Introduction to Anatomy Chapter 1. Anatomy - Internal and external structure - Physical...
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Transcript of Introduction to Anatomy Chapter 1. Anatomy - Internal and external structure - Physical...
Anatomy
- Internal and external structure
- Physical relationships among body parts
Microscopic anatomy
Study of:
Gross anatomy
Physiology
Study of:
- human body function
Anatomy & physiology are always related. Under normal circumstances – structure determines function
Levels of Organization
Chemical (or Molecular) Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity:
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
Figure 1-1 2 of 7
Chemical
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cellular Level
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
Figure 1-1 3 of 7
Cellular
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level
Cellular Level
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
Figure 1-1 4 of 7
Tissue
•Epithelial tissue•Connective tissue•Muscle tissue•Neural (nervous) tissue
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cardiovascular
OrganLevel
Theheart
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level(Chapter 4)
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
Figure 1-1 5 of 7
Organ
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Integumentary
SkeletalMuscular
NervousEndocrine
CardiovascularLymphatic
RespiratoryDigestive
Urinary
Reproductive
OrganLevel
Theheart
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level
Cellular Level
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
OrganSystem Level
Figure 1-1 6 of 7
Organ System
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Integumentary
SkeletalMuscular
NervousEndocrine
CardiovascularLymphatic
RespiratoryDigestive
Urinary
Reproductive
OrganLevel
Theheart
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level
Cellular Level
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
OrganismLevel
OrganSystem Level
)
Figure 1-1 7 of 7
Organism
Anatomical Position
Standard reference position Hands at side Palms forward Feet together
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Directional TermsSuperior
Inferior
Cephalic Cranial
Caudal
Anterior or ventral
Posterior or dorsal
Proximal
Proximal Distal
Distal
Directional TermsSuperior
Inferior
Cephalic Cranial
Caudal
Anterior or ventral
Posterior or dorsal
Proximal
Distal
Lateral Medial
Proximal
Distal
Body Planes & Sections
•Cross-section
Longitudinal
Transverse Plane
Sagittal Midsagittal Parasagittal
Coronal/Frontal
Membranes of the Ventral Cavity
Pleura Pericardium Peritoneum
All 3 are double layered serous membranes:
-outer “Parietal” layer lines cavity wall
-inner “Visceral” layer covers the organ(s) within the cavity