Introduction to Psychology Class 4: The Scientific Method 1 June 15, 2006.
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Transcript of Introduction to Psychology Class 4: The Scientific Method 1 June 15, 2006.
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Introduction to Psychology
Class 4: The Scientific Method 1June 15, 2006
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Do Opposites Really Attract?
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“I’m a Democrat, he’s a Republican. He’s always early for everything, I’m usually running behind. I like drama and romance movies, he likes sci-fi and action. However, we can agree on comedy. He likes gourmet food; I’ll eat anything pretty much. I hate to cook, he’s is of course excellent at it. He is super smart and remembers everything he ever reads or hears, I am average and can barely remember the last book I read. This list can go on forever and ever. Our differences make things interesting and never boring. We do have something in common though; we agree to disagree and neither one of us will ever change.”
- Unknown blogger
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““Opposites attract. That's what everyone says. It's a whole big deal. People who have entirely different personalities somehow magically come together. Without the aid of alcohol I might add. Personally I'm thinking, “No way!”. The biggest opposites in history. Hitler and Mother Theresa. You think Hitler would call Mother Theresa on the phone: “Hi Theresa. Here on my lonesome in my bunker. Thinking of you. What you wearing? No you hang up. No you hang up. No you hang up. You, you, you hang up”
– Jerry Seinfeld
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Addressing the Question Talk to friends and get their points of view
Ask a bunch of random people the question
Talk in-depth to Seinfeld or anonymous woman
Observe people at a party
Look for someone who already has the answer!
Ask many couples to rate their personalities
“Set up” similar/different people
What defines “similar”/“different”?
What defines “attraction”?
S C
I E
N T
I F
I C
OPERATIONALIZE
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The Scientific Method
Be skeptical/critical-minded
Be open-minded and intuitive
Do the background research, find theory/theories
Develop a hypothesis
Quantify variables, collect and analyze data
Describe/predict/explain behavior
Replicate result with different samples
Develop the theory
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Research Designs
DESCRIBE Case Study Naturalistic Observation Survey
PREDICT Correlation
EXPLAIN Experimentation
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Case Study
Qualitative research is a good start
Small sample size (N=1) Relies on observation and
intuition of researcher Positives Personal, not
reductionistic, generates hypotheses, ecological validity
Negatives No conclusion, difficult to test hypotheses and generalize findings
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Naturalistic Observation
Observe subjects in their natural habitats
No attempt to influence or control behavior
Settings: streets, homes, schools, bars, zoos, rural areas
Positives Natural, no contamination, can be quantitative
Negatives Lack of control, experimenter bias
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Types of Scales
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
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Self-reports Wording has effects: 1) Double-barreled questions 2) Demand characteristics
3) Leading questions 4) Embarrassing items
Length and content have effects: 1) Inattentive responses 2) Random/fixed responses
There may be random sampling issues which lead to difficulties in generalization:
1) Non-representativeness 2) Self-selection
Respondents may not have access to information sought by researcher:
1) Explicit 2) Implicit
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Create a questionnaire! Empirical question: Do opposites attract? Limit items per group to 10 Use this scale for non-demographic items
Pool and then select best or most relevant items Rephrase items if necessary to suit this scale Select a presenter for your group Present your 10 items to the class
Disagree very much
Disagree somewhat
Neutral Agree somewhat
Agree very much
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