Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical...

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Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke

Transcript of Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical...

Page 1: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.

Introduction to Pharmacology

By Jim Clarke

Page 2: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.

Drug Naming

Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature)

Code Name - short letter-number combination used for experimental drugs

Generic Name - a name assigned to drug that can be used by anyone (not proprietary)

Trade Name - Proprietary name given to the drug by the manufacturer

Page 3: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.

Sources of Drug Information BNF- “official” drug bible - not used in clinical

practice except by pharmacists PDR - prepared by drug manufacturers. Is widely

available but not always thorough Facts & Comparisons Merck Manual - does not contain all drugs but is

very clinically oriented Various Drug “Handbooks”

Page 4: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.

Steps in Drug Approval Process

Isolation or development of new chemical Animal studies Investigational New Drug approval process

• Phase 1 - small numbers; healthy individuals• Phase 2 - small numbers; subjects with disease• Phase 3 - large multicenter clinical trials

New Drug Application

Page 5: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.

Abbreviations Used in Prescriptions b.i.d.; cc; c ; gtt; h.s.; p; p.o.; p.r.n.; q; qh;

q1h; q2h; q3h; q4h; q.i.d.; Px; Rx; s; ss; t.i.d.; Tx

Page 6: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.

Drug dosage forms

Oral Injectable (parenteral)

• Subcutaneous

• Intramuscular

• Intravenous

• Spinal

Topical Inhalational

Page 7: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.

Examples of Drugs Forms

Oral• Tablet; Capsule; Pill; Liquid

Injection• liquid

Topical• Paste; Suppositories; Ointment; Powder

Inhalational• Gas; liquid aerosol; dry powder aerosol

Page 8: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.

Metabolism of Drugs

Processes by which are transformed and deactivated• Site of drug biotransformation

• Liver - First- Pass effect in the liver

• Genetic differences exist in rates of metabolism

Page 9: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.

Example of First Pass Effect

Page 10: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.

Elimination of Drug Metabolites

By the Kidney- in the urine

Page 11: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.

Concept of “Half-Life”

Time required to metobolize 1/2 of the original dose of the drug

Use of this terms helps in determining how long a drug will remain in the body

Page 12: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.

Concept of Critical Threshold

Defined as the minimum level of drug concentration needed for the desired therapeutic effect to be present.

Page 13: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.

Other Dose-related Terms

Maximal Effect: greatest response that can be produced by a drug, above which no further response can be created (sometimes called “peak effect”

Onset: how long before a drug is able to exert a therapeutic effect

Duration: how long a drug effect lasts

Page 14: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.

Agonists and Antagonists An agonist causes a particular effect by

binding to the correct “receptor”

Page 15: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.

What is an “antagonist”?

An agent that blocks are reverses the actions of another medication

Page 16: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.

Activity Pick a commonly used drug Find out the following: How it is classified What it is used for How it is made Route of administration Side effects availability