Introduction to pharmacology

Outline

• Introduction• Drugs sources • Drug preparation • Routes of administration• Common ocular medications

IntroductionPharmacology is the study of drugs and their effects on life processes

Pharmacodynamics Pharmacokinetics

• is concerned with the processes that determine the concentration of drugs in body fluids and tissues over time, including drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation (metabolism) , and excretion .

• is the study of the actions of drugs on target organs

Pharmacotherapeutics• Pharmacotherapeutics is the medical science concerned

with the use of drugs in the treatment of disease.

• Clinical pharmacology is the study of drugs in human patients• Toxicology is the study of harmful rather than therapeutic effects• Pharmacy involves manufacture, preparation, and dispensing of drugs

• Pharmacoepidemiology investigates the effects of drugs on populations• Pharmacoeconomics examines the cost-effectiveness of drug treatments• Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics study the influence of genetic

variation on pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs

DRUG SOURCES

Natural Sources of Drugs Synthetic drugs

• Plants= alkaloids • Microbes= antibiotics • Animal tissues= hormones• Minerals= lithium compounds

• Synthesized from naturally occurring drugs

Drug PreparationsCrude Drug Preparations Pure Drug Compounds

Pharmaceutical Preparations

• Tablets and capsule• Solutions and suspensions• Aerosols• Ointments, creams, lotions and suppositories

Morphine extract

Routes of administrationEnteral Administration

• Sublingual , • Buccal • Oral • Rectal routes

Parenteral Administration

• Intravenous• Intramuscular• Subcutaneous

Transdermal Administration Inhalational Administration

Topical Administration

Drug namesChemical name

Generic name

Brand name

Common ocular medications

Anaesthetic agents

Dyes

Anti infective

Anti-inflammatory agents

Mydriatics and cycloplegics

Glaucoma medications

Decongestant,vasoconstrictive and anti-allergy agents

Lubricating medications

Summary

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