Introduction to Plants Mrs. M. Rightler. Earliest Plants Algae Phytoplankton Lived in the sea.
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Transcript of Introduction to Plants Mrs. M. Rightler. Earliest Plants Algae Phytoplankton Lived in the sea.
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Introduction to Plants
Mrs. M. Rightler
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Earliest Plants
AlgaePhytoplanktonLived in the sea
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Problems with life on land
ProblemDrying OutMaking FoodReproduction
Gravity & SupportGetting water &
nutrients
SolutionWaxy cuticle, stomataFormed leavesDevelops spores &
seedsBark (cork) & vesselsRoots & vessels
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Types of Plants
Avascular –Bryophytes–nonseed plants
Tracheophytes–vessels for transport and support
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Mosses & Liverworts: The Bryophytes
First land plantsAVASCULAR = very small500 m.y.a.Must grow in moist environmentsUsed for fuel (peat)
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Reproduction in Bryophytes
Mosses have a protonema (liverworts do not)
Sexual reproduction– Antheridium – makes sperm– Archaegonium – makes eggs
Asexual reproduction– Fragmentation– Formation of gemmae
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Tracheophytes
Vessels– XYLEM = transports water & dissolved
minerals from roots to leaves– PHLOEM = transports sugars from
leaves to rest of plantSpores or seeds for reproduction
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Club Mosses (Lycophyta)
Leaves produce spores– Strobilus = spore-bearing leaves– Prothallus = produces antheridia &
archaegonia
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Horsetails (Sphenophyta)
Jointed stemsReproduction similar to club moss
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Ferns (Pterophyta)
400 m.y.a.Dominant form = sporophyteStructure
– Rhizome = underground stem– Fronds = leaves– Sori = store spores on underside of
fronds
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Gymnosperms
Gymno = “naked” Sperm = “seed”First plants to produce seeds
– No flowers– No fruit
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Why Make Seeds?
Has own food supplyProtective coat against harsh
conditionsSome are designed for travel to new
areas
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Sporophytes produce:
MICROSPORE – Produce male gametophyte– Produce pollen
MEGASPORE– Produce female gametophyte– Produce ovule (makes archaegonia
with egg cells)
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Gymnosperm Reproduction
Pollen grains carried by windLand on ovule, develop pollen tubeSperm move through tube to fertilize egg
– Fertilized egg = ZYGOTE– EMBRYO = young, diploid sporophyte plant – COTYLEDONS = food storage for embryo,
become first leaves
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Why Pollen Instead of Spores?
Plant can live in very dry areasFertilization does not require waterPollen has protective coat and food
supply for sperm
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Why Ovules Instead of Archaegonia?
Protective tissues prevent drying outOvule holds archaegonia and
protects eggs from elements
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Minor Gymnosperm Groups
Cycadophyta (1st in Triassic Era)Ginkgophyta
– Only one species today Ginkgo biloba– Most lived 200 m.y.a.
Gnetophyta – only three genera– Gnetum – house plants– Ephedra – weight loss, allergies & asthma– Welwitschia
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Coniferophyta (largest group)
Needle or scale-like leavesBear seeds in woody conesCan live in very cold climatesMost are evergreensHave wood
– Made of thick-walled vessels (TRACHEIDS)– Tracheids are xylem
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Angiosperms
Angio – “flower” Sperm – “seed”Extremely diverseAll have seeds enclosed in fruit
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Cambium
Any growth tissue in plantsTypes of cambium
– Vascular = produces xylem & phloem– Cork = produces cork (bark)
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Overall Structures [121]
RootsStemsLeavesFlowers
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Roots [124]
Absorb water & nutrientsHold plant in placeRoot types:
– Fibrous– Tap– Prop– Aerial
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Stems [123]
Support leaves & flowersSometimes photosynthesisTransport (contain xylem & phloem)Types
– herbaceous – green & flexible– Woody – stiff, have cork layer, usually
brown
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Leaves [119]
Cuticle = protectionStomata = gas exchange, water loss
(transpiration)Epidermis = protection, colorMesophyll
– Palisade = most PHOTOSYNTHESIS– Spongy = Vascular bundles run through it
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Flowers [131]
Pistils = female reproductive structuresStamens = male reproductive structuresComplete flowers
– Have petals & sepals– Have male and female parts
Incomplete flowers = missing one or more parts
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Types of Angiosperms [115]
Monocots
mono = “one”
cot = “seed leaf”Approx. 60,000
speciesFlowers = multiples
of 3Leaf veins parallel
Dicots
di = “two”
cot = “seed leaf”Approx. 170,000
speciesFlowers = multiples
of 4 or 5Leaf veins branching
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Plant Tropisms
Tropism = plant response to external stimulus– Positive: plant moves toward stimulus– Negative: plant moves away from stimulus
Types:– Phototropism = light– Gravitropism = gravity– Thigmotropism = touch
(nastic movement – direction does not matter)
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Plant Hormones
Hormone – chemical produced in one part of an organism that has an effect on a different part of the organism
Types– Auxins – regulate growth– Gibberellins – speeds growth, germination– Abscisic acid – dormancy, close stomata,
stress– Ethylene – ripens fruit