INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY
description
Transcript of INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY
![Page 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY
![Page 2: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Definition
•Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body.
![Page 3: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Anatomical Position
• The body is standing upright ,with the eyes looking forward in a horizontal plane (Frankfurt plane) , the two upper limbs hanging beside with the palms looking forwards and the two lower limbs beside each other.
![Page 4: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ANATOMICAL PLANES
• Sagittal plane is vertical plane that passes through the body from front to back.
• The median or midsagittal plane is the vertical plane that divides the body into right
and left halves.
• Coronal plane is vertical plane which pass through the body from side to side.
• Horizontal (transverse) plane is parallel to the floor.
![Page 5: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Superior view of the skull
![Page 8: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
METHODS OF STUDYING ANATOMY
(1 )Systematic anatomy: is studying the different body systems.
(2) Topographical or regional anatomy: is studying anatomy of the body region by region.
![Page 9: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Regions of the human body
I- Head and neck
II- Trunk is divided into:
1. Thorax
2. Abdomen
3. Pelvis
4. Perineum
III- limbs:
1. upper limb
2. lower limb
![Page 10: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
TERMS OF POSITION
![Page 11: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
TERMS OF POSITION 1.Superior: means nearer to the head. 2.Inferior: means farer from the head or
nearer to the feet.3.Anterior: means nearer to the front of
the body. 4.Posterior: means nearer to the back of
the body.5.Medial: means toward or nearer the
midline of the body. 6.Lateral: means away from the midline
or toward the side of the body.
![Page 13: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Lateral
Medial
AnteriorPosterior
Superior
Inferior
Paramedian plane
Median sagittal plane
![Page 14: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
7- Proximal (A) means nearer to the root of the limb. 8- Distal (B) means further away from the root of the limb. .
A
B
![Page 15: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
9- Superficial (A): means closer to the surface of the body(nearer to the skin).
10- Deep (B):
farther away from the skin.
A
B
![Page 16: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Flexion: bending anteriorly (approximation of the two anterior surfaces of the bone forming the joint). Extension: straightening or bending posteriorly (approximation of the two posterior surfaces of the bone forming the joint).
![Page 17: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
flexion
flexion
flexion
flexion
flexion
extension
extension
extension
extension
extension
Flexion and extension of the upper limb at shoulder joint and lower limb at hip joint
Flexion and extension of the forearm at elbow joint and of leg at knee joint
Flexion and extension of vertebral column at intervertebral joints
![Page 18: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
flexion
flexion extension
extension
Flexion and extension of hand at the wrist joint
Flexion and extension of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and the interphalangeal joint
flexion
extension
Flexion and extension of the thumb
![Page 19: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• abduction: movement away from the median plane
• Adduction: movement toward the median plane
adduction
adduction
abduction
abduction
Abduction of the middle finger
Abduction and adduction of the fingers
abduction adduction
Adduction and abduction of the thumb
Lateral abductionMedial abduction
![Page 20: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Circumduction: is a circular movement
![Page 21: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
STRUCTURES MET IN DISSECTION
•Skin.•Superficial fascia •Deep fascia •Muscles.•Blood vessels.•Lymph vessels and lymph glands.•Nerves.•Bones
![Page 22: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
skin
Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
Muscles
Bones
Blood vessels
nerves
STRUCTURES MET IN DISSECTION
![Page 23: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
SKIN
![Page 24: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Skin is the outer covering layer of the body.
• The skin consists of two layers:
• (a) Superficial or outer layer called the epidermis.
• (b) Deeper or inner layer called the
dermis.
SKIN
![Page 25: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Skin appendages
![Page 27: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
1. Hair.2. Nails3. Sebaceous glands4. Sweat glands
Skin appendages
![Page 28: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Skin and skin appendages
![Page 29: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Functions of skin
1. Covers and protect the underlying structure.
2. Regulation of body temperature.
3. Excretion of waste products.
![Page 30: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• Definition:• It’s a fibro fatty layer that lies directly under
the skin.
Contents: • cutaneous nerves• Superficial blood vessels • Lymphatics• Parts of sweat glands and hair follicles.• In some regions the superficial fascia may contain
superficial muscles and mammary gland(pectoral region)
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
![Page 31: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Definition :It’s a membranous layer that lies underneath the superficial fascia
Deep fascia
Functions of deep fascia:
1-the investing deep fascia: it’s the third envelope of the body.
2-Capsule: it envelopes some organs forming their capsules.
![Page 33: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
3-Muscle sheath: it envelopes muscles forming their sheath and sends septa between muscles forming Intermuscular septa or septa between the muscles.
4-It envelopes blood vessels and nerves forming their sheathes.
5-It envelopes bones forming the periosteum.
6-In some regions of the body, the deep fascia forms thick bands called retinacula as flexor and extensor retinacula of the wrist.
![Page 34: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
DEEP FASCIA
![Page 35: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
TYPESa. Smooth muscle tissue makes up the
muscular portion of the various visceral organs (stomach, blood vessels, etc.).
b. Cardiac muscle tissue makes up the muscular wall of the heart- the myocardium.
c. Skeletal muscles: attached to and moves bones
Definition:
Muscles are the red flesh of the body and forms nearly half of the body weight
MUSCLES
![Page 36: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Functions of the muscles• They produce movements
Parts of skeletal muscles
• The larger contractile part is called the belly
• The fibrous part in the form of cord like structure in fusiform muscles called a tendon or flattened part called aponurosis in flat muscles
![Page 37: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Skeletal muscle forms
![Page 38: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
(1)parallel: includes the following forms:
(a) Quadrilateral muscles: as the Thyrohyoid
(b) Fusiform muscles as biceps.
(c) Strap-like as Sartorius
Forms of skeletal muscles
![Page 39: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Quadrilateral
strap Strap with tendinous intersections
fusiform
![Page 40: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
(2)Triangular
The fibers are convergent e. g., the Temporalis.
Triangular
![Page 41: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
(3) Pennate The fibers are oblique and converge:(a) unipennate :as palmar interossi(b) bipennate : as the Rectus femoris. (c) multipennate as deltoid muscle.(d) circumpennate as flexor policis longus muscle.
![Page 42: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
unipennate
RadialBipennate Multi-pennate
![Page 43: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The human skeleton:
• The human skeleton consists of a series of bones articulated together to form joints.
• The human skeleton is divided into:
1 .Axial skeleton
2 .Appendicular skeleton
![Page 44: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
THE AXIAL SKELETON:
It includes: 1. skull, 2. vertebral column (spine), 3. Ribs and sternum.
NB: The thoracic cage includes ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae.
![Page 46: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The Skull
![Page 47: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Vertebral Column
![Page 48: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
![Page 49: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
FUNCTIONS OF BONES: (a) Bodily Support: provides a framework for the
human body.
(b) Protection protects certain soft structures within the human body. An example is the skull, which surrounds the brain and the thoracic
cage which protect the heart and lungs. .
(c) Motion Muscles are attached to and move the bones .
(d) Formation of Blood Cells )Hematopoiesis( .
(e )Storage for salts (e.g., calcium) .
![Page 54: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Long bone short bone flat bone irregular bone pneumatic bone (femur) (tarsal bones) (scapula) ( hip bone) (paranasal sinuses)
I- According to the shape
TYPES OF BONES
![Page 55: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
According to the shape:1. Long Bones. Each bone has two ends and a shaft
Example: femur and humerus .2. Short Bones. Example: carpal and tarsal bones.3. Flat Bones. The flat bones are constructed with two
plates of compact bone, which enclose between them a layer of spongy bone. The spongy bone is richly supplied with blood vessels and red marrow. Example: the scapula and the cranial bones.
4. Irregular Bones. The irregular bones are those that do not fit into the three categories above. Example: a vertebra.
5. Pneumatic Bones: it has multiple air filled spaces Example: para nasal sinuses.
![Page 56: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
JointsDefinition: A joint, or articulation, is the location where two or more bones meet
Classification
(a )Fibrous Joints
(b )Cartilagenous Joints
(c )Synovial Joints
I- Fibrous Joints
Here the bones are connected together by a fibrous tissue and there’s no movement. Ex: sutures
![Page 57: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
• Here the bones are bounded together by intervening cartilage and permit a limited degree of movement.
• They are of two types:
(1)Primary (Synchondrosis)
(2)Secondary (Symphysis).
II Cartilagenous Joints
![Page 58: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Cartilaginous joint: Synchondrosis Epiphysis (end of long bone)
Diaphysis (Shaft) of long bone
Epiphyseal plate of hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal plate (growth plate) allows for growth of bone in longitudinal axis. Plates found in children; Diaphysis and epiphysis fused after teen years (no
more growth plate).
Synchondrosis: Bones joined by hyaline cartilage in children; no
movement of bones
Upper epiphysis
diaphysis
Epiphyseal plate
Lower epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
)1 (Primary (fibrocartilagenous) joint
• A fibrocartilaginous joint is a joint in which the bones are held together by a hyaline cartilage.
• Example: Epiphyseal plate in long bones
![Page 59: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
• A secondary cartilaginous joint is a joint in which the bones are held
together by a fibrocartilage.
• Example: Pubic symphysis and the inter vertebral disc between bodies of
vertebrae.
)2 (Secondary cartilagenous joint
![Page 60: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Structure of the synovial joint 1. The articular bones
2. Articular cartilages are hyaline cartilage covering the adjacent surfaces of articular
bones.3. Fibrous capsule surrounds the articular bony
parts4. Synovial membrane lines the inner surface of
the capsule and reflects to cover the articular bones till the margin of the articular cartilage.
It secretes synovial fluid.
III Synovial Joints
![Page 61: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
5. Synovial fluid is a colorless, viscous fluid secreted by synovial membrane. It
lubricates the articular surfaces of bones.6. Ligaments: are either extracapsular or
intracapsular. The extracapsular ligaments provide additional support to
the capsule while the intracapsular share in the support of joint
![Page 62: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Articular bone
Articular boneStructure of the synovial joint
![Page 63: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5681493d550346895db68a87/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
The end