Introduction to Optoelectronicssburns/EE1001Fall2015/EE1001... · 2018. 8. 22. · Introduction to...
Transcript of Introduction to Optoelectronicssburns/EE1001Fall2015/EE1001... · 2018. 8. 22. · Introduction to...
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Introduction to
Optoelectronic Devices
Dr. Jing Bai
Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Minnesota Duluth
October 8th, 2015
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Outline
What is the optoelectronics?
Optics and electronics
Major optoelectronic devices
Current trend on optoelectronic
devices
Nanoscale optoelectronic devices
My research on optoelectronics
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What Did the Word “Opto-
Electronics” Mean?
Optoelectronics is the study and application of
electronic devices that interact with light
Electronics
(electrons)
Optics
(light or photons)
Optoelectronics
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What is optics
Behaviors and properties of light
Visible , ultraviolet and infrared light
Light is an electromagnetic wave
Light is also treated as particle-like energy-packet, or
“photons”
Applications include visual assistance, imaging and optical
communication
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What is electronics
Electronic circuits including analog circuits and digital
circuits
Electronic components, such as transistors, diodes, and
integrated circuits (ICs), interconnectors
Most electronic devices are made by semiconductor materials
for electron control
Applications include information processing, signal
processing and telecommunication
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Examples of Optoelectronic Devices
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Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Light-emitting diode (LED) is a
semiconductor diode that emits
incoherent light over relatively wide
spectral range when electrically
biased in the forward direction of the
p-n junction.
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Semiconductor Materials vs.
LED Color
General Brightness
GaP GaN GaAs GaAIAs --
Green, Red Blue Red, Infrared Red, Infrared --
Super Brightness
GaAIAs GaAsP GaN InGaN GaP
Red Red, Yellow Blue Green Green
Ultra Brightness
GaAIAs InGaAIP GaN InGaN --
Red Red, Yellow, Orange Blue Green --
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Laser Cavity Design
GaAs N+
GaAs P+
CurrentTotal reflector Partial reflector
Electrodes
Laser cavity design:
• Laser medium is similar to LEDs,
• Extra components a in laser cavity are the mirrors at two facing planes (facets) for
lasing mode selection.
• The laser light is monochromatic and coherent due to the mode selection in the
cavity design
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Photo Diodes (PDs)
A photodiode is a semiconductor diode that functions as a
photodetector. It is a p-n junction or p-i-n structure. When a
photon of sufficient energy strikes the diode, it excites an
electron thereby creating a mobile electron and a positively
charged electron hole
PD symbol:
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Solar Cells (Photovoltaics)
Solar Energy • Free
• Essentially Unlimited
• Not Localized
Solar Cells
• Direct Conversion of Sunlight Electricity
• No Pollution
• No Release of Greenhouse-effect Gases
• No Waste or Heat Disposal Problems
• No Noise Pollution — very few or no moving parts
• No transmission losses — on-Site Installation
Why solar cells?
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Residential and Commercial Applications
Challenges:
cost reduction via: a) economy of scales b) building integration and
c) high efficiency cells
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Solar Energy Spectrum
Spectrum of the solar energy
Solar radiation outside
the earth’s surface:
1.35 kW/m2, 6500 times
larger than world’s
energy demand
AM0: radiation above the earth’s atmosphere
AM1.5: radiation at the earth’s surface
Blackbody radiation: ideal radiation
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Trends in optoelectronic devices
Ultra-short, high power mid-infrared light sources
Low cost, easy fabricated materials
Compact multi-wavelength laser sources
Less expensive and high efficiency photovoltaic
devices
Molecular and biomedical optoelectronics
— nanoscale optoelectronic devices
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How Small Is The Nano-Scale?
A human hair is 50,000 – 80,000 nanometers wide and grows ~10 nm every second (~600 nm every minute)
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Semiconductor Nanostructures
Quantum dots
Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)
Quantum wells Nanowire
Buckyball
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Quantum Cascade Lasers MIR Light Emission
50.0
UV (FIR)VIS NIR
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
3.0
2.0
1.5
0.7
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Wave L
en
gth
(µ
m)
MIR (3~30 µm)
Part of the SpectrumSun
The wavelength of quantum cascades laser lies in
the mid-Infrared (MIR) region (3~30 µm)
Many chemical gases have strong absorption in
mid-infrared region, such as CO,NH3,, NO, SO2,, etc.
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Applications of QCL
Environmental sensing and pollution monitoring
Automotive
– Combustion control, catalytic converter diagnostics
– Collision avoidance radar, cruise control
Medical applications
– Breath analysis; early detection of ulcers, lung cancer, etc
QCL for gas detection
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Challenges in QCL design
• Identify various physics interplaying in the QCL cavity and their
effects on pulse propagation
• Design Lasing medium for ultra-short, stable, high power MIR
pulse generation for environmental control and biomedical sensing
QCL lasing medium
Time
Power
Input picosecond MIR pulse Output pulse
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Quantum-Dot Solar Cells
Au grid bar
p+ GaAs substrate
100 nm p GaAs
100 nm n GaAs
30 nm n GaInP
200 nm n+ GaAs
Au contact
Si: GaAs
Si: GaAs
Si: GaAs
Si: GaAs0.5 µm intrinsic
region containing
50 layers of
quantum dot layers
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Plasmonic Solar Cells
H. A. Atwater and A. Polman, Nature Materials, Vol 9, March 2010
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Laser-Based Heart-Beat Detection
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System Setup
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• Tested with various heart beat pattern and breathing
• Implemented in Medical School at UMD
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Testing Results
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• Sampling rate is at 1000 Hz
• From above result we can see LBS gives more information in the low frequency
• Frequency spectrum 0-250 Hz, peak 100 Hz, 220 Hz
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My Contact Information
Email: [email protected]
Telephone: (218)726-8606
Office: MWAH 255
URL: http://www.d.umn.edu/~jingbai/