Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches...
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Transcript of Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches...
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
Module 10
Operant & Cognitive Approaches
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
Operant Conditioning– the consequences that follow some behavior increase or
decrease the likelihood of that behavior’s occurrence in the future
– BICOC (behavior is contingent on consequences)– Goal-directed behavior– Goal: increase or decrease the rate of some response– Voluntary/emitted/performed response
• Edward Lee Thorndike (cats in the puzzle box)Law of Effect--behaviors followed by positive consequences
are strengthened, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened
• Burrhus Frederic Skinner (Skinner box/rats)– Invented the Air Crib and a Pigeon-guided missile
Thorndike states a general principle-Skinner explained how it worked and provided a way to measure
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
Skinner Box
• Principles and procedures– Skinner box– automated to record the animal’s bar presses and deliver
food pellets– an efficient way to study how an animal’s ongoing
behaviors may be modified by changing the consequences of what happens after a bar press
– 3 factors in operant conditioning of a rat1. a hungry rat will be more willing to eat the food reward2. operant response: condition the rat to press the bar3. shaping: procedure in which an experimenter
successively reinforces behaviors that lead up to or approximate the desired behavior
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
p215 SKINNER BOX
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONT.)
• Shaping (facing, touching, then pressing the bar)– Facing the bar
• rat is put in box. • when rat finally faces the bar, food pellet is released • rat sniffs the food pellet
– Touching the bar• rat faces and moves towards the bar• another pellet is released. • Rat eats then wanders. Returning to sniff for a pellet,
another pellet is dropped into the cup. Rat places a paw on the bar and another pellet is released.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONT.)
• Shaping– Pressing the bar
• When rat touches bar pellet is released. Rat eats and then puts paws back on bar and gets another pellet. Wait for rat to now push bar then release pellet.
• Rat soon presses bar over and over again to get pellets.
• Rat’s behavior was reinforced as the rat leads up to, or approximates, the desired behavior of bar pressing
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
Virtual Rat
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
Operant conditioning in the classroom
• Hot, hot…cold, cold activity
• Need one volunteer to step out of class for a moment
• Class chooses a behavior• Volunteer returns• Class shapes volunteer’s behavior by stating
“HOT, HOT” or “COLD, COLD”
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONT.)
• Immediate reinforcement– reinforcer should follow immediately after the
desired behavior– if reinforcer is delayed, the animal may be
reinforced for some undesired or superstitious behavior
• Superstitious behavior– behavior that increases in frequency because its
occurrence is accidentally paired with the delivery of a reinforcer
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONT.)
• Examples of operant conditioning– Toilet training, food refusal, increasing study
• target behavior• preparation• reinforcers• shaping
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
REINFORCERS (CONT.)
• Consequences– consequences are contingent on behavior
• Reinforcement– consequence that occurs after a behavior and
increases the chance that the behavior will occur again
• Punishment– consequence that occurs after a behavior and
decreases the chance that the behavior will occur again
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
REINFORCERS (CONT.)
• Reinforcement– Positive reinforcement
• refers to the presentation of a stimulus that increases the probability that a behavior will occur again
– Negative reinforcement• refers to an aversive stimulus whose removal
increases the likelihood that the preceding response will occur again
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
Reinforcement & Punishment
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Negative Punishment
Positive Punishment
1. A child swears and is spanked.
2. A person takes an aspirin to get rid of a headache.
3. A teenager is put on restriction for taking the car without asking.
4. A student studies and gets an A.
Reinforcement = increases behaviorPunishment = decreases behavior
Positive = giving / adding toNegative = taking away
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
Reinforcement = increases behaviorPunishment = decreases behavior
Positive = giving / adding toNegative = taking away
Positive Reinforcement
A
Negative Reinforcement
Aspirin
Negative Punishment
Take-away
Positive Punishment
Spanking
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
REINFORCERS (CONT.)
• Reinforcers– Primary reinforcers
• stimulus such as food, water, or sex, that is innately satisfying and requires no learning on the part of the subject to become pleasurable
– Secondary reinforcers• any stimulus that has acquired its reinforcing
power through experience; secondary reinforcers are learned, such as by being paired with primary reinforcers or other secondary reinforcers (Examples: coupons, money, grades, praise, pizza party, etc.)
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
REINFORCERS (CONT.)
• Punishment– Positive punishment
• refers to presenting an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus after a response
– Negative punishment• refers to removing a reinforcing stimulus after
a response
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
Cognitive Learning
• Cognitive learning– involves mental processes, such as attention and
memory
Albert Bandura (Bobo doll)– children who had watched the film of an adult
modeling aggressive behavior played more aggressively than children who had not seen the film
– learning through observation or imitation
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
COGNITIVE LEARNING
• Three viewpoints of cognitive learning– against: B. F. Skinner– Skinner said, “As far as I’m concerned, cognitive
science is the creationism (downfall) of psychology”.
– in favor: Edward Tolman– explored hidden mental processes– cognitive map: a mental representation in the
brain of the layout of an environment and its features
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
COGNITIVE LEARNING (CONT.)
• Three viewpoints of cognitive learning– in favor: Albert Bandura– Bandura focused on how humans learn through
observing things• Social cognitive learning theory
– results from watching, and modeling and does not require the observer to perform any observable behavior or receive any observable reward
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
COGNITIVE LEARNING (CONT.)
• Four processes: Attention, Memory, Imitation, Motivation– Attention
• observer must pay attention to what the model says or does
– Memory• observer must store or remember the
information so that it can be retrieved and used later
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
COGNITIVE LEARNING (CONT.)
• Bandura’s social cognitive theory• Four processes (cont.)
– Imitation• observer must be able to use the remembered
information to guide his or her own actions and thus imitate the model’s behavior
– Motivation• observer must have some reason or incentive
to imitate the model’s behavior.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
COGNITIVE LEARNING (CONT.)
• Insight learning– Insight
• a mental process marked by the sudden and expected solution to a problem: a phenomenon often called the “ah-ha!” experience.
• Thorndike tried to show cats learned through insight
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
• Definition– Biological factors
• refer to innate tendencies or predispositions that may either facilitate or inhibit certain kinds of learning
– Imprinting• refers to inherited tendencies or responses that
are displayed by newborn animals when they encounter certain stimuli in their environment