotionSocial Cognition and Emotion What is James-Lange theory of What is James-Lange theory of

emotion?emotion? We see a dangerous object (attacking

bear); this triggers a bodily response (running, pounding heart), and the awareness of this response is emotion (fear).

What is Cannon-Bard theory of What is Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?emotion?

A stimulus (such as a bear) triggers changes in the brain, and this brain activity then causes changes in both physiology and experience

Chapter 12Chapter 12Social Cognition and EmotionSocial Cognition and Emotion What are functions of emotions?What are functions of emotions? Help set up the body for reaction Help set up the body for reaction

to threat/danger: “fight or flight” to threat/danger: “fight or flight” reaction and the accompanying reaction and the accompanying emotion of emotion of fearfear

Help recover from stressHelp recover from stress Aid in marking important Aid in marking important

memoriesmemories Signal social intent/connectionSignal social intent/connection

Chapter 13Chapter 13Social Influences and Social Influences and RelationshipsRelationships What are the three types of What are the three types of

social influence?social influence? Conformity, obedience and Conformity, obedience and

compliancecompliance

What is conformity?What is conformity? It occurs when people change It occurs when people change

their behaviors because of a their behaviors because of a social pressuresocial pressure

Chapter 13Chapter 13Social Influences and Social Influences and RelationshipsRelationships What was Asch’s classic experiment What was Asch’s classic experiment

about conformity?about conformity? Individuals given a card with a vertical line Individuals given a card with a vertical line

printed on itprinted on it. . Participants asked to then Participants asked to then look at another card with three lines on it: look at another card with three lines on it: two did not match, one didtwo did not match, one did. The t. The taskask was to was to select select the the line that matched the length of line that matched the length of the line on the original card; correct the line on the original card; correct answer was answer was clearclear. . However, individualsHowever, individuals often chose a clearly often chose a clearly wrongwrong option if option if confederates first chose a wrong option confederates first chose a wrong option

Chapter 13Chapter 13Social Influences and Social Influences and RelationshipsRelationships Why do we conform?Why do we conform? Two influences: informational Two influences: informational

and normativeand normative Informational: We seek others’ Informational: We seek others’

opinions on what is correct if we opinions on what is correct if we suspect they might know better suspect they might know better than we dothan we do

Normative: We want to fit in, be Normative: We want to fit in, be liked, avoid looking foolishliked, avoid looking foolish

Chapter 13Chapter 13Social Influences and Social Influences and RelationshipsRelationships What are the factors that affect Social What are the factors that affect Social

Conformity?Conformity?Size of Group:Size of Group: Conformity tends to increase as the Conformity tends to increase as the size of the group increases. size of the group increases. Anonymity (i.e. secrecy)Anonymity (i.e. secrecy):: When participants could When participants could write their answers down rather than announce write their answers down rather than announce them in public, conformity dropped.them in public, conformity dropped.Ambiguity (i.e. uncertainty) / Difficulty of TaskAmbiguity (i.e. uncertainty) / Difficulty of Task:: When the (comparison) lines (e.g. A, B, C) were When the (comparison) lines (e.g. A, B, C) were made more similar in length it was harder to made more similar in length it was harder to judge the correct answer and conformity judge the correct answer and conformity increased. The more difficult the task the greater increased. The more difficult the task the greater the conformity.the conformity.Status and KnowledgeStatus and Knowledge:: If someone is of high If someone is of high status (e.g. your boss) or has a lot of knowledge status (e.g. your boss) or has a lot of knowledge (e.g. your teacher), they might be more (e.g. your teacher), they might be more influential, and so people will conform to their influential, and so people will conform to their opinions more. The higher the status the higher opinions more. The higher the status the higher the conformitythe conformity

Chapter 13Chapter 13Social Influences and Social Influences and RelationshipsRelationships What is obedience?What is obedience? It occurs when people change It occurs when people change

their behavior because their behavior because someone tells them to.someone tells them to.

What are the possible sources What are the possible sources of obedience?of obedience?

DispositionalDispositional trait of obedience trait of obedience and situational aspects and situational aspects

Chapter 13Chapter 13Social Influences and Social Influences and RelationshipsRelationships What is Milgram’s classical What is Milgram’s classical

obedience experiment about?obedience experiment about? ParticipantsParticipants were were told they would be told they would be

delivering shocks in a learning delivering shocks in a learning experiment experiment ..No shocks were ever No shocks were ever actually deliveredactually delivered as as confederates were confederates were actorsactors. . Shock level: dials labeled Shock level: dials labeled mildmild to to deadlydeadly: 15 to 450+ mv: 15 to 450+ mv. . “Teacher” “Teacher” (participant) and “Learner” (participant) and “Learner” (confederate) separated into 2 cubicles, (confederate) separated into 2 cubicles, but could hear each otherbut could hear each other. . “Teacher” “Teacher” instructed to shock “learner” in instructed to shock “learner” in increasing amounts of voltage, increasing amounts of voltage, whenever learner made a mistakewhenever learner made a mistake

Chapter 13Chapter 13Social Influences and Social Influences and RelationshipsRelationships What were the results of Milgram’s What were the results of Milgram’s

experiment and why was it experiment and why was it important?important?

No one No one actually stopped below the level of actually stopped below the level of intense shock. intense shock. 22.5%22.5% stopped at stopped at 315v315v (extremely intense). (extremely intense). 65% 65% continued up until continued up until the maximum shock of the maximum shock of 450v450v..

The experiment was important to show that The experiment was important to show that “situation” is the prime factor in obedience, “situation” is the prime factor in obedience, and even normal, decent people can and even normal, decent people can become brutal beings by the power of the become brutal beings by the power of the situation.situation.

Chapter 13Chapter 13Social Influences and Social Influences and RelationshipsRelationships What is “compliance”? It occurs when people change their

behavior because someone merely asks them to.

What are the two techniques related with compliance?

“Door in the face” technique: If a large request is followed up by a smaller request, compliance with request increases dramatically: “You conceded, now I have to concede”

“That’s-not-all” technique: “freebie” offered after initial offer tendered, and price seems more reasonable than if both were initially included in the offer

Chapter 13Chapter 13Social Influences and Social Influences and RelationshipsRelationships What is “social facilitation”?What is “social facilitation”? ““MMere presence” effect: we ere presence” effect: we

compete harder when others are compete harder when others are nearbynearby

What is “What is “Social inhibitionSocial inhibition”?”? TheThe opposite effect – we opposite effect – we

sometimes perform more poorly sometimes perform more poorly when others are nearwhen others are near

Chapter 13Chapter 13Social Influences and Social Influences and RelationshipsRelationships What is “social loafing”?What is “social loafing”? What if no one is the “audience,” What if no one is the “audience,”

and therefore all must perform?and therefore all must perform? Ringelmann (1913): in a group of Ringelmann (1913): in a group of

men, each pulled men, each pulled lessless hard than if hard than if pulling solopulling solo

Latane (1981): “social loafing”Latane (1981): “social loafing” People work less hard in groupsPeople work less hard in groups Consistent across cultures, across Consistent across cultures, across

many variablesmany variables

Chapter 13Chapter 13Social Influences and Social Influences and RelationshipsRelationships What is “deindividuation”?What is “deindividuation”? Sometimes: others’ presence drastically Sometimes: others’ presence drastically

changes our behaviorschanges our behaviors Riots, lynch mobs, etc.: behavior can Riots, lynch mobs, etc.: behavior can

become disinhibited, cruel, viciousbecome disinhibited, cruel, vicious Deindividuation: we lose awareness of Deindividuation: we lose awareness of

ourselves as individuals, feel less ourselves as individuals, feel less responsible for our behaviorresponsible for our behavior

Role we play: may obscure our Role we play: may obscure our individuality as wellindividuality as well

Chapter 13Chapter 13Social Influences and Social Influences and RelationshipsRelationships What isWhat is Group polarizationGroup polarization?? Groups decisions are more Groups decisions are more

extreme than those we make on extreme than those we make on our ownour own

What is What is “Risky shift”“Risky shift”?? Greater willingness for a group Greater willingness for a group

to take risks than when we are to take risks than when we are acting as individualsacting as individuals

Chapter 13Chapter 13Social Influences and Social Influences and RelationshipsRelationships What is “pluralistic ignorance”?What is “pluralistic ignorance”?

Our understanding of the situation Our understanding of the situation influences our decisions on acting influences our decisions on acting or not actingor not acting. I. If others are not f others are not doing anything, probably nothing doing anything, probably nothing needs to be doneneeds to be done. But the problem . But the problem is that; is that; others are using the others are using the same reasoning…same reasoning…

Chapter 13Chapter 13Social Influences and Social Influences and RelationshipsRelationships What is the Bystander Effect?What is the Bystander Effect? Diffusion of responsibility: we feel Diffusion of responsibility: we feel

less compelled because we feel less less compelled because we feel less responsibleresponsible. . Each bystander feels Each bystander feels increasingly less responsible if there increasingly less responsible if there are are manymany bystanders bystanders

We weigh the costs of helping as We weigh the costs of helping as well as the benefits: well as the benefits: PhysicalPhysical danger weighed as well as danger weighed as well as

psychologicalpsychological cost – i.e., being late if cost – i.e., being late if one stops to helpone stops to help

Chapter 16Chapter 16PsychopathologyPsychopathology What are the structures of What are the structures of

personality according to Freud?personality according to Freud?Id:Id: all other aspects of personality all other aspects of personality emerge from this basic, primitive, emerge from this basic, primitive, pleasure seeking part of our personalitypleasure seeking part of our personality

Ego:Ego: deals with reality and its demands; deals with reality and its demands; copes with demands from Id and … copes with demands from Id and …

Superego:Superego: society’s rules and parents’ society’s rules and parents’ rules, internalized and imposed on the rules, internalized and imposed on the egoego- MORAL side- MORAL side

Chapter 16Chapter 16PsychopathologyPsychopathology

What is “repression”?What is “repression”? Keeping distressing thoughts & Keeping distressing thoughts &

feelings buried in the feelings buried in the unconsciousunconscious

What is “denial”?What is “denial”? Refusing to recognize some Refusing to recognize some

anxiety arousing event/piece of anxiety arousing event/piece of information.information.

Chapter 16Chapter 16PsychopathologyPsychopathology

What is “rationalization”?What is “rationalization”? Creating false but plausible Creating false but plausible

excuses to justify unacceptable excuses to justify unacceptable behaviorbehavior

What is “displacement”?What is “displacement”? Diverting emotional feelings Diverting emotional feelings

from their original course to a from their original course to a safer substitute target.safer substitute target.

Chapter 16Chapter 16PsychopathologyPsychopathology What is “reaction formation”?What is “reaction formation”? Behaving in a way that is exactly Behaving in a way that is exactly

opposite of one’s true feelingsopposite of one’s true feelings What is “projection”?What is “projection”? Attributing one’s own thoughts, Attributing one’s own thoughts,

feelings or desires to someone elsefeelings or desires to someone else What is “regression”?What is “regression”? Reverting to immature patterns of Reverting to immature patterns of

behavior.behavior.

Chapter 16Chapter 16PsychopathologyPsychopathology What is neurosis?What is neurosis? A neurosis is a diagnosis for a relatively mild A neurosis is a diagnosis for a relatively mild

mental or emotional disorder. In general, mental or emotional disorder. In general, neurotic conditions do not impair normal day neurotic conditions do not impair normal day to day functions. One with a neurosis is to day functions. One with a neurosis is aware of his disorder, can differentiate aware of his disorder, can differentiate between what is real and what is notbetween what is real and what is not

What are most common neurotic What are most common neurotic disorders?disorders?

Panic attacks, Phobias, Obsessive Panic attacks, Phobias, Obsessive Compulsive, Generalized Anxiety, Post Compulsive, Generalized Anxiety, Post Traumatic Stress Disorders, Dissociative Traumatic Stress Disorders, Dissociative DisordersDisorders

Chapter 16Chapter 16PsychopathologyPsychopathology What is psychosis?What is psychosis? Refers to any mental state that Refers to any mental state that

impairs thought, perception, and impairs thought, perception, and judgement. A psychotic person loses judgement. A psychotic person loses contact with reality and experiences contact with reality and experiences hallucinations or delusions. hallucinations or delusions.

What are most common psychotic What are most common psychotic disorders?disorders?

Schizophrenia, unipolar, bipolar Schizophrenia, unipolar, bipolar (mani – depression)(mani – depression)

Chapter 16Chapter 16PsychopathologyPsychopathology

What is schizophrenia?What is schizophrenia? Abnormal disintegration of Abnormal disintegration of

mental functionsmental functions. . 1-2% of 1-2% of population exhibits this disorderpopulation exhibits this disorder. . Usual onsetUsual onset is in is in late late adolescence/early adulthoodadolescence/early adulthood..

Contact with reality is lost. Contact with reality is lost.

Chapter 16Chapter 16PsychopathologyPsychopathology What are positive and negative symptoms of What are positive and negative symptoms of

schizophrenia?schizophrenia? ““Positive symptoms” Positive symptoms” ((too much of something)too much of something)

Delusions (fixed idea or belief, obviously untrue or Delusions (fixed idea or belief, obviously untrue or unlikely) unlikely)

Hallucinations (seeing or hearing something others Hallucinations (seeing or hearing something others don’t)don’t)

Disorganized speech/behaviorsDisorganized speech/behaviors Negative symptoms Negative symptoms ((not enough of something)not enough of something)

Blunted/limited emotionBlunted/limited emotion Poverty of speechPoverty of speech Poverty of languagePoverty of language Unable to persist in tasks Unable to persist in tasks

SSocial withdrawalocial withdrawal

Chapter 16Chapter 16PsychopathologyPsychopathology What are the factors that cause What are the factors that cause

schizophrenia?schizophrenia? Heredity/geneticsHeredity/genetics Environment plays an important role; Environment plays an important role;

environment is not identical even if environment is not identical even if genetic material is identicalgenetic material is identical

Stressors from much later in lifeStressors from much later in life may may play a roleplay a role

Parent or parents who also suffer Parent or parents who also suffer from mental disorderfrom mental disorder

Chapter 16Chapter 16PsychopathologyPsychopathology What are bipolar and unipolar disorders?What are bipolar and unipolar disorders? Each pole: a different mood stateEach pole: a different mood state At “manic” pole: feelings of “ease, intensity, power, At “manic” pole: feelings of “ease, intensity, power,

well-being, financial omnipotence and euphoria” (Kay well-being, financial omnipotence and euphoria” (Kay Redfield Jamison, 1995, p. 67)Redfield Jamison, 1995, p. 67)

Hypomania: milder form of mania; hard to sustainHypomania: milder form of mania; hard to sustain Mania: unable to function, loss of one’s ability to Mania: unable to function, loss of one’s ability to

maintain rationality, or to complete goal-directed maintain rationality, or to complete goal-directed activity, fear/paranoia set in.activity, fear/paranoia set in.

At the other pole;At the other pole; Depressive states:Depressive states:

Guilt, shame, dreadGuilt, shame, dread Hopelessness, loss of interest and pleasure in lifeHopelessness, loss of interest and pleasure in life Sleeping / eating problems (too little or too much)Sleeping / eating problems (too little or too much) Thoughts of death, dying, suicide; plans or attempts or Thoughts of death, dying, suicide; plans or attempts or

completed suicidecompleted suicide Alternating between Mania and Depression: Bipolar Alternating between Mania and Depression: Bipolar

Disorder (from one pole to the other)Disorder (from one pole to the other)

Chapter 16Chapter 16PsychopathologyPsychopathology What are phobias?What are phobias? An irrational, over exagurated fear of an object, An irrational, over exagurated fear of an object,

event, etcevent, etc What are types of phobias?What are types of phobias? Social phobia:Social phobia: fear of public scrutiny or public fear of public scrutiny or public

judgment, emerges most commonly in judgment, emerges most commonly in adolescenceadolescence Avoid many common social/public Avoid many common social/public

experiencesexperiences Common to use/abuse substances to manage Common to use/abuse substances to manage

fearfear Specific phobia:Specific phobia: irrational fear of some object, irrational fear of some object,

situation, event: bridges, heights, spiderssituation, event: bridges, heights, spiders Blood/injury/injection:Blood/injury/injection: Sight of blood Sight of blood loss of loss of

blood pressureblood pressure, , fainting not uncommon fainting not uncommon Agoraphobia:Agoraphobia: fear of public places, common fear of public places, common

areas, distant placesareas, distant places

Chapter 16Chapter 16PsychopathologyPsychopathology What is “panic disorder”?What is “panic disorder”? sudden onset of full fight/flight symptoms, sudden onset of full fight/flight symptoms,

including …including … feelings of choking, dizziness, lightheadednessfeelings of choking, dizziness, lightheadedness heart pounding, sweating, heart pounding, sweating, dread, “need” to run or escapedread, “need” to run or escape Panic attacks not uncommon in general public!Panic attacks not uncommon in general public!

In panic disorder, one experiences panic In panic disorder, one experiences panic attacks either out of the blue, or unpredictably attacks either out of the blue, or unpredictably in response to certain stressors/eventsin response to certain stressors/events

Attempts to Attempts to avoid any further panic attacksavoid any further panic attacks are hallmark of the disorderare hallmark of the disorder the “fear of fear”the “fear of fear”

Over time, increased attention to symptoms Over time, increased attention to symptoms develops; this increases number of attacksdevelops; this increases number of attacks ““Agoraphobia” then may resultAgoraphobia” then may result

Chapter 16Chapter 16PsychopathologyPsychopathology What is “generalized anxiety What is “generalized anxiety

disorder”?disorder”? Continuous anxious feelingContinuous anxious feeling No real trigger; trivial worries can No real trigger; trivial worries can

intensifyintensify Symptoms: constant sense of dread; Symptoms: constant sense of dread;

gut/intestinal upset; inability to focus; gut/intestinal upset; inability to focus; increased heart rate; excessive increased heart rate; excessive sweating; constant worrysweating; constant worry

Common disorder; around 3% of Common disorder; around 3% of populationpopulation

Chapter 16Chapter 16PsychopathologyPsychopathology What is “obsessive compulsive What is “obsessive compulsive

disorder”?disorder”? Obsessions:Obsessions: unwanted, intrusive unwanted, intrusive

thoughts (“If I step on this crack I will thoughts (“If I step on this crack I will cause my mother to die”)cause my mother to die”)

Compulsions:Compulsions: irresistible urges to irresistible urges to engage in certain behaviors (“I must engage in certain behaviors (“I must repeat this phrase 20 times to keep my repeat this phrase 20 times to keep my mother from dying”)mother from dying”)

Usually, thoughts increase anxiety; Usually, thoughts increase anxiety; compulsions feel as though they will compulsions feel as though they will directly decrease the anxietydirectly decrease the anxiety Typically, compulsions decrease anxiety Typically, compulsions decrease anxiety

only only temporarilytemporarily

Chapter 16Chapter 16PsychopathologyPsychopathology What is “post traumatic stress What is “post traumatic stress

disorder”?disorder”? Diagnosed only after one month has Diagnosed only after one month has

passedpassed Other symptoms: Other symptoms:

increased startle reflex, increased startle reflex, inability to focus/concentrate; inability to focus/concentrate; problems with memory and attention; problems with memory and attention; intense irritability; intense irritability; avoidance of memories of event; avoidance of memories of event; continued problems with flashbacks and continued problems with flashbacks and

nightmaresnightmares

Chapter 16Chapter 16PsychopathologyPsychopathology What is Dissosiative Disorders?What is Dissosiative Disorders? DissociationDissociation:: distancing of the self distancing of the self

from what is occurring; dissociation from what is occurring; dissociation between an on-going event from one’s between an on-going event from one’s sense that one is experiencing it; sense that one is experiencing it; sense of “watching from a distance”sense of “watching from a distance”

What is “dissosiative amnesia”?What is “dissosiative amnesia”? Inability to remember discrete period of Inability to remember discrete period of

one’s life, one’s identity, aspects of one’s life, one’s identity, aspects of one’s biographyone’s biography o orr o one wanders away ne wanders away from home for a time, then suddenly from home for a time, then suddenly “comes back to one’s senses” with no “comes back to one’s senses” with no memory for that period of timememory for that period of time

Chapter 16Chapter 16PsychopathologyPsychopathology

What is “dissosiative identity What is “dissosiative identity disorder”?disorder”?

Two or more distinct Two or more distinct personalities can be identified or personalities can be identified or take action in one’s lifetake action in one’s life

Can differ by gender, age, Can differ by gender, age, interests, etc.interests, etc.