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Transcript of Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical...
![Page 1: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649edd5503460f94bedb72/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Pharmacology
By Jim Clarke
![Page 2: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649edd5503460f94bedb72/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Drug Naming
Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature)
Code Name - short letter-number combination used for experimental drugs
Generic Name - a name assigned to drug that can be used by anyone (not proprietary)
Trade Name - Proprietary name given to the drug by the manufacturer
![Page 3: Introduction to Pharmacology By Jim Clarke. Drug Naming w Chemical Name - describe chemical structure (rarely seen in medical literature) w Code Name.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649edd5503460f94bedb72/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Sources of Drug Information BNF- “official” drug bible - not used in clinical
practice except by pharmacists PDR - prepared by drug manufacturers. Is widely
available but not always thorough Facts & Comparisons Merck Manual - does not contain all drugs but is
very clinically oriented Various Drug “Handbooks”
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Steps in Drug Approval Process
Isolation or development of new chemical Animal studies Investigational New Drug approval process
• Phase 1 - small numbers; healthy individuals• Phase 2 - small numbers; subjects with disease• Phase 3 - large multicenter clinical trials
New Drug Application
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Abbreviations Used in Prescriptions b.i.d.; cc; c ; gtt; h.s.; p; p.o.; p.r.n.; q; qh;
q1h; q2h; q3h; q4h; q.i.d.; Px; Rx; s; ss; t.i.d.; Tx
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Drug dosage forms
Oral Injectable (parenteral)
• Subcutaneous
• Intramuscular
• Intravenous
• Spinal
Topical Inhalational
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Examples of Drugs Forms
Oral• Tablet; Capsule; Pill; Liquid
Injection• liquid
Topical• Paste; Suppositories; Ointment; Powder
Inhalational• Gas; liquid aerosol; dry powder aerosol
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Metabolism of Drugs
Processes by which are transformed and deactivated• Site of drug biotransformation
• Liver - First- Pass effect in the liver
• Genetic differences exist in rates of metabolism
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Example of First Pass Effect
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Elimination of Drug Metabolites
By the Kidney- in the urine
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Concept of “Half-Life”
Time required to metobolize 1/2 of the original dose of the drug
Use of this terms helps in determining how long a drug will remain in the body
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Concept of Critical Threshold
Defined as the minimum level of drug concentration needed for the desired therapeutic effect to be present.
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Other Dose-related Terms
Maximal Effect: greatest response that can be produced by a drug, above which no further response can be created (sometimes called “peak effect”
Onset: how long before a drug is able to exert a therapeutic effect
Duration: how long a drug effect lasts
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Agonists and Antagonists An agonist causes a particular effect by
binding to the correct “receptor”
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What is an “antagonist”?
An agent that blocks are reverses the actions of another medication
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Activity Pick a commonly used drug Find out the following: How it is classified What it is used for How it is made Route of administration Side effects availability