Introduction to Afro-Brazilian Music. Cultural/Ethnic Influences Indigenous peoples Including...
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Introduction to Afro-Brazilian Music
Cultural/Ethnic Influences
• Indigenous peoples• Including Guarani, Tupi, Kayapo, Yanomami
• Portuguese (European)• Other ethnicities: Italian, Spanish, German, Polish,
Japanese, Syrian/Lebanese
• African (mostly West-African)• Including Bantu, Yoruba, Ewe
Slave Trade
•1538-1850: approx. 3.5 million slaves from Ghana, Nigeria, Angola, Congo, Mozambique (incl.Yoruba, Ewe, Fon).
•1850: slave trade abolished
•1871: Law of the Free Womb
•1888: Slavery abolished
General Characteristics of West African/Afro-Brazilian Music
• Dense textures• Interlock• Rhythmic complexity (polyrhythm)• Open-ended forms• Structure based on melodic/rhythmic
ostinato patterns• Music is means of communal participation
Candomblé
Aspects of Candomblé
• Afro-Brazilian religion (syncretic)• Worship of hierarchy of orixás: deities• Ceremonies: involves dancing, drumming,
singing (in Yoruban), to invite orixás to manifest (spirit possession)
The Orixás• Olorun (creator of the
universe, sky father)• Exú (gatekeeper; trickster
god)• Xango (warrior, god of
thunder, fire)• Iemenjá (goddess of sea;
mother goddess)– Orixas are related to each other– Each has preferred foods,
colors, symbols– Each has distinct personality
Musical Characteristics of Candomblé
• Musical characteristics:– Call and response– Polyrhythms– Open-ended forms– Specific rhythms for each orixá– Hierarchy of drums
Instruments Used in Candomblé
• Atabaque drums (set of three: Rum, Rum-Pi, Lê)
• Agogô (double-headed cowbell)
– Drums considered sacred: instruments must be baptised before use
Candomblé Drumming
• Three drums are in hierarchical relationship; directed by master drummer
• Master drummer: oldest male initiate, lead singer, plays any drum he desires; responsible for facilitating spirit possession
• Plays improvised patterns against rhythmic ostinato patterns of other drums
Capoeira
Afro-Brazilian art form combining music, dance and martial arts
Capoeira• Instruments:
– Berimbau: musical bow with shaker
– Pandeiro: similar to tambourine, played with hands
– Atabaque drums: similar to conga drums, played with hands
– Agógô: double-headed cowbell, struck with stick
Roda de Capoeira
• Jogar = body play– Ginga = basic movement
• Tocar = musical play – Lead berimbau plays “toques” (rhythmic
patterns)– Directs course of the “game”
• Brincar = verbal play (improvised song lyrics with stock refrains)
• Malícia=cunning, trickery (ex. Benção)