The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm...

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The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2

Transcript of The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm...

Page 1: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

The History of Psychology

Chapter 1 Section 2

Page 2: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

Where did the scientific method come from?

• Wilhelm Wundt– 1879– Leipzig, Germany– First psychology laboratory – Claims: psychology has 2 elements (sensations and

feelings)– Procedure used: “introspection”– Acknowledged as establishing modern psychology

as a separate, formal field of study

Page 3: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

The Greeks

• 5th & 6th centuries B.C.• Started to study human behavior• gods did not control people’s lives• People’s minds controlled their lives• People were rational

Page 4: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

Dualism

• 1600’s (17th Century)• Mind and body are separate

Page 5: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

Phrenology

• 1800’s (19th century)• Studying the bumps on a person’s head to

figure out their intelligence or personality

Page 6: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

Rene Descartes(1596-1650)

• Mind and body are linked• The mind controls the body’s movements,

sensations, perceptions• Mind & body together create a person’s

experience

Page 7: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

Approaches to the Science of Behavior

Historical Approaches• Structuralism• Functionalism• Inheritable Traits• Gestalt Psychology

Contemporary Approaches• Psychoanalytic Psychology• Behavioral Psychology• Humanistic Psychology• Cognitive Psychology• Biological Psychology• Sociocultural Psychology

Page 8: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

Historical Approaches

• Structuralism• Functionalism• Inheritable Traits• Gestalt Psychology

Page 9: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

Structuralism

• Main person: Wilhelm Wundt

• Study human behavior in a systematic and scientific way

• Interested in the basic elements of the human experience

• Introspection – self observation

• Tried to map out the basic structure of thought processes

Page 10: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

Functionalism

• Main person: William James– Taught the first

psychology class at Harvard (1875)

– “father of psychology”– Wrote: The Principles of

Psychology– Thinking, feeling,

learning, remembering all help us survive as a species

• Focused on the functions/purpose of the mind & functions of behavior

• Study how mental processes help animals & people adapt to their environment

Page 11: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

Inheritable Traits

• Main person: Sir Francis Galton– English

mathematician/scientist– Studied biographies– Encouraged “good”

marriages to fill the world with talented people

– Came up with the first/primitive personality & intelligence tests

• Studies how heredity influences a person’s abilities, character & behavior

• Heredity or environment?

Page 12: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

Gestalt Psychology

• Main people: German psychologists– Mac Wetheimer– Wolfgang Kohler– Kurt Koffka

• Perception is more than the sum of its parts

• “whole pattern” – Gestalt

• Studies how sensations are put together into perceptual experiences

Page 13: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

Contemporary Approaches

• Psychoanalytic Psychology• Behavioral Psychology• Humanistic Psychology• Cognitive Psychology• Biological Psychology• Sociocultural Psychology

Page 14: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

Psychoanalytic Psychology

• Main person: Sigmund Freud– Vienna doctor

• Focused on unconscious mind

• Free association• Dream analysis• most of your feelings

come from a hidden place in your mind called the unconscious.

• We protect ourselves from our real feeling by using defense mechanisms.

Page 15: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

Behavioral Psychology

• Main people: – Ivan Pavlov– John B. Watson – B.F. Skinner

• Behavior as the product of past experiences

• Stressed investigating only observable behavior

• Use of reinforcement to make behavior happen again

Page 16: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

Humanistic Psychology

• Main people: – Abraham Maslow– Carl Rogers– Rollo May

• Human nature evolves & is self directed

• Internal growth• Each person is unique• Each person has a self-

concept & potential to develop fully

• Growth leads to a more satisfying life

Page 17: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

Cognitive Psychology

• Main people: – Jean Piaget– Noam Chomsky– Leon Festinger

• Focus on how we process, store & use information

• How information influences our thinking, language, problem solving, & creativity

• Behavior is influenced by a variety of mental processes (perceptions, memories, expectations)

Page 18: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

Biological Psychology

• Biology impacts our behavior• Study how the brain, nervous system,

hormones & genetics influence our behavior

Page 19: The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory.

Sociocultural Psychology

• Studies the influence of cultural & ethnic similarities/differences on behavior & social functioning

• Culture influences ways of thinking, feeling & behaving

• Looks at gender, socioeconomic status


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