Non-indigenous phytoplankton species in the North Sea: supposed
Contents · Table 1: Toxic phytoplankton species and associated toxins Phytoplankton Species Marine...
Transcript of Contents · Table 1: Toxic phytoplankton species and associated toxins Phytoplankton Species Marine...
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Contents Genus Identification ................................................................................................................................ 2
Dinoflagellates: Species Identification .................................................................................................... 3
Alexandrium catenella ............................................................................................................................ 3
Karenia cristata (Gymnodinium mikimotoi) ............................................................................................ 4
Dinophysis acuta ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Dinophysis acuminata ............................................................................................................................. 6
Dinophysis fortii ...................................................................................................................................... 7
Dinophysis hastate .................................................................................................................................. 8
Dinophysis tripos ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Dinophysis rotundata ............................................................................................................................ 10
Gonyaulax spinifera .............................................................................................................................. 11
Protoceratium reticulatum (Gonyaulax grindleyi) ................................................................................ 12
Pennate Diatoms: Species Identification .............................................................................................. 13
Pseudo-nitzschia australis ..................................................................................................................... 13
Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries ................................................................................................................. 14
Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima .............................................................................................................. 15
References ............................................................................................................................................ 17
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Table 1: Toxic phytoplankton species and associated toxins
Phytoplankton Species Marine Biotoxin
Dinoflagellate
Alexandrium catenella Karenia cristata
Paralytic Shellfish Toxin (PST)
Dinophysis acuta Dinophysis acuminate Dinophysis fortii Dinophysis hastate Dinophysis tripos Dinophysis rotundata
Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxin (DST )
Gonyaulax spinifera Gonyaulax grindleyi (Protoceratium reticulatum)
Yessotoxin (YTX)
Pennate Diatom
Pseudo-nitzschia australis Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima
Amnesic Shellfish Toxin (AST)
Genus Identification
Dinoflagellate
Two dimorphic flagella and a permanent fingerprint like nucleus as well as a theca (cell covering).
Genus: Alexandrium
Armoured. Cells typical spherical to hemispherical to oval to slightly biconical, but without horns or
spines. Descending median cingulum without overhang or contortion, displaced 1-1.5 girdle widths.
Surface markings include pores, reticulae and vermiculae. Thecae can be delicate, thin and delicate
to rugose
Genus: Karenia
Unarmoured. Single cell or chain forming. Cingulum usually equatorial or premedian with or without
descending displacement (Left Handed). If displaced, less than one fifth of body length. Colour
green, yellow, brown or pink.
Genus: Dinophysis
Distinctive funnel shaped anterior cingular list. Apical pore formed by two apical plates
Genus: Gonyaulax
Armoured. Cells sub-spherical to biconical to fusiform with a descending cingulum up to six cingulum
widths, with or without cingulum overhang. Theca varies in thickness and surface markings
Pennate Diatom Unicellular, often in colonies. Siliceous wall and organic layer. No flagella present in adult phase
Genus: Pseudo-nitzschia
Cells usually in chains. Cells united by overlap of valve ends into stepped chains
Dinoflagellates
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Dinoflagellates: Species Identification
Alexandrium catenella
Figure 1: Light microscope image of Alexandrium catenella
Distinguishing features:
Chain forming species of 2-8 cells
Cells globally, slightly wider than long
Antapex slightly concave
Apex slightly convex
Armoured.
Cells typical spherical to hemispherical to oval to slightly biconical
Descending median cingulum without overhang or contortion, displaced 1-1.5 girdle widths
Surface markings include pores, reticulae and vermiculae
Figure 2: Electron microscope image of Alexandrium catenella
Figure 3: Line drawing of Alexandrium catenella
Cingulum
Apex
Antapex
Dinoflagellates
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Karenia cristata (Gymnodinium mikimotoi)
Figure 4: Light microscope image of Karenia cristata
Distinguishing features:
Small, broadly oval cell that is dorsoventrally compressed
Hypotheca exceeds epitheca
Epitheca is broadly rounded and hypotheca is notched and slightly biloded.
Sulcus slightly invades epitheca
Figure 5: Electron microscope image of Karenia cristata
Figure 6: Line drawing of Karenia cristata
Dinoflagellates
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Dinophysis acuta
Figure 7: Light microscope image of Dinophysis acuta
Distinguishing features:
Large, robust cell with a rounded dorsal curvature
V-shaped
Left sulcal list extend about two-thirds of the body length
Figure 8: Electron microscope image of Dinophysis acuta
Figure 9: Line drawing of Dinophysis acuta
Sulcal list
Dinoflagellates
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Dinophysis acuminata
Figure 10: Light microscope image of Dinophysis acuminate
Distinguishing features:
Cell oval
Left sulcal list is well developed and extend beyond the midpoint of the cell
Nucleus
Posterior profile of hypotheca is rounded
Figure 11: Electron microscope image of Dinophysis acuminate
Figure 12: Line drawing of Dinophysis acuminate
Dinoflagellates
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Dinophysis fortii
Figure 13: Light microscope image of Dinophysis fortii
Distinguishing features:
Cells are broadly sub-ovoid shapes
Nucleus
Cell widest posteriorly
Surface of the valves have deep poroids, each with a pore
Left sulcul list well developed
Figure 14: Electron microscope image of Dinophysis fortii
Figure 15: Line drawing of Dinophysis fortii
Dinoflagellates
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Dinophysis hastate
Distinguishing features:
Medium sized cell
Curved posterior spine
Surface marking of depression with scattered pores
Dinoflagellates
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Dinophysis tripos
Figure 16: Light microscope image of Dinophysis tripos
Distinguishing features:
Large cell with two posterior V-shaped
One extends almost the length of the main body
The other is short and dorsal
Figure 17: Electron microscope image of Dinophysis tripos
Figure 18: Line drawing of Dinophysis tripos
Dinoflagellates
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Dinophysis rotundata
Figure 19: Light microscope image of Dinophysis rotundata
Distinguishing features:
Cells are asymmetrically rounded to oval
Ephitheca is low and fairly evenly rounded and convex
Sulcul lists extend about half the total length
Anterior and posterior are narrow and lack any bridges
Nucleus
Figure 20: Electron microscope image of Dinophysis rotundata
Dinoflagellates
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Gonyaulax spinifera
Figure 21: Light microscope image of Gonyaulax spinifera
Distinguishing features:
Cells elongated
Hyphotheca bearing two antapical spines
Epitheca with convex sides leading into an apical horn
Figure 22: Electron microscope image of Gonyaulax spinifera
Figure 23: Line drawing of Gonyaulax spinifera
Hypotheca
Epitheca
Antapical spines
Dinoflagellates
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Protoceratium reticulatum (Gonyaulax grindleyi)
Figure 24: Light microscope image of Protoceratium reticulatum
Distinguishing features:
Polyhedral shaped cell
Prominent reticulations that obscure plates unless disassociates
Figure 25: Electron microscope image of Protoceratium reticulatum
Figure 26: Line drawing of Protoceratium reticulatum
Pennate Diatoms
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Pennate Diatoms: Species Identification
Pseudo-nitzschia australis
Figure 27: Light microscope image of Pseudo-nitzschia australis
Distinguishing features:
Cells very wide
Cells joined at tips (overlap is ¼ of cell)
Two chromatophores are present
Figure 28: Electron microscope image of Pseudo-nitzschia australis
Figure 29: Line drawing of Pseudo-nitzschia australis
Pennate Diatoms
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Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries
Figure 30: Light microscope image of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries
Distinguishing features:
Two chromatophores present
Cells tipsoverlap with 1/3 of the cell
Striations visible with light microscope
Figure 31: Electron microscope image of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries
Figure 32: Line drawing of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries
Pennate Diatoms
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Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima
Figure 33: Light microscope image of Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima
Distinguishing features:
Cells joined in short chains tip to tip
Cells not very wide
Two chromatophores are present
Striations not visible with light microscope
Figure 34: Electron microscope image of Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima
Casual species
Coscinodiscus spp
Cheatoceros
Scrippsiella
Pennate Diatoms
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Thalassionema
Ceratium
Skeletonema
Thalassiosira spp
Rhizosolenia spp
Asterionella
Dictyocha
Licmophora
Ditylum spp
Protoperidinium spp
Prorocentrum spp
Gyrodinium spp
Gyrodinium spp
Biddulphia spp
Eutreptiella spp
Melosira sp
Peridinium
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References
Botes L. April 2001.Phytoplankton Identification Catalogue. Saldanha Bay, South Africa. P 37, 38, 43,
45&52.
Hasle G.R, Steidinger K.A, Syvertsen E.E, Jangen K, Throndsen J & Heimdal B.R, 1997. Academic Press
limited. Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. San Diego. P 426
Hallegraeff G.M, Anderso D.M & Cembella A.D. 2003. Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae.
UNESCO Publishing. France. P 424.