Introduction to Particle Physics

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Introduction to Introduction to Particle Physics Particle Physics How to compute the Universe?

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Introduction to Particle Physics. How to compute the Universe?. What do we study?. How did we get from here… … to here?. So, how did we get from particles to galaxies?. Brief history of the Universe. Thus, we have to understand what our world is made of…. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Introduction to Particle Physics

Page 1: Introduction to Particle Physics

Introduction to Particle PhysicsIntroduction to Particle Physics

How to compute the Universe?

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What do we study?What do we study?

How did we get from here… … to here?

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So, how So, how diddid we get from we get from particles to galaxies?particles to galaxies?

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Brief history of the Universe

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Thus, we have to understand Thus, we have to understand what our world is made of…what our world is made of…

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What is the world made of?What is the world made of?

Fire Water Earth Air… that is, according to

the Greeks!

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Modern understanding: the ``onion’’ pictureModern understanding: the ``onion’’ picture

Let’s see what’s inside!

Nucleus

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Modern understanding: the ``onion’’ pictureModern understanding: the ``onion’’ picture

Let’s see what’s inside!

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Modern understanding: the ``onion’’ pictureModern understanding: the ``onion’’ picture

Let’s see what’s inside!

Mesons and baryons

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Modern understanding: the ``onion’’ pictureModern understanding: the ``onion’’ picture

Let’s see what’s inside!

Quarks and gluons

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Modern understanding: the ``onion’’ pictureModern understanding: the ``onion’’ picture

… so the answer depends on the energy scale!

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Aside: units used in particle physicsAside: units used in particle physics

Energy: electron-volt: 1 eV = 1.6x10-19 J (energy that an electron gains going through a potential difference of 1 Volt)

E = mc2, so set c=1! natural units

Mass: electron-volt

proton mass mp = 938.27 MeV

Momentum: electron-volt

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… … same thing about the interactionssame thing about the interactions

The answer depends on the energy scale….

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Unification of forcesUnification of forces

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The The Standard ModelStandard Model of Elementary of Elementary Particle PhysicsParticle Physics

``Periodic table’’ of matter Interactions: electromagnetic, weak, strong, (gravity)…

Contains 26 parameters: needs experimental inputneeds experimental input

+ Higgs particle

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Open questionsOpen questions

Higgs particle is not (yet) discovered mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking Standard Model does not have ``enough’’ asymmetry

between particles and antiparticles to create the Universe as we know it

CP-violation and baryonogenesis New Physics beyond the Standard Model?

supersymmetry, strings, extra dimensions…

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Example: What is CP(T)?Example: What is CP(T)?

Classical mechanics is invariant under C,P, and T!

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Classical Field Theory: E&MClassical Field Theory: E&M

Maxwell’s equations are invariant under C,P, and T!

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Why do we want to study CP-violation?Why do we want to study CP-violation?

Baryon (and lepton) number - violating processes to generategenerate asymmetry

Universe that evolves out of thermal equilibrium to keepkeep asymmetry from being washed outbeing washed out Microscopic CP-violation to keepkeep asymmetry from being washed outbeing washed out

Matter-antimatter imbalance in the Universe

A.D. Sakharov

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How to observe CP-violation?How to observe CP-violation?I. Intrinsic particle properties

electric dipole moments:

Low energy strong interaction effects might complicate predictions!

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II. Transitional particle properties

Low energy strong interaction effects complicate predictions!

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Why study B-physics?Why study B-physics?

Possibility to control strong interactions• controllable theoretical expansions

New Physics sensitivity• new physics contributions destroy SM relations

``B-factories’’ are hunting for signs of CP-violation in the decays of B-mesons

Example: CKM unitarity:

VVud ud VVubub** + V + Vcd cd VVcbcb

** + V+ Vtd td VVtbtb

**= 0= 0

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Experimental methodsExperimental methods

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Experimental methods IIExperimental methods II

Threshold (e+ e-) B-factories (CLEO, BaBar, Belle)

Hadronic (pp) machines (CDF, D0, B-Tev, LHCb) ep-machines (HERA at DESY)

Theoretical predictions can be tested experimentally!

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Experimental FacilitiesExperimental Facilities

Cornell University SLAC

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Experimental Facilities IIExperimental Facilities II

KEK (Japan)

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Experimental Facilities IIIExperimental Facilities III

FermiLab (Batavia, IL)

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Research in Particle PhysicsResearch in Particle Physics

TheoryTheory

Alexey Petrov William Rolnick

ExperimentExperiment

Giovanni Bonvichini David Cinabro Robert Harr Paul Karchin Stephen Takach

… as well as postdoctoral research associates and graduate students

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Conclusions?Conclusions? What the particle physics is Why we study particles How we study particles

Further questions? Prof. Alexey A Petrov Physics Research, Rm. 260 [email protected]