Introduction ACRE
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Transcript of Introduction ACRE
Accommodating creative knowledge
Sako Musterd
Urban GeographyUniversity of Amsterdam
ACRE project objective
learn more about the conditions that are important to the development of creative and knowledge intensive industries in various European urban regions
Creative industries
Advertising, architecture, arts and antiques, crafts, design, designer fashion, video, film, music, photography, visual and performing arts, publishing, computer games, software and electronic publishing, radio and TV
Knowledge intensive industries
Law (legal sector, accounting, bookkeeping, auditing, etc), financial sector, R&D, ICT, higher education
ACRE project focus
• What are the development paths of creative knowledge regions and how are these informed by the wider economic and societal contexts?
• How important are hard (classic), soft and other conditions for the creative and knowledge intensive industries in European urban regions?
• What are the settlement considerations of managers, highly skilled employees and transnational migrants in the creative knowledge sector when they decide to settle in an urban area?
Integrated Methodology• ‘Comparative’• ‘Similar’ sectors• ‘Similar’ target groups• ‘Similar’ questionnaires (common design)• ‘Similar’ item lists• Systematic approach (more robust results)• Including different theoretical perspectives (path
dependence, clustering, classic conditions, soft conditions, networks)
Development paths: wider economic and social contexts; main factors
• Position due to the development of the European city system
• The impact of the industrial revolution on the urban region
• The question whether the urban region has a key political or economic decision-making function
• The question whether urban regions are pushed forward by policies aimed at stimulating regional economies
‘hard’ or ‘classic’ conditions …
• agglomeration economies (clustering) • connections (road, air, water, rail,
telecommunications)• capital• labour (jobs available)• wider institutional setting (including
taxes regimes, special policies, etc.)
… or ‘soft conditions’ …
• Attractiveness (urban atmosphere; housing availability and affordability)
• Diversity• Welcoming• Historical assets• Tolerance• Openness• Safety
… or personal ‘network’ conditions …
• Born in the region
• Family lives here
• Studied in the city
• Proximity to friends
Some empirical results based on ACRE large-scale surveys
among high-skilled employees, managers, and transnational
migrants
Perc. highly skilled employees that ranked networks, hard, or soft conditions indicators as most important
Networks Hard conditions Soft conditions Total percentage N
Amsterdam 38 35 26 100 221
Barcelona 62 27 11 100 200
Birmingham 57 38 5 100 165
Budapest 71 24 5 100 197
Helsinki 51 39 10 100 191
Leipzig 43 50 8 100 159
Munich 30 60 10 100 178
Poznan 74 23 3 100 155
Riga 80 17 4 100 132
Sofia 91 10 100 200
Toulouse 47 42 10 100 191
Milan 64 32 4 100 183
Dublin 57 42 1 100 201
Total 58 34 8 100 2373
ConceptsPersonal networksborn in regionfamily lives herestudied in Cityproximity to friends
Hard conditionsmoved because of my jobmoved because of partner's jobgood employment opportunitieshigher wagessize of citygood transport linkspresence of good universities
Soft conditionsweather/climateproximity to natural environmenthousing affordabilityhousing availabilityhousing qualitysafe for childrenopen to different peopleopen minded and tolerantgay/lesbian friendlylanguageoverall friendlinessdiversity of leisure & entertainmentcultural diversitydiversity of built environment
Relative share of respondents that ranked indicators as among the four most important from a list of 26 indicators, assembled in specific dimensions, per urban region
0%
100%
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personal networks
diversity
openness and tolerance
employment opportunities
Some conclusions• Difference between cities (a city is mainly context)• Structural conditions, embeddedness and
pathways are key to understanding current opportunities (but not just these)
• Multilayered cities have advantage• Networks and employment opportunities are
especially important• Pathways, hard conditions, soft conditions and
networks must be considered simultaneously• Policies matter
POLICIES
POLICIES
• What Policies and Policy Vehicles?
• What Spatial Level?
• What Organisational Arrangements?
• Policy Challenges for cities
What Policies and Policy Vehicles?
Visible policies: Economic Development Policy
• Investing in Skills: Employment services, Training, • Attracting Investors/firms: Sites and premises, Business
incentives• City marketing, Visitor attractions, Creative quarters,
Prestige projects
What Policies and Policy Vehicles?Less Visible policies:
• Education
• City planning, housing affordability, neighbourhoods, quality of life
• Local service delivery: environmental, leisure and other services
• National and local taxation
• Immigration controls, citizenship rights and the welfare state
• Representation and influence, bureaucracy and regulation, ‘the ways things work’
What Policies and Policy Vehicles?
Less Visible policies: ‘the ways things work’
• Encouraging the availability of services for businesses – financial, legal
• Support for partners - Trade associations, personal networks
• How easy is it to start and set up a business?• Where does advice and support come from?• A role for policy: providing or enabling
Tensions around integration of policies, holistic approaches, bureaucracy should not kill creativity
What Policy Vehicles?Strategies: What are they based on?• Objective assessment for each city of needs, objectives,
resources, implementation, and evaluation (not a simple transferable formula, but context dependent)
Policies• Cluster Policies, Creative or Knowledge, Firms or People,
Traditional hard factors or soft factors, Network facilitation, Attraction and Retention
Supported Activities• how targeted, financed, what conditions
POLICIES: Spatial Scale
• National, Regional, Sub-regional, Local Neighbourhood
• Each has a role in relation to different policies but is the responsibility, capacity and competence at the right level?
Tensions:
• the lack of a regional level?
• The failure to align policies?
POLICIES: What Organisational Arrangements
• Between levels of government• Between private sector actors• Across each of these sectoral divisions• Across professional, sectoral and
administrative boundaries• Who leads? Listening, Learning and
Responding rather than charismatic leadership?
Conclusions and Questions
In the context of each city:• Are the assets and dynamics understood (size, structure,
pathways, politics, organisations etc.) • Is the policy framework favourable?
– Different spatial scales and alignment between them? – Is there effective cross boundary working? – Policy integration – holistic approaches?
• Is the emphasis on the appropriate economic sectors?• Is the focus right (firms and hard factors……..housing
affordability… networks, attraction and retention)?
Conclusions and Questions
• Does the leadership and policy process work?• Should there be more or less policy?• Is a different policy style required?
• What is missing?• What is needed?