Introduction to computer and the internet. Concepts of Information Technology (IT) Dr Abdullah...

introduction to computer and the internet 1

Introduction to computer and the internet.

Concepts of Information Technology (IT)Dr Abdullah Almusa


Lesson # Subject

lesson one Computer generations, definitions, characteristic, and types.

lesson two Computer Hardware Components.

lesson three Measurements Unit and the Parts of the Mother Board and CPU

lesson four Computers’ SW component and the Development of Systems

Lesson five Computer Networks (their types and characteristics)

Lesson six Telephone Networks in the Computers Communication…

Lesson Seven Information Technology

Lesson Eight Concepts of (Teleworking, E-Documents, E-commerce, …)

Lesson nine The Safety and the Health when Dealing with Computers.

Lesson Ten IT Protection (Information Security, Privacy, Data Protection, ..)

Lesson Eleven

IT protection (Viruses and computer ethics).


lesson one: Computer generations, definitions,

characteristic, and types.


Introduction to computer and the internet. /Concepts of Information Technology (IT)lesson one: Computer generations, definitions, characteristic, and types

Historical types of computers:•Abacus: can be used to perform addition, subtraction, division and multiplication. •Nibers machine: can do multiplication and division operation.•Add Bascal machine: The first mechanic machine for adding.•The ruler account: can do many operations with this machine.•Leanter's calculator: can do multiplication and division operation and find root square.•Babah deference machine: this machine finds logarithms tables.•Addition printer machine: this machine can add numbers and print the result into a tap of paper.•Heltor machine: first cahro-mechanic machine.


Introduction to computer and the internet. /Concepts of Information Technology (IT)lesson one: Computer generations, definitions, characteristic, and types

Computer generations:•First generation: (Vacuum Tubes)•Second Generation: (Transistors)•Third Generation: Integrated Circuits•Fourth Generation: Present Microprocessors


Introduction to computer and the internet./Concepts of Information Technology (IT)lesson one: Computer generations, definitions, characteristic, and types

First generation: (Vacuum Tubes)•used vacuum tubes for circuitry•used magnetic drums for memory, •often enormous•They were very expensive•generated a lot of heat

Common computer in this generation are:•(Mark).•(Anyak).•(Edvak).•(Insyak).•(Yonivak).•(IBM)



Second Generation: (Transistors)•replaced vacuum tubes •smaller,• faster,• cheaper, •more energy-efficient•more reliable

than the first-generation.



Third Generation: Integrated Circuits•Development of the integrated circuit (I.C).• Transistors were miniaturized and placed on

silicon chips, called semiconductors.



Fourth Generation: Present Microprocessors The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer - from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls - on a single chip. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Also, fourth generation computers witnessed the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.


Introduction to computer and the internet./ Concepts of Information Technology (IT)lesson one: Computer generations, definitions, characteristic, and types

Computer: is an electronic machine processes data, sorted it, retrieve it and can do make calculation and logical operations.



The advantage of computer:•Ability to save data and retrieve it any time.•Ability to format text and make calculate operation and logical operation (comparative between numbers and values).•Programming on computer using programming language.•Speed: in calculation and process data.•Accurate: the error probability is very small and we can neglect it.•Save data: we can save a huge data in computers.•Economic: From (Cost and Time) point of view.•Network communication: you can access to others according the web and the internet



Different between DATA and INFORMATION:

DATA: means meanings and ideas .INFORMATION means information about data, the



Type of computer•according their work and technology:

•Digital computer•Analog computer

•according to their size: •Super computer :•Main frames: •Mini computer:•Micro computer:•Workstation computer:•Control computer:


lesson two: Computer Hardware Components


Introduction to computer and the internet./Concepts of Information Technology (IT)lesson two: Computer Hardware Components

Computers has two basic components, these components are:Hardware: physical components like screen, cables, keyboard.Software: a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to do it.



Component of Hardware:Input Units:This unit is translating the data from users to processing unit, the following are example of input units:•Keyboard .•Mouse.•Scanner.•Bar Code Reader.•Joy stick.


Introduction to computer and the internet. /Concepts of Information Technology (IT)lesson two: Computer Hardware Components

Output Units: •Monitor •Printer•Speakers:

Device used for input and output processes:•Touch screen.



Processing Unit: The Central Processing Unit (CPU) performs the actual processing of data.



Control Unit

Storage Unit

ALUInput Units Output Units



Memory Unit:* RAM: random access memory* ROM: Read-only memory



Storage Units: •Internal Unit: (Hard Disk): capacity reaches to 250 Gigabyte.•External Units:

•Floppy Disk: It is 3.5 inches square and has a 1.44MB capacity. •CD-ROM: store large amount of data up to 750 MB. We c•DVD amount of data up to 4 GB.• Flash Memory: are compact and easy-to-use devices that are similar in use to your computer hard drive. USB flash drives slip into your pocket.



Storage measurement units: •Byte: represent 8 bits, •Kilo Byte (KB): it equals 1024 bytes.•Mega Byte (MB): it equals 1024 Kilo Byte, (1024 * 1024) Byte.

•Gaga Byte (GB): it equals 1024 Mega Byte, billion Byte.


lesson three: Measurements Unit and the Parts of

the Mother Board and CPU


Introduction to computer and the internet./Concepts of Information Technology (IT)lesson three: Measurements Unit and the Parts of the Mother Board and CPU

Processor speed units:•(MHz)•(GHz)= 1000 MHz



Computer Case: used to put in all the hardware (mother board, processor, memory, driver of desk …)



Mother Board:is a main component in a computer. It is a connection point between the parts and other units in the computer. It is being put in the case with other units on it.We can illustrate the external slot on the mother board as shown in this figure:



Drivers and their work techniques:Drives: the hardware which is used to read the content of desk and CDs or to write the information on it. Hard Disk:

arm

sector

track



Floppy disk:


lesson four: Computers’ software component and

the Development of Systems and Software…


Introduction to computer and the internet./Concepts of Information Technology (IT)lesson four: Computers’ software component and the Development of Systems and Software…

•Operating system: it is the main software in any computer. The operating systems are divided into two types according to the user interface :( Graphical user interface, not graphical user interface). •Operating systems are either regular or specialized operating systems .•The operating system is considered as a connection point between the hardware, the software, and the users.• The common types of operating systems are: (Microsoft windows, MS Dos, Unix, Mac)



Microsoft windows (GUI O.S) MS Dos (Command Line O.S)



Utility program\System Tools:System programs: are set of O.S companion software which is used to help the system in performing and completing some tasks, some of those utilities functions are:

•Examining the drives and fixing their defects.•Controlling the folders and files: (copying, compression, deletion, backing up) processes.•Monitoring the Processor and memory performance.• Protecting data.



Programming languages: are a special type of which is used to produce another software using their codes to write the new programs by the programmers. (Basic, Visual Basic, Visual C, C++)



Applications:special software to do special functions. The most popular types of them are:•Microsoft word•Microsoft Excel•Microsoft Access•Internet Explorer•Microsoft Power Point •Multimedia Programs



Software and System Development:This development includes operating system, utility programs, application program, and versions of these applications. Any program’s evaluated edition is called (Version).

We can illustrate the development stages as follows:

•System Analysis•System Design•Programming.

.


Lesson five :Computer Networks (their types and

characteristics)


Introduction to computer and the internet./Concepts of Information Technology (IT) Lesson five : Computer Networks (their types and characteristics)

Network: is a set of two or more connected computers to share resources.



types of networks (according to the distance factor):

1) LAN: it is means Local Area Network, its groups of computers connected together in the same region or a limited area.

2) WAN : it means Wide Area Network, this type of networks connects a distant computers on (different building) or may be other countries using transferring medias such as:•Telephone line.•Satellite.



Advantages of Network:• Information sharing• Resources sharing• Software sharing• Information protection• E-mails.



Networks architecture:•Client.•Server.•Resources.

Request services

Provided services



Type of Networks according to their components:• Peer To Peer Networks.•Server Based Networks.



Peer To Peer Networks:Advantages :

•Easy construction and establishment.•Opportunity of work as a controller.•Clint can control its resource.•cheap•Number of users is limited.

Disadvantages : •Can't connect huge number of users.•Does not have shared storage unit to perform the back-up process.•Security is poor.



Server Based Networks:Advantages : •Powerful information protection control.•Shared central Storage unit.•Server has a full power sharing.•Connect a huge number of users.Disadvantages : •expensive (Hardware, operating system ).•needs network controller.



Network Hardware:•HUB.•Cables.•Network Cards.•Modem.



Internal and External Networks: Intranet: used in companies. not required to be connected to a LAN or a WAN. uses the browsers to deal with the files. Extranet: Private networks, that uses the internet services to provide access to information by its customers.Wi-Fi:use the properties of the waves using the electromagnetic waves, Don’t not using cables.Internetwhich connects the world together making it as a small village using computers and connecting devices.



Advantages of the Internet:•Provides many services to their users, like:•E-commerce.•.News:•E-mail.•Chat.•Program.•Research.

WWW: ( World Wide Web). Example: www.naseej.com

http://www.naseej.com/


Lesson six:Uses of the Telephone Networks in the Computers Communication…


Introduction to computer and the internet./Concepts of Information Technology (IT) Lesson six : Uses of the Telephone Networks in the Computers Communication…

Network concepts and terminologies:• Modem.• Transfer Rate.• Analogues communication.• Digital communication.• Binary system.• ISDN.• PSTN.


Lesson Seven: Information Technology


Introduction to computer and the internet./Concepts of Information Technology (IT) Lesson Seven: Information Technology

Fields of using the information technology in our daily life:Computer in Education:Computer in Management:Computer in Banks:Computer in the medical fields:Computer in Pharmacy:Computer and Industry field:Artificial IntelligenceComputer in Security:Computer in Phone telecommunication and networks:



Computer in Education: Computer is one of the most attractive technological media used effectively in the education sector .The computer enter all studying levels in the advanced countries,.the education systems become incapable to cope with the current old education styles .computers a new sophisticated education strategy, information technology strategies in education:

• information learning strategy, •teachers and students training strategy.

strategies implements in many ways as:• making studies and researchers, •preparing conferences and seminars, • writing courses.

domains of the computer managed education: •Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) /(CAL) •Computer managed Instruction (CMI), /(CML).



Computer in Management:Management Information System (MIS). MIS is a computer based information system that derives data from all the departments of an organization and produces routine reports of the organization's performance. Computers goals in organizations:

•reducing number of employees.• reducing mistakes . •providing quick information .



Computer in Banks:• enable customers to access their accounts via ATM machines. •helps to reduce the load on the post office.•provides created banking cards.



Computer in the medical fields:Medical fields could support by computer :

•Medicine learning.• Medical diagnosis or treatment or medical drugs.•Management of hospitals.

The parts of medical field .•Computer Applications in the medical field.• Management of hospitals include:

•Hypnotic patients’ files.•Ambulance patients and outpatient files.•Expected patients to enter the hospital files.•Medical records•Nursing personnel file.•Laboratories and laboratory files.•Stores files.



Computer in Pharmacy:The parts of pharmaceutical industry :

• Commercial pharmacies.• Hospital's pharmacies..



Computer and Industry: •Jobs have changed,• reduced the number workers,•increased the number of workers who using the computers.• the need for rapid decision-making and solving problems • Parts of computers in the industrial field : .Computer Applications in programming . .Management of the Factories.



Artificial Intelligence: it is part of Computer Science, which aims to design intelligent computer systems to help in solving problems.Robot: it is a machine to simulate the human being activities in a fast and organized manner. Workers performed by the robot: * Carrying out welding and plumbing.* Handling of hazardous materials.* Carry out packing and packaging. * Acts mixing hazardous chemicals. * Carry out fire fighting. * disclosure of bombs, exploding them and in effect them.


Lesson Eight: Concepts of (Teleworking, E-Documents, E-commerce, …)


Introduction to computer and the internet./Concepts of Information Technology (IT) Lesson Eight: concepts of (Teleworking, Advantages of using E-Documents, E-commerce, …)

Teleworking/ remote working :the employees can do their work from their houses.The advantage of remote working:

•Decrease the employee traveling times. • Increase the employee relaxation.•Increase the focus on the working.•Decrease the company area.

The disadvantages of remote working: •Decrease the people’s communication:.•Decrease the ability to measure employees work quality. •Decrease the job opportunities.



E-documents: The advantage of using electronic document:•Reducing the need for printed material (Books, Letters).•Easy to exchange files.•Easy to browse any file or folder.•E-business and E-government transactions: Many new technologies encourage the use of the E-documents in the e-commerce and the e-government transactions,



Electronic world:Is the world where each person can participate in it using his computer only, the most important services are:1) Electronic Mail: import ants of E-mail:

•Free subscription:.•Eliminating distance factor and its fast speed.•Attachments:.•Open time.



2) E-commerce : a group of commercial operation between two sides or more using the computers which are connected with the internet. This commerce includes selling, buying, banking and showing products.The advantages of the E-commerce:

•Global market.•Open Time.

The risks and difficulties in E-commerce:• Risk in payment:•The risk of information leakage or interception during transport:



Payment methods using internet:•Electronic checks•Visa Card, Master Card.

The advantages of banking transactions on the internet:•Save the client time.•Non-compliance to the office hours.•Do your work at any country.

Types of the banking services on the Internet:•Balance checking.•Printing all account operations conducted within specified dates.•Money transfer from one account to another.•Bills payment and credit cards premium payment.•Stocks buying and selling service.


Lesson nine: The Safety and the Health when

Dealing with Computers


Introduction to computer and the internet./Concepts of Information Technology (IT) Lesson nine: The Safety and the Health when Dealing with Computers

Right methods to deal with the computer and its hardware:Screen: It is the most harmful to humans, •sheds light on the •the direct radiation Advices of using screen: a. The right situation is positioning the head on a vertical angle with the screen on an arm distance.b. Use protective screen (filter). c. Use of eyes keeping glasses. d. Adjust the screen lights brightness settings using the buttonsKeyboard: You must sit in a correct method to deal with keyboard, The chair should be in a good height. The keyboard should be in front of you, and under your hand.Mouse: you should put it over a mouse pad to save it from dusts.Chair and Table: justified to has the appropriate set with to the user age and high.The disks are sensitive especially the DVD: use and catch it carefully .Avoid dust, foods, drinks and sun shine.Use condom of dust: Condom is made for all parts of the computer .Printer: use original ink and good paper for printing.


Introduction to computer and the internet./Concepts of Information Technology (IT) Lesson nine: The Safety and the Health when Dealing with Computers

Health problems which caused by the wrong uses of computers s:•Wrong ways of using the keyboard.•Screen glare: it will affect your eyes directly, •Not sit health meeting: using cheap chairs and tables may cause neck pain, back pain, leg pain).

Health problems when you refill the toners:•Get dirt printing on paper. •Some unwanted lines will appear.•A malfunction in the printer.


Lesson Ten: IT Protection (Information Security, Privacy, Data Protection, and Copy

Rights)


Introduction to computer and the internet./Concepts of Information Technology (IT) Lesson Ten: IT Protection (Information Security, Privacy, Data Protection, and Copy Rights)

Information Security: Should be carried to ensure the protection of information from internal and external dangersConditions that should be attained in any information system:

•Confidentiality.•Integrity.•Non-repudiation.



How to provide protection for information system:•Put password. •Download anti-viruses program.•Ensure from e-mail sources• Protecting e-commerce web sites.•Adoption of fingerprint, eye print or voice print.•Authorization.•Backup.



Risks and difficulties faced by any information system:•Fraud and tampering with data.•Internet Protocol deceive.•Passwords capture.•Receive e-mails from unknown source.•Downloading free software from sites that aren’t software specialized.



The reasons behind the weakness of Information systems system:

•Assault the authority right. •Penetration of an unauthorized person.•Communication interception. •Non-repudiate actions.•Sending huge amount of messages to the same e-mail.



Privacy:Individuals rights to determine when, how and to what extent their information are available to the others or to protect their personal information. Include: •Information privacy:

•Privacy includes any information about Individuals that stored in any system, •Privacy includes personal computers and laptops.•Privacy includes mobiles.•Privacy covers companies and institutions which store a large number of customer data.

•Data Protection.•Access Right. •Password and ID.



The most important ways to protect data and their privacy:•Using login profiles by distributing usernames. •Using the passwords and user IDs always.•Using the encryption techniques.•Do not leave the café before signing out your e-mail.•DON'T leave your computer opened on important personal data for any reason.•Do not leave your private things or your devices.



Copyright:The copyright of any product belongs to the person or the institution that created or invented the product which has the right to sue any person or organization that violates the copyright after the owner of the product or the idea register. Some ethics to deal with Digital works:•Refer to the source.•Use an original copy.•Don’t use similar names to the popular domains• Avoid misuse of the private emails that belongs to other people. The types of software according to the copyright:•Freeware software.•Shareware. •Original copy.


Lesson Eleven:Information Technology protection

(Viruses: types, problems, and protection ways) and computer

ethics.


Introduction to computer and the internet./Concepts of Information Technology (IT) Lesson Eleven: Information Technology protection (Viruses) and computer ethics.

Viruses:Software programs, which are written with the intention of causing inconvenience and disruption or serious damage in a computer system. Viruses spreading ways:1. capability to transmit from machine (computer) to another.2. The compatibility of O.S to running different programs enables programs portability .3. Programs hacking.



Types of viruses:• Trojan horse.• Logical bombs.• Time bombs. • Trap door.• Worms: • Boot-Sector Virus.• File viruses. • Macro Virus.



Viruses Protection ways:keep the anti-virus software up-to–date.you should follow these guidelines: 1. Do not use floppies from unreliable sources.2. Use only registered software.3. Never open an e-mail attachment unless it is from a reliable source.4. Keep regular back-ups.



Protection ways on organizations environments presented procedures:

1. Making copies of programs.2. Saving a record of all procedures and operations on the programs. 3. Alert employees to never install unknown resource programs on their computers, 4. Scanning programs in stand alone computer before installing them in the organization network.5. Installing Anti-Viruses programs,.6. Scanning the inbox mails before opening.



Public ethics between computer users:1.Software’s Copyright (Co):

• Copy programs’ CDs using CD drive’s instead of purchasing original copies.• Loan these programs’ CDs to many people.• Publishing these programs through the Internet.

2. Personal data:•It is common for personal details to be entered and stored in computers. •There is a continuing demand for up-to-date personal information to be use in market research, surveys and so on.•The company, which stores your personal data, can sell this data to organizations, which benefit them analyzing it.•The individual has the right to access his information and erase incorrect data.•Data controllers have to keep the data secure and safe.•Data processor has to use data in lawful purposes.•

3. Privacy. 4. Virus:

• Don’t receive files from unreliable sources in the network.• Don’t broadcast the viruses In order to harm others or joke.• Use Anti-virus programs.• Tell Compute novice users about their harmful effects.

5. Hacking.


End of Introduction to computer and the internet./Concepts of Information

Technology (IT)

Introduction to computer and the internet. Concepts of Information Technology (IT) Dr Abdullah...

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