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Intro. To GIS Lecture 10 Model Builder May 6 th, 2013

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Reminders Please turn in your homework The final lab is on Wednesday (5/8/2013). For those of you interested, an optional (bonus) lab (Model builder + Spatial autocorrelation) will be assigned on Monday 13 th. This is due on Monday 20 th (final test).

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REVIEW: How to represent the real world in 3D? Data points are used to generate a continuous surface. In the below example, a color coded surface is generated from sample values

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REVIEW: How to represent the real world in 3D? Two ways to generate real world surfaces from point data (sample values) Vector raster Whatever the method, what kind of data are available to represent the world?

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REVIEW: Samples could represent any quantity (value) Elevation Climate data Temperature Precipitation Wind CO2 flux Others Ice thickness Spatial samples (of some quantity) in a city Gold concentrations LiDAR data points

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Vector representation (of surfaces) Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) TIN can be used to Generate contour lines Slope Aspect

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Triangular Irregular Network Way of representing surfaces (vector) Elevation points connected by lines to form triangles Size of triangles may vary Each face created by a triangle is called a facet

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REVIEW: Delaunay triangulation Delaunay triangles: all satisfy the condition Delaunay NOT satisfied

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09_03_Figure

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Raster Representation (of surfaces) The most commonly used term for raster representation is Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Any digital model for any other variable could be generated For DEM, each cell has an elevation (z-value) To generate DEM from sample points, interpolation is used to fill in between surveyed elevations several methods to choose from

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REVIEW: Spatial Interpolation Generating surface from points (samples) based upon: Nearest Neighbor Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Kriging Splining

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REVIEW: Nearest-Neighbor Uses elevations (or another quantity) from a specified number of nearby control points Sample with Known value Pixel (grid cell) with unknown value

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REVIEW: Nearest-Neighbor

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REVIEW: Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Spatial Autocorrelation Near objects are more similar than far objects IDW weights point values based on distance

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REVIEW: Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Estimating an unknown value for a pixel (p) by weighting the sample values based on their distance to (p) i=8 in this example j In the above equation, n is the power. It is usually equals to 2, i.e., n=2. But you can pick n=1, n=1.5, etc.

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REVIEW: IDW Choosing the Power Power setting influences interpolation results Lower power results in smoother surfaces Higher power results in rugged surface (it become more like .?)

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Inverse Distance Weighted

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REVIEW: Kriging Statistical regression method, whose process consists of two main components Spatial autocorrelation (semivariance) Some weighting scheme Advanced interpolation function, can adapt to trends in elevation data

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REVIEW: Kriging and Semivariogram Semivarigram is a graph describing the semivariance (or simply variance) between pairs of samples at different distances (lags) The idea comes from intuition: Things that are spatially close are more correlated than those are far way (similar to IDW)

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REVIEW: Generating Semivariogram To generate a semivariogram, semivariance between pairs of points (for various distances/lags) are to be calculated

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REVIEW: Semivariance: Example

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REVIEW: Kriging and Semivariogram The first step in the kriging algorithm is to compute an average semivariogram for the entire dataset. This is done by going through each single point in the dataset and calculate semivariogram. Then the semivariogram are averaged. The second step is to calculate the weights associated with each point

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REVIEW: Kriging

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REVIEW: Spline Interpolation Curves fit through control points Interpolated values may exceed actual elevation values Regularized vs. Tension options

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Spline Interpolation

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Evaluation of the generated surface Independent samples must be preserved for accuracy assessment of the predicted (generated) surface. These points are called check points. In other words, if you have 100 samples in the area, youd use 90 to create the surface and 10 of them to evaluate how accurately the surface represents the actual world

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Evaluation Using check points Prediction Observation # of check points

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04_03_Figure

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Measurement Errors

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04_02_Figure Accuracy Vs. Precision

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08_07_Figure

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Model Builder Credit Rowan University

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Model Builder

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Geoprocessing When we perform geoprocessing tasks on our data, we are developing the components of a GIS model. We perform geoprocessing every time we: Use a tool interactively in ArcMap Use tools from ArcToolbox Execute commands using the command line Connect tools in ModelBuilder Use functions in a script (like Python)

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Static and Dynamic Static modeling is the series of steps required to achieve some final result. Available land for development of a nursery Siting of cell towers Dynamic modeling is performed in a similar fashion, but has additional parameters requiring several iterations of the model. Disease outbreak modeling Real-time traffic analysis Spread of wildfires, heavy rain, etc.

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Developing a model for a GIS analysis allows for repeat testing of a hypothesis using different data. The model can be coded into a GIS application, so that the steps are performed automatically. Allows experimentation with model parameters particularly for weighting and rating Easier reproduction of results. Simplification of workflow. Informs the computer how to conduct a series of steps that would be impractical for you to do manually. Why Use ModelBuilder?

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An automation tool Common Types of Models Spatial analysis Example: suitability building attractiveness maps

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Model Builder

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Reproducibility In performing an analysis, you must have your workflow clearly defined. This ensures that you are performing the steps in the correct order using the appropriate tools. Missteps are easy, especially when there can be hours of computer processing between steps. The GIS model can be exported as a graphic flowchart or a modeling data structure.

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Workflow Efficiency There are many repetitive steps you will take in your daily workflow. Streamlining the process saves you time. If you always start working in a File Geodatabase with specific resolution and projection information, a model for generating your specialized GDB can be created.

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Human Inefficiency You physically cannot perform the steps as fast as GIS can produce the results. Certain steps, such as iteration through a feature set would be prohibitively time consuming. You must perform the same steps 21 times to clip data to each individual NJ county. Rail use analysis: 200+ stations Minimize the amount of time spent babysitting GIS to perform complex analyses.

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How do we model? ArcGIS has a drag-and-drop interface to ArcToolbox called ModelBuilder allowing you to develop a flow chart of your GIS workflow. This flowchart is then run step by step to perform your analysis. ArcGIS allows for custom scripting that can be added to ArcToolbox, introducing greater functionality. Custom export scripts, specialized versions of existing tools, develop tools not available in ArcToolbox.

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Introduction to ModelBuilder Over the past semester, we've performed several geoprocessing tasks We have used geoprocessing tools in sequence to analyze GIS data ArcGIS allows you to link tools together to create a workflow

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How ModelBuilder Works Drag layers you want to participate into the model Drag tools you want to use into the model Output layers, tables, objects shown in green Connect the features using arrows Order matters to certain tools (Clip)

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Project elements (blue ovals) exist prior to model Tool to be executed (yellow rectangle) Derived data (green ovals) produced by tool Connector (arrow) showing sequence of processing Value or variable (light blue oval) such as numbers, strings, spatial references, and geographic extents. Derived value (light green oval) Model Builder Elements

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Model Builder Toolbar

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Single Input Model: Area Within 100 meters of Streams?

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Multiple Input Model Parcels Within Flood Zone

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Multiple Outputs

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Parcels that are: On The Market Near A School In Low Crime Area

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Create A New Model

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Drag Tool Into Model Builder Window

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Drag and Drop Interface

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Open Tool And Specify Input/Output/Query Expression

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Validate, Then Run The Simple Model

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Connect Output To Next Process

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Example

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Example: Multiple workflows in one Model reclassed road distance non-floodprone layer residential and wetlands plus buffer

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Homework & Lab No HW for next week. Keep working on your project. Begin studying for the final test. Your graded HWs will be handed back to you next week. Lab on Wednesday (8 th ): Model builder