Introduction : About methemachbarrier.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/OKC-Boom...the following year...
Transcript of Introduction : About methemachbarrier.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/OKC-Boom...the following year...
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Introduction : About me
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The Cessna Citation X
• World’s fastest business jet : -Citation X held the record with MMO of Mach 0.92 since 1995, only Concorde was faster in the civilian world.
-Gulfstream G650 took the crown briefly with a MMO of Mach 0.925 in 2009
-The upgraded Citation X+ took the speed crown back the following year with a MMO of Mach 0.935
• Accidentally reached Mach 1.18 in dive testing for certification
• Ceiling of 50,000ft
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My Hobby…
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A Brief History Lesson(Bear with me…)
• 1945: End of world war 2
• Beginning of ‘the Cold war’
• The nuclear arms race ensues…
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The Space Race – Wolves in Sheep’s Clothing?
• During WW2, the V2 rocket was developed as a means of delivering a weapons payload without the need for an airfield or carrier vehicle.
• After WW2, Rocket scientists such as Von Braun and Grottrup continued to develop rockets for the opposing adversaries, but under the pretence of science and progress…
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The Need to go Supersonic
^ What might have been: The Miles M-52
Op
erat
ion
Pap
ercl
ip?
The Bell X-1
The perceived need…
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Advances in Britain – The DNA of Speed
11 years
1941 1952
1964
12 years
???12 years?
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Concorde – what Might have been?(or what was actually intended?)
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Olympus 593 Development : Pyestock
• Nation Gas Turbine Establishment at Pyestocknear Farnborough developed the RR/SNECMA Olympus turbojets for Concorde at great expense…
• Olympus 593 engine was an offshoot of developments for the TSR2 and Vulcan
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Concorde – Early Orders (1963-1972)
• When Concorde was under development, it originally received more than 115 orders from 18 different airlines
• All were later cancelled, with only British Airways and Air France taking deliveries
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Tu-144 : USSR’s Effort, but Why?
• During the height of the cold war, the USSR, a communist nation, decides to develop a luxury high-speed transport….
• Ultimately was used more frequently as a cargo plane than a passenger plane
• And unlike Concorde, it could not supercruise.
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Boeing 2707 : The US Contender
• The Boeing 2707 beat the Lockheed L-2000 to win the US government tender to build a civilian SST
• Is the reason why Seattle’s basketball team is called ‘the sonics’
• At one point, more than 120 orders had been placed by airlines
• Significant systems development work was done for the Boeing 2707, but it was cancelled after negative public reaction to the Oklahoma City Sonic Boom tests….
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STOP! Rewind! Before Yeager, what did people believe about the sound barrier?
• Early understandings of the speed of sound…
The Prandtl–Glauert Singularity
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Ernst Mach : Photographing Bullets
• The picture on the left of a speeding bullet was taken by Ernst Mach in 1887.
• The unit of ‘speed of sound’ is known as ‘Mach’ as a result of his work.
• The actual speed of sound changes with altitude, density and humidity, but is nominally about 750mph
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The Sonic Boom Imagined
• ‘Fireflash’ (Gerry Anderson’s Thunderbirds, 1965)
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Actual Sonic Booms & Transonic Vapour Cones
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The Sonic Boom : What is it really?
• A sonic boom is a pressure wave created by passage through the air at a speed higher than sound waves may propagate, much like the bow wave of a boat on a still lake.
• A ‘boom’ is never experienced by the vehicle itself : it IS the boom, the double pressure-wave is experienced by stationary bystanders, not the occupants.
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Toolkit: What do you need to Cruise above Mach 1?
• A lot of thrust!
• A Whitcomb area-ruled body (e.g. the Sears-Haack body, bottom right)
• Afterburners to accelerate through the Mach hump…?
• Variable geometry inlets to enable supercruise!
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Operation Bongo II – The Oklahoma City Sonic Boom Tests
• For 6 months during 1964, the people of Oklahoma City were deliberately subjected to 8 sonic booms per day.
• F-104 and B-58 aircraft were used, which flew at various altitudes and speeds to achieve varying psf (pounds-force of ‘overpressure’) shockwaves
• Similar tests were done in the UK with Lightnings, but not on the same scale.
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Surprising Reactions & Expected Reactions…
• Most residents felt they could live with 8 sonic booms a day.
• Control houses exhibited no signs of damage, yet there were numerous complaints
• Some used the regularity of the ‘booms’ to signal lunch breaks
• Those who complained were predominantly middle aged housewives (!?)
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Fallout from the Oklahoma City Tests
• During the tests, 147 windows in the city’s two tallest buildings were broken.
• There were 9,594 complaints of damage to buildings, 4,629 formal damage claims, and 229 claims for a total of $12,845.32
• The FAA’s responses to the claims, and tardy payment of them, led some to sign petitions and complain to their congressman
• In 1971, Nixon finally relented to public negative perception and pressure from congress fermented by the sonic boom tests and cancelled the Boeing 2707.
• In 1973, the FAA finally banned supersonic flight over land – 3 years before Concorde entered service
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America’s Concorde?(Candidate 1)
• Nixon apparently fought hard against congress to keep funding for the Boeing 2707, but ultimately lost out, and the project was cancelled.
• Ultimately, Nixon redirected funding that might have gone to Boeing for the 2707, to NASA for the Space Shuttle Program instead.
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America’s Concorde?(Candidate 2)• No attempt was ever made to try to hide the true
design purpose of the XB-70 Valkyrie
• The XB-70 was studied for potential to convert it into a passenger liner, but this never happened
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The Boeing 2707 : Systems Retrospective• By the time the Boeing 2707 was cancelled, it was
deep into the design phase – at the equivalent of a ‘CDR’ decision gate
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What’s Next?
• Aerion are planning to build a supersonic business jet.
• Boom supersonic have venture capital funding and are planning to build an SST.
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The End