Introduction to Greek and Roman HistoryLecture 19

Octavian’s triumph 

Silver denarius, R/ DICT PERPETVO CAESAR, wreathed and veiled head of Caesar right; V/ SEPVLLIVS MACER, Venus standing left, Victory in right, long vertical scepter in left, shield at feet to right.

The Empire at the death of Caesar

Mutina, 21st April 43When his designs were opposed by Marcus Antonius, who was then consul, and on whose help he had especially counted, and Antony would not allow him even common and ordinary justice without the promise of a heavy bribe, he went over to the aristocrats, who he knew detested Antony, especially because he was besieging Decimus Brutus at Mutina, and trying to drive him by force of arms from the province given him by Caesar and ratified by the senate. Suetonius, Life of Augustus, 10.2

PhilippiOctober 42

The agreement of Brundisium, September 40

Sextus Pompeius

MAG PIVS IMP ITER, galley adorned with aquila, sceptre and trident before the Colonna Rhegina, decorated with a statue of Neptune/Poseidon PRAEF CLAS ET ORAE MARIT EX S C, the monster Scylla, her torso of dogs and fishes, wielding a rudder as a club.On the reverse, the title of Sextus Pompeius, PRAEFECTUS CLASSIS ET ORAE MARITIMAE EX SENATUS CONSULTO, means "Commander of the fleet and of the coasts for decision of the Senate".

Antony and Cleopatra

Marc Antony and Cleopatra Denarius, 34 BC

Alexandria mint. CLEOPATRAE • REGINAE • REGVM • FILIORVM • REGVM, draped & diademed bust of Cleopatra right; prow before / ANTONI • ARMENIA • DEVICTA, bare head of Antony right; Armenian tiara behind.

Antony’s mercenaries at Actium

Marc Antony, AR Denarius, 32-31 BC, Mint moving with Marc AntonyANT . AVG / III . VIR . R . P . C Praetorian galley right, scepter tied with fillet on prow LEG | Iib Aquila between two legionary standards